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Legal Framework and Ethical Challenges in Patenting AR/VR Innovations in Healthcare Under the Indian Patent Act, 1970
Augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) are gradually becoming significant to various industries, such as gaming, education, industrial design sectors, and healthcare. Even though augmented and virtual reality breakthroughs have already revolutionised healthcare by enhancing diagnosis, treatment, medical education, training and rehabilitation, granting patents to these technologies-imposed challenges when it comes to legal and moral concerns. Section 3(k) of the Patents Act 1970 forbids patenting softwaredriven discoveries and therapy-oriented applications. Such a legal constraint could be challenging for augmented reality and virtual reality technologies in healthcare, as it mostly depends on algorithmic procedures and therapeutic functions to develop breakthroughs. Other challenges could be section 3(b) of the Patents Act of 1970, which prohibits inventions that are contrary to public order or morality or cause harm to the environment, as ethics and morality play a crucial role in patenting AR/VR healthcare technology. The primary purpose of patent law is to encourage inventions, but it can cause medical care by creating a monopoly and allowing limited access to society. Patenting AR/VR technologies is essential to address moral and ethical concerns, as patenting these technologies in healthcare will promote inequality in patient care. The purpose of the present article is to analyse the ambiguity of the patentability of AR/VR technology in healthcare under the Patents Act of 1970 while addressing moral values with references to the principles of ethics. The paper further examines secondary data on patent grants on biomedical devices that integrate AR/VR across medical disciplines. 2026 Nova Science Publishers, Inc. -
Legal personality in the metaverse: A jurisprudential examination
One of the novel legal issues we see developing in the metaverse is whether or not avatars and AI agents should be given standing as legal people? This chapter advances a jurisprudence that discusses the rights, responsibilities and autonomy of digital entities in virtual spaces and assesses elements of jurisprudence, such as corporate personhood, which may be relevant in the absence of physical presence. Through examples of both popular, widely known platforms sites like Second Life and Decentraland as well as recent blows to idealism around digital legal spheres through experimental governance projects like Estonia's e-Residency program, the chapter addresses some current junctures to discuss challenges about issues such as accountability, jurisdiction, and intellectual property. It draws attention to the necessity of creative legal mechanisms and global norms for regulating new digital frontiers, propelling the conversation on how we apply our jurisprudence to digital environments forward. 2025, IGI Global Scientific Publishing. All rights reserved. -
Legal Perspective on Access to Medicines and Innovation: Balancing Right to Health With Patent Protection
This chapter examines the intricate legal and policy conflicts between the right to health and the global intellectual property system that regulates pharmaceutical patents. Although patents encourage innovation, they frequently result in obstacles to the affordable availability of essential medicines, especially in low-and middleincome countries. This chapter explores the legal bases of the right to health, the TRIPS Agreement along with its flexibilities, and investigates ways in which national and international legal structures can align the need for innovation with public health needs. Case studies from India, Brazil, and South Africa demonstrate the challenges and opportunities associated with reform. It also assesses different innovation models and provides legal and policy suggestions for reconciling patent law with human rights duties, especially regarding global health emergencies like COVID-19. It concludes by pinpointing future research avenues, such as legal strategies for addressing new biotechnologies and readiness for worldwide pandemics. 2026, IGI Global Scientific Publishing. All rights reserved. -
Legal protection and rights of tribals of Sundarbans: Addressing health impacts and climate change resilience
The Sundarbans are home to diverse tribal communities whose rights and health are increasingly threatened by climate change and environmental degradation. Legal protection for these communities is essential to safeguard their rights, culture, and access to resources. The recognition of their land rights is crucial, as displacement due to rising sea levels and extreme weather events disrupts their traditional livelihoods. Legal frameworks must incorporate indigenous knowledge and practices to enhance resilience against climate impacts. Health services need to be tailored to reflect the environmental realities faced by Sundarbans tribals, including increased incidence of waterborne diseases and mental health issues linked to climate anxiety. Strengthening community involvement in decision-making processes, along with access to legal recourse, can empower tribals to advocate for their needs. Collaborative efforts between local governments, NGOs, and tribal leaders can foster sustainable development while preserving the unique cultural heritage of the Sundarbans. 2025 by IGI Global Scientific Publishing. All rights reserved. -
