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Artificial Intelligence-Enabled Digital Twin for Smart Manufacturing
An essential book on the applications of AI and digital twin technology in the smart manufacturing sector. In the rapidly evolving landscape of modern manufacturing, the integration of cutting-edge technologies has become imperative for businesses to remain competitive and adaptive. Among these technologies, Artificial Intelligence (AI) stands out as a transformative force, revolutionizing traditional manufacturing processes and making the way for the era of smart manufacturing. At the heart of this technological revolution lies the concept of the Digital Twin-an innovative approach that bridges the physical and digital realms of manufacturing. By creating a virtual representation of physical assets, processes, and systems, organizations can gain unprecedented insights, optimize operations, and enhance decision-making capabilities. This timely book explores the convergence of AI and Digital Twin technologies to empower smart manufacturing initiatives. Through a comprehensive examination of principles, methodologies, and practical applications, it explains the transformative potential of AI-enabled Digital Twins across various facets of the manufacturing lifecycle. From design and prototyping to production and maintenance, AI-enabled Digital Twins offer multifaceted advantages that redefine traditional paradigms. By leveraging AI algorithms for data analysis, predictive modeling, and autonomous optimization, manufacturers can achieve unparalleled levels of efficiency, quality, and agility. This book explains how AI enhances the capabilities of Digital Twins by creating a powerful tool that can optimize production processes, improve product quality, and streamline operations. Note that the Digital Twin in this context is a virtual representation of a physical manufacturing system, including machines, processes, and products. It continuously collects real-time data from sensors and other sources, allowing it to mirror the physical systems behavior and performance. What sets this Digital Twin apart is the incorporation of AI algorithms and machine learning techniques that enable it to analyze and predict outcomes, recommend improvements, and autonomously make adjustments to enhance manufacturing efficiency. This book outlines essential elements, like real-time monitoring of machines, predictive analytics of machines and data, optimization of the resources, quality control of the product, resource management, decision support (timely or quickly accurate decisions). Moreover, this book elucidates the symbiotic relationship between AI and Digital Twins, highlighting how AI augments the capabilities of Digital Twins by infusing them with intelligence, adaptability, and autonomy. Hence, this book promises to enhance competitiveness, reduce operational costs, and facilitate innovation in the manufacturing industry. By harnessing AIs capabilities in conjunction with Digital Twins, manufacturers can achieve a more agile and responsive production environment, ultimately driving the evolution of smart factories and Industry 4.0/5.0. Audience: This book has a wide audience in computer science, artificial intelligence, and manufacturing engineering, as well as engineers in a variety of industrial manufacturing industries. It will also appeal to economists and policymakers working on the circular economy, clean tech investors, industrial decision-makers, and environmental professionals. 2024 Scrivener Publishing LLC. -
Smart Textiles and Wearables for Health and Fitness
Smart Textiles and Wearables for Health and Fitness provides an in-depth exploration of how innovative technologies and materials are reshaping healthcare, making it an essential resource for anyone looking to understand the transformative power of smart textiles and wearables in patient monitoring, diagnosis, and rehabilitation. Smart Textiles and Wearables for Health and Fitness explores the transformative influence of flexible electronics on the healthcare field. The books chapters include a broad spectrum of topics, each offering valuable perspectives on the intersection of textiles, wearables, and health technology. Smart Textiles and Wearables for Health and Fitness delves into the unique technologies and materials driving the flexible electronics revolution, offering insights into their development and applications. The study explores the diverse uses of intelligent textiles and wearable devices in healthcare, encompassing activities such as monitoring patients, diagnosing conditions, aiding rehabilitation, and administering therapeutic interventions. In this volume, we will explore the incorporation of sensors, biometrics, and biomarkers into textiles to showcase their capacity for immediate health monitoring and data collection. Additionally, we will explore the possible uses of smart textiles and wearables in managing chronic conditions, tracking sports and fitness activities, and facilitating human-computer interaction in medical settings. This book promises an engaging journey through the frontiers of technology, offering a comprehensive understanding of the transformative potential of smart textiles and wearables in revolutionizing healthcare delivery and improving patient outcomes. 2025 Scrivener Publishing LLC. -
Augmented and Virtual Reality in Immersive Healthcare