LegalMind System and the LLM-based Legal Judgment Query System
LegalMind-GPT represents a notable advancement in legal technology, specifically tailored for the finance sector. This research paper introduces LegalMind-GPT, a system that integrates Large Language Models (LLMs) to develop a Legal Judgment Query System for financial legal contexts. The study focuses on the application of LLMs, particularly LLAMA-2, Claude AI, and FLAN-T5-Base, for interpreting and analysing complex legal documents in finance. The aim is to evaluate the system's effectiveness in providing accurate legal judgments and insights. The comparative analysis of these LLMs shows that LegalMind-GPT, powered by these models, significantly improves the accuracy and efficiency of legal analysis in the finance domain. 2024 IEEE. -
Legitimacy and Public Perception of Private Higher Education Institutions
This chapter examines how legitimacy shapes the status, credibility, and societal value of private higher education institutions (PEIs) across Asia. Despite significant growth, PEIs often face entrenched stigma linked to colonial hierarchies, media narratives, and regulatory frameworks that privilege public universities. Drawing on institutional legitimacy theory, the chapter analyses how regulatory, normative, pragmatic, and symbolic forms of legitimacy influence public trust, student choice, and policy treatment. Case studies from Singapore, Malaysia, India, and Vietnam illustrate diverse strategies used by PEIs to strengthen legitimacy, including employer engagement, branding, alumni visibility, accreditation, and mission-led identity work. The chapter argues that legitimacy must be reclaimed through purpose, inclusion, transparency, and demonstrable educational value, rather than mimicry of public sector norms. Copyright 2026, IGI Global Scientific Publishing. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global Scientific Publishing is prohibited. Use of this chapter to train generative artificial intelligence (AI) technologies is expressly prohibited. The publisher reserves all rights to license its use for generative AI training and machine learning model development. -
LENN: Laplacian Probability Based Extended Nearest Neighbor Classification Algorithm for Web Page Retrieval
Web page prediction is the area of interest that enables to tackle the problem of dealing with the massive collection of the web pages, mainly, in retrieving the highly relevant web pages. The hectic challenge of the web page prediction methods relied on time-effective and cost-effective management. The problem of dealing with the issue is tackled using the efficient web page retrieval algorithm. The paper proposes a new classifier called, Laplacian probability based Extended Nearest Neighbor (LENN)that is formed through the integration of the Laplacian probability with the Extended Nearest Neighbor (ENN)classifier. The proposed LENN classifier determines the nearest web pages of the query. Accordingly, the web page retrieval is done in three important steps, such as pre-processing, feature indexing and web page retrieval. The key words are stored in the database for performing the feature match such that the highly relevant web page is retrieved based on the maximum value of the score. The experimentation using five benchmarks prove that the proposed method is effective compared with the existing methods of web page retrieval. The maximum precision, recall, and F-measure of the proposed method is found to be 98%, 96.7%, and 97.3%, respectively. 2019 IEEE. -
Lesion detection in women breasts dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging using deep learning
Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in women and the second foremost cause of cancer death in women after lung cancer. Recent technological advances in breast cancer treatment offer hope to millions of women in the world. Segmentation of the breasts Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging (DCE-MRI) is one of the necessary tasks in the diagnosis and detection of breast cancer. Currently, a popular deep learning model, U-Net is extensively used in biomedical image segmentation. This article aims to advance the state of the art and conduct a more in-depth analysis with a focus on the use of various U-Net models in lesion detection in womens breast DCE-MRI. In this article, we perform an empirical study of the effectiveness and efficiency of U-Net and its derived deep learning models including ResUNet, Dense UNet, DUNet, Attention U-Net, UNet++, MultiResUNet, RAUNet, Inception U-Net and U-Net GAN for lesion detection in breast DCE-MRI. All the models are applied to the benchmarked 100 Sagittal T2-Weighted fat-suppressed DCE-MRI slices of 20 patients and their performance is compared. Also, a comparative study has been conducted with V-Net, W-Net, and DeepLabV3+. Non-parametric statistical test Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test is used to analyze the significance of the quantitative results. Furthermore, Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) is used to evaluate overall performance focused on accuracy, precision, sensitivity, F 1 -score, specificity, Geometric-Mean, DSC, and false-positive rate. The RAUNet segmentation model achieved a high accuracy of 99.76%, sensitivity of 85.04%, precision of 90.21%, and Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC) of 85.04% whereas ResNet achieved 99.62% accuracy, 62.26% sensitivity, 99.56% precision, and 72.86% DSC. ResUNet is found to be the most effective model based on MCDA. On the other hand, U-Net GAN takes the least computational time to perform the segmentation task. Both quantitative and qualitative results demonstrate that the ResNet model performs better than other models in segmenting the images and lesion detection, though computational time in achieving the objectives varies. 2023, The Author(s). -
Let there be Light, but not too much: The Need to Legally Address Light Pollution in India
Electricity and artificial lights were synonymous with economic growth and development. Unfortunately, over usage of artificial lights has proven adverse effects. Research shows that excessive light impacts human health and endangers ecological balance, disturbs wildlife, causes decline in insect, moth, reptile pollution and depletes energy resources. Countries around the world have gradually started recognising light pollution as an emerging challenge and have brought in regulations to curb it. However, India is yet to recognise the threat of light pollution. Against this backdrop, the authors have established the need to recognise light pollution as a matter requiring dedicated and concerted focus. This was achieved through the analysis of recent and credible journal articles category with a cite score of over ten. Reliance was also placed on the light pollution map to understand the intensity of the problem, especially in India. The authors next conducted a study of legal regimes governing light pollution and artificial light, in different jurisdictions around the globe. The paper draws upon the best practices from these jurisdictions and suggests that India adopt techno-legal legislation, at the earliest, to combat light pollution. 2023- Kalpana Corporation. -
LET US DREAMS MIGRATION TO A GLOBAL VIRTUAL CONFERENCE: DELIVERING A SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURIAL EVENT
This case study applies Rudolph et al.s social entrepreneurship model to describe the migration of Let Us Dreams (LUD) face-to-face social entrepreneurial conference to a virtual platform during the COVID-19 pandemic. LUD Triennial International Conference focused on community service initiatives in the areas of education, health, and social services for the purpose of impacting local and international communities in a transformative way. Organizers experienced many positive outcomes (e.g., high attendance and participant satisfaction), human capital, and leadership development of its collaborative volunteer planning teams, and the empowerment of local and global communities. The discussion section elaborates on the social entrepreneurship model findings, and other lessons learned, and provides recommendations for others planning to deliver a virtual or hybrid conference in multicultural contexts. 2024 Cognizant, LLC. -
Level of green computing based management practices for digital revolution and new india
The reality is staring us in the form of global warming, climate changes and air-quality degradation. This reality constitutes an increasing zone on the strategic front. These strategic changes need necessarily to be responded through employees of an organization. Against this backdrop, the Green Information Technology and Green HRM have emerged as a sequel to rapid degradation of our planet due to human activities. Therefore, incorporating the environmentally friendly practices through IT practices, recruitment, training and performance management functions constitute important components of Green IT and HRM. Green information technology is the revolutionary initiatives especially for human resources management practices that lead to digital life towards sustainable society. Keeping this practical and emergent context in view, the present study makes an attempt to develop a framework for assessing the level of green HRM practices actually prevailing in Indian organizations. The requisite data were collected from original sources and clarified with existing sources. The results of the study led to the inference that Information Technology and HRM practices of promoting individual performance needs fine-tuning because any green initiative has necessarily to be a collective exercise by all concerned. BEIESP. -