Future-proof your medical expertise with this indispensable guide that offers a comprehensive, expert-led exploration of how Augmented and Virtual Reality (AR/VR) are revolutionizing healthcare. Augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) have profoundly impacted the healthcare sector, introducing ground-breaking applications ranging from surgical simulations and pain management to mental health therapies and patient education. This book delves into the various applications of AR and VR, including deep learning, surgical training, teleconsultation, and patient rehabilitation. By blending theoretical insights with practical case studies, it provides a deeper understanding of how these technologies are being integrated into medical practices to improve outcomes, enhance patient care, and train healthcare professionals. It also explores cutting-edge developments, such as AI-powered AR systems and VR-based mental health treatments, highlighting the future of healthcare innovation. With contributions from leading experts in healthcare, technology, and academia, this book offers a multidimensional perspective on the challenges and opportunities associated with AR and VR in the medical field. Through its accessible language and detailed illustrations, this book is an indispensable guide for anyone interested in the intersection of technology and medicine. Readers will find the volume: Provides a comprehensive exploration of how immersive technology is unlocking new possibilities in healthcare, education, and rehabilitation; Offers insights from top researchers and practitioners in the field, providing authoritative perspectives on the latest technologies, applications, and trends shaping the future of XR; Offers practical guidance and actionable insights to help you harness the power of AR and VR, accelerating innovation and driving real-world impacts; Uncovers the diverse range of applications empowered by the convergence of healthcare and gamification, revolutionizing healthcare delivery and improving patient outcomes. Audience Healthcare professionals, medical educators and students, engineers, developers, researchers, and policymakers looking for cutting-edge technologies to enhance patient care and treatment outcomes. 2026 Scrivener Publishing LLC. -
Graph Theory in Computer Science
This book is a vital resource for anyone looking to understand the essential role of graph theory as the unifying thread that connects and provides innovative solutions across a wide spectrum of modern computer science disciplines. Graph theory is a traditional mathematical discipline that has evolved as a basic tool for modeling and analyzing the complex relationships between different technological landscapes. Graph theory helps explain the semantic and syntactic relationships in natural language processing, a technology behind many businesses. Disciplinary and industry developments are seeing a major transition towards more interconnected and data-driven decision-making, and the application of graph theory will facilitate this transition. Disciplines such as parallel and distributive computing will gain insights into how graph theory can help with resource optimization and job scheduling, creating considerable change in the design and development of scalable systems. This book provides comprehensive coverage of how graph theory acts as the thread that connects different areas of computer science to create innovative solutions to modern technological problems. Using a multi-faceted approach, the book explores the fundamentals and role of graph theory in molding complex computational processes across a wide spectrum of computer science. 2026 Scrivener Publishing LLC. -
Nano-biosensor technologies for diagnosis of infectious diseases
The book offers a thorough exploration of revolutionary nano-biosensor technologies that enables rapid, accurate detection of infectious diseases, critical for effective disease management in today's world. Nano-Biosensor Technologies for Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases delves into the cutting-edge developments in nano-biosensor technology, a transformative innovation for the field of medical diagnostics. Nano-biosensors integrate nanomaterials like nanoparticles, nanowires, and nanotubes with biological recognition elements such as antibodies, nucleic acids, or enzymes to create highly sensitive and specific detection systems. These sensors exploit unique properties of nanomaterials to detect minute quantities of pathogens or biomarkers with remarkable accuracy, enabling early diagnosis and monitoring of infectious diseases. The integration of electrochemical, optical, and piezoelectric detection mechanisms further enhances the versatility and efficiency of these nano-biosensors, allowing for rapid, real-time analysis that is crucial for effective disease management. In the context of infectious diseases, nano-biosensors become particularly significant, as they can facilitate point-of-care testing (POCT), offering rapid and portable diagnostic solutions. This capability is invaluable in resource-limited settings and during outbreaks where traditional laboratory infrastructure may be lacking. The COVID-19 pandemic underscores the importance of swift and accurate diagnostic tools, spurring accelerated innovation and commercialization efforts in this domain. Nano-biosensors are now being developed and deployed to detect a wide range of pathogens with high sensitivity, providing a powerful tool in the global fight against infectious diseases. Nano-Biosensor Technologies for Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases provides a comprehensive overview of these technological advancements, exploring their applications, challenges, and future directions in the diagnosis and management of infectious diseases. 2025 Scrivener Publishing LLC. All rights reserved. -