Level of green computing based management practices for digital revolution and New India /
International Journal of engineerig And Advanced Technology, Vol.8, Issue 3, pp.133-136, ISSN No: 2249-8958. -
Level Shifted Phase Disposition PWM Control for Quadra Boost Multi Level Inverter
This article introduces a novel boost switched capacitor Inverter (NBSCI) that significantly advances existing designs. Many recently developed multilevel voltage source inverters stand out for their ability to reduce the number of DC sources while markedly improving voltage levels with fewer switching devices. Building on these advancements, our work proposes an innovative inverter arrangement that, utilizing 1 DC source, eight switches and 3 capacitors, achieves 9-level output voltage waveforms. The increased range of voltage levels facilitates the generation of high-quality sine wave output signals with minimal Total Harmonic Distortion (THD). Also, this work employs Level shifted - Phase Disposition (LS-PD) pulse width modulation techniques to generate gating signals, ensuring the production of superior output waveforms. The article also presents various simulation results conducted using MATLAB-SIMULINK, providing a comprehensive assessment of the proposed configuration's precise effectiveness under diverse modulation index. 2024 IEEE. -
Level Up or Log Out? Exploring the Multifaceted Effects of Internet Gaming on Youths Life: Emotional Intelligence, Coping Behavior, Aggression, Procrastination & Quality of Life
Emotional Intelligence, coping mechanisms, aggression, procrastination, the quality of life are the psychological factors of students well-being examined in this study, which also emphasizes the multifaceted impacts of online gaming on youths. It reveals subtle discrepancies in results through analysis of variance involving gamers and non-gamers. Concerns continue to exist regarding the potential adverse effects of gaming despite its extensive implementation among college students. The findings indicate that individuals who engage in gaming demonstrate diminished levels of emotional intelligence, as evidenced by challenges in proficiently comprehending and regulating emotions. Moreover, excessive discontentment and procrastination result from the tendency of gamers to utilize fewer adaptive coping mechanisms when confronted with stressors. These results highlight the complex relationship between internet gaming and quality of life, which indicates that gamers generally encounter less favorable consequences than those who do not engage in gaming. By illuminating these inconsistencies, the study enhances the comprehension of the varied impacts of online gaming on young adults lives. This highlights the criticality of developing adaptive coping mechanisms and fostering positive gaming behaviors to minimize negative consequences. The research highlights the necessity for interventions that target the well-being of young gamers, with implications that transcend the realm of academia and the real world. Furthermore, it emphasizes the substantial societal ramifications associated with the increasing prevalence of online gaming and its influence on young individuals. This study provides novel perspectives on the intricate nature of online gaming and its consequential effects on diverse facets of the student experience. 2025 RESTORATIVE JUSTICE FOR ALL. -
Level Up Your Learning: The Power of Gamification
In a world overflowing with information and distractions, traditional methods of learning often fall short in engaging and motivating individuals to master new skills. The book Level Up Your Learning: The Power of Gamification explores the captivating intersection of gamification and learning, revealing how incorporating game design principles can revolutionize the way we learn. Embark on a journey that uncovers the dynamic fusion of learning and gamification. Discover how this innovative approach can not only enhance your learning experience but also ignite your intrinsic motivation to tackle even the most complex subjects. Step into the shoes of a game designer as you master the art of crafting gamified learning experiences. This book takes you through the process of creating a captivating learning module, from setting clear learning objectives to strategically implementing badges, points, and narratives. Unearth the secrets to fostering healthy competition and collaboration among learners, while catering to diverse learning styles. Backed by studies and real-world outcomes, understand how gamification not only improves knowledge acquisition but also nurtures crucial skills like