Metaverse for Sustainable Development: Trends and Applications
Unlock the future of technology and sustainable development by purchasing Metaverse for Sustainable Development: Trends and Applications, a comprehensive guide that delves into immersive application building, groundbreaking innovations, and the transformative potential of the metaverse across various industries. Metaverse for Sustainable Development: Trends and Applications explains the fine details of metaverse application building, demonstrating how integrated platforms in association with a suite of tools come in handy for enabling application construction. The metaverse is the next big thing influenced by virtual and augmented reality paradigms. This user experience will be more immersive and mesmerizing, empowering innovative, disruptive, and transformative technologies to create a spectacular platform for visualizing and realizing business-critical and people-centric metaverse systems. This book explores various metaverse models for healthcare information systems, including the latest technologies, such as the Brain-Computer Interface. Through real-world data and case studies, readers will gain a comprehensive understanding of the metaverses potential for the Internet of Things, blockchain, artificial intelligence, 5G, and 3D modelling for creating and sustaining immersive virtual worlds. Metaverse for Sustainable Development: Trends and Applications is a vital resource for understanding the end-to-end implementation of metaverse technologies. 2025 Scrivener Publishing LLC. -
Sustainable Nanomaterials for Treatment and Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases
The book focuses on the design and novel synthetic routes of sustainable nanomaterials in diagnosing and treating infectious diseases offering potential benefits in terms of efficiency, biocompatibility, and environmental impact. The fifteen chapters in this book provide a comprehensive exploration of how sustainable nanotechnology can revolutionize infectious disease management and bridge the gap between the fundamental principles of nanotechnology and their practical applications in combating infectious diseases. Subjects covered include: the rise of multidrug-resistant pathogens and the limitations of existing therapies; the challenges of infectious disease management including the rise of multidrug-resistant pathogens and the limitations of existing therapies; nano-pharmacology and pharmacotherapeutics in the treatment of infectious diseases; the advancements in nanomaterial-based drug delivery systems, vaccines, and diagnostic tools, and the future of personalized medicine; nanotheranostic mechanisms outlining how nanomaterials can be engineered to simultaneously diagnose and treat infections; nano drug delivery systems that contribute to enhancing the efficacy and precision of treatment modalities; biocompatibility and toxicity of nanomaterials in the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases; regulatory perspectives of nanomaterials ensuring they meet safety and efficacy standards; green synthesis of reduced graphene oxide, carbon dots, and its composites for infectious diseases and biosurfactants; nanomaterials of polymeric design underscoring their potential to create more effective and sustainable therapeutic options; how nanomaterials can be engineered to simultaneously diagnose and treat infections. Audience The book targets nanotechnology researchers, scientists, and healthcare professionals interested in understanding nanotechnologys critical role in sustainable healthcare solutions. 2025 Scrivener Publishing LLC. -
INTERNATIONAL CASES IN FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY: Inside the Criminal Mind
This book provides an in-depth investigation of different psychological phenomena in forensic psychology through an analysis of key case studies in the field. There is a growing requirement for a comprehensive resource that provides practical examples of how forensic psychology models are applied in real-life situations. Filling this lacuna, International Cases in Forensic Psychology takes the reader through a series of prominent case studies that illustrate the intricate details of criminal investigations, judicial proceedings, and correctional settings. Drawing on a diverse range of examples from the US, UK, Belgium, Russia, Columbia, Germany, and India which include serial murder, financial deception, and maternal psychosis, Dr. K. Jayasankara Reddy applies psychological theories and methods to understand the intricacies of criminal conduct. These theories range from criminal profiling and behavioral analysis, to the psychology of deceit and the dynamics of influence. Overall, the book will enhance the readers ability to analyze the fundamental reasons behind criminal behaviour and develop more efficient approaches for rehabilitating offenders. International Cases in Forensic Psychology will be of great interest to students and professionals of forensic psychology, neuropsychology, criminal justice, and related fields. 2025 K. Jayasankara Reddy. -
Blockchain-Based Digital Twin for Predictive Maintenance of Machines Using Machine Learning
Digital Twin (DT) is a software replica of the physical asset or process that serves the automobile industry by empowering engineers and data scientists to gain a deeper insight into the system and solve the biggest challenges with less time and cost. Blockchain technology is an evolving and promising technology that foresees providing surveil -lance facilities for DTs, resulting in firming up security and improving the openness, reliability, and unchangeability of DTs. By incorporating intellectual behavior in blockchain-based DTs, the functions of machines can be governed parallelly, and the major maintenance activities can be predicted effectively. This chapter explores the design of various frameworks using recent technologies. Some of them are DTs, blockchain, artificial intelligence, and the Internet of Things which drive resolution in the industry to minimize the governing cost of machines. 2025 by Apple Academic Press, Inc. -
Applications, Enabling Technologies, Vision of Edge Artificial Intelligence for 6G
The advancement in applications of artificial intelligence technologies that propels the ongoing development of wireless networks. Envisioned as a transformative force, 6G is expected to shift wireless evolution from connecting devices to enabling intelligent connections. However, cutting-edge AI systems relying on deep learning and extensive data analytics demand significant computational and communication resources, leading to notable issues such as privacy breaches, network congestion, energy consumption and latency during both inference and training phases. Edge AI emerges as a disruptive technology for 6G by incorporating inference capabilities and model training at the networks edge. This approach seamlessly integrates intelligence, computation, communication and sensing enhancing the security, privacy, effectiveness and efficiency of the 6G technologies. The study includes the applications, enabling technologies dependable and scalable edge AI technology through an integrated approach that encompasses decentralized models of machine learning and strategies of wireless communication. We will delve into new wireless network design principles, optimization methods for resource allocation driven by service requirements, and an all-encompassing architecture of end-to-end system supporting edge AI. Additionally, we will touch upon application scenarios, hardware and software platforms, and standardization for facilitating the commercialization and industrial adoption of edge AI systems. 2025 Apple Academic Press, Inc. -
Industry 4.0 and Sustainable Supply Chain: An academic review, emerging trend & analysis with future agenda and case study
The fourth industrial revolution, known as Industry 4.0, is characterized by integrating advanced digital technologies such as cyber-physical systems, Internet of Things (IoT), blockchain, and artificial intelligence (AI). These technologies are significantly transforming various sectors, including the pharmaceutical industry. Industry 4.0 technologies offer immense potential for enhancing the efficiency, transparency, and sustainability of supply chains. The integration of advanced digital technologies known as Industry 4.0, including cyber-physical systems, IoT, and AI, is reshaping diverse industries towards greater sustainability. This study uses a case study methodology to explore the effects of Industry 4.0 on creating more sustainable supply chains across these sectors. 2026 selection and editorial matter, Pantea Foroudi, Maria Palazzo and Satyendra Upadhyay; individual chapters, the contributors. -
The Integrated Approach of ESG, SDGs, and Sustainable Finance
In recent years, sustainability has emerged as a popular buzzword. The practice of considering Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) factors when making investment decisions in the financial industry is known as sustainable finance and it results in longer-term investments in sustainable projects and economic activities. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) also play a crucial role in the adoption of sustainable practices. Investing in companies and projects that use sustainable ESG practices is already becoming more popular and there is a rising need for finance experts with knowledge of this emerging but specialized area. Stakeholder demands and regulations with an environmental focus will increase pressure on organizations to set public climate-related goals. This study tries to find out the interrelationship between ESG, SDGs and Sustainable Finance. This study also explores popular sustainable finance products available to organizations and the challenges organizations face with sustainable financing. 2026 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. -
Sustainable Finance and ESG Investing: A Blueprint for Future Growth in Indias Banking Sector
The paper focuses on sustainability transformation in banking, notably through environmental, social, and governance (ESG) investing. Today, completely profit-focused banks are gradually incorporating sustainability into their basic functions. This is consistent with global initiatives, namely the Paris Agreement, besides the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. This reflects a deeper understanding that financial activity must be environmentally friendly and socially responsible. With that, banks can now appraise if the banks investment is profitable, good, and sustainable. Reserve Bank of India, being the regulatory authority in India, with the help of the Securities and Exchange Board of India, has also been supportive by laying certain rules that enforce transparency of ESG practice, encouraging green bond issues. Thus, regulations are seen as bringing Indian banks close to world standards and promoting this sustainability culture. The paper also draws upon the importance of integrating ESG factors into risk management systems to mitigate any financial risks that could stem from environmental and social concerns. It further argues that although ESG practices will be beneficial in improving financial performance, their impact does differ by component and should, therefore, be adopted while working in emerging economies such as India. 2026 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. -
Possess Thorough Knowledge of Zero Trust Principles
In todays ever-evolving cybersecurity landscape, the traditional perimeter based security model is no longer sufficient to protect organizations from advanced threats and breaches. The Zero Trust framework has emerged as a paradigm shift in security strategy, focusing on the fundamental principle that trust should never be assumed, even within a networks boundaries. This abstract explores the foundational concepts of Zero Trust, emphasizing its core principles and components. Zero Trust security is rooted in the belief that organizations should not automatically trust any user or device, whether inside or outside the corpo rate network. This approach challenges the traditional trust but verify model and replaces it with a never trust, always verify philosophy. The Zero Trust model is designed to enhance security by continuously validating the identity and security posture of users, devices, applications, and data. 2026 by Apple Academic Press, Inc. -
A Comprehensive Review of IoT, Intelligent Systems, and Computing Applications in Enhancing Renewable Energy Sources
This chapter provides a thorough examination of the application of the Internet of Things (IoT), intelligent systems, and advanced computing in enhancing the effectiveness and sustainability of renewable energy sources such as wind, ocean, hydro, and solar energies. This study explores the incorporation of real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance, and energy forecasting facilitated by the Internet of Things (IoT) and intelligent systems. The integration of artificial intelligence (AI)-based analytics and cloud computing methodologies significantly improves the process of decision-making, grid management, and optimization of energy storage. This analysis highlights the significant impact of recent technological breakthroughs and case studies on the transformation of renewable energy generation and management, ultimately contributing to the development of a sustainable and intelligent energy landscape. 2026 River Publishers. -
FORCASTING DEPLOYMENT OF WEB FORENSICS TO AVERT MISINFORMATION SPREAD USING WEFA TOOL
As fake news or misinformation is becoming more prevalent, it is distorting people's understanding and decisions by influencing their perceptions and knowledge. Since long before the Internet, misinformation and hoaxes have existed. News outlets and social media websites publish false news to increase readership or as a psychological warfare tactic, especially during times of crisis, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Social networks gener ated large amounts of multimedia data due to the ubiquitous nature of social media platforms. Misinformation, also called rumors, may cause severe damages due to its unverified nature. Let me start by saying there is a big problem of fake news currently affecting societies, nations, and individuals. For example, a fake news story about alleged medicine in the United States or Brazil was part of the COVID-19 pandemic (e.g., misinformation on fake medicines); misinformation has negatively impacted democratic elections and the statuses of individuals and organizations. Misinformation must be addressed; and we have to find reliable solutions that are agile and reliable. In this sense, it provides a serious assessment of the current knowledge state in misinformation detection, both in order to describe probable solutions as well as to inspire upcoming research. Our study is extended to focus on means to avert this misinformation spread with the help of forensic web based tools along with ML that can extend its application to identifying systems and websites responsible for this malicious attempt. 2026 by Apple Academic Press, Inc. -
The sustainable environment in Ajman: A journey towards a green future in the United Arab Emirates
Ajman, a rapidly developing emirate in the United Arab Emirates, is embarking on a journey toward a sustainable future amidst environmental challenges. This paper explores the current environmental situation in Ajman, analyzing challenges such as pollution, waste management issues, resource depletion, and impacts of climate change. It evaluates ongoing environmental innovation initiatives, including projects addressing these challenges and their impact on the local environment. Additionally, the paper examines the latest environmental technologies and innovations deployed in Ajman, along with efforts to promote environmental awareness among the local community. Furthermore, it delves into partnerships between the government and private sectors and international collaborations to advance sustainability goals. Finally, the paper identifies future challenges and development opportunities, reviews existing environmental policies and legislation, and provides recommendations for fostering a greener and more sustainable future in Ajman. 2025 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved. -
SECURE VIDEO SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS FOR PERSON REIDENTIFICATION USING ELLIPTIC CURVE CRYPTOGRAPHY
This chapter explores the challenges associated with person reidentification in nonoverlapping multi-camera surveillance setups, considering the wide spread use of video surveillance in public spaces. Automated techniques are crucial to handle the large amounts of data from video surveillance. The topic focuses on person detection and reidentification, addressing challenges like changes in size, pose, and background. Various methods for person reidentification are explored, emphasizing the importance of soft biometric details for accurate identification. Elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) is considered as a secure method for ensuring privacy and data integrity in surveillance systems. ECC's efficiency is highlighted in comparison to RSA, showcasing its ability to provide equivalent security with shorter key lengths, reducing computational requirements. The study employs adaptive background detection, Kalman filtering for multiple object tracking, and a CNN-based deep learning model for pedes trian image classification. Encryption using ECC secures the transmitted data, and at the receiver end, the images undergo decryption, classification, and feature extraction for person reidentification. 2026 by Apple Academic Press, Inc. -
AI-SECURED VISITOR MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
In general, there are so many organizations using the conventional paper log book to record the access of the visitors. This conventional method takes longer time if the number of visitors exceeds the limit. Meanwhile, security issue should be a main concern if there is an increase in the number of visi tors. This is mainly due to the operators who take a long time to verify the identification of each and every visitor when there is huge number of visi tors entering the premises. Moreover, paper log is inadequate to efficiently retrieve and archive the data after several years. This report mainly discusses about the design and implementation of Visitor Management System using Internet of Things (IoT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI). Visitor management system is a security system which is used to track visitors activities in an organization or public building. ESP32 AI Thinker is used to collect the live stream video. Face detection and identification of visitors can be achieved through Artificial Intelligence (AI). With the help of IoT, we can remote access the system for visitor monitoring. The visitors information gets stored into a cloud server which helps the user to view the visitors details on mobile phone at any time. With the help of an API, the user can control the access of a visitor into the premises through notification alerts. A website has been created in order to store the details of visitors such as photograph, arrival time with the help of dijango web application frame work and bootstrap for user interface. DigitalOcean is the cloud server which is used to store the database. To get the notifications on mobile phone, a Telegram BoT API has been created in Telegram app. This BoT also saves the arrival time and photo of the visitor. With the help of this, the user will also be notified whenever a suspicious activity occurs in the premises. This IoT networked contact less security system offers improved security. AI secured Visitor Management System is the best solution to overcome the problems existing in the conventional method as it is the easy way to identify and record the information of a visitor. 2026 by Apple Academic Press, Inc. -
AI-SECURED VISITOR MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
In general, there are so many organizations using the conventional paper log book to record the access of the visitors. This conventional method takes longer time if the number of visitors exceeds the limit. Meanwhile, security issue should be a main concern if there is an increase in the number of visi tors. This is mainly due to the operators who take a long time to verify the identification of each and every visitor when there is huge number of visi tors entering the premises. Moreover, paper log is inadequate to efficiently retrieve and archive the data after several years. This report mainly discusses about the design and implementation of Visitor Management System using Internet of Things (IoT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI). Visitor management system is a security system which is used to track visitors activities in an organization or public building. ESP32 AI Thinker is used to collect the live stream video. Face detection and identification of visitors can be achieved through Artificial Intelligence (AI). With the help of IoT, we can remote access the system for visitor monitoring. The visitors information gets stored into a cloud server which helps the user to view the visitors details on mobile phone at any time. With the help of an API, the user can control the access of a visitor into the premises through notification alerts. A website has been created in order to store the details of visitors such as photograph, arrival time with the help of dijango web application frame work and bootstrap for user interface. DigitalOcean is the cloud server which is used to store the database. To get the notifications on mobile phone, a Telegram BoT API has been created in Telegram app. This BoT also saves the arrival time and photo of the visitor. With the help of this, the user will also be notified whenever a suspicious activity occurs in the premises. This IoT networked contact less security system offers improved security. AI secured Visitor Management System is the best solution to overcome the problems existing in the conventional method as it is the easy way to identify and record the information of a visitor. 2026 by Apple Academic Press, Inc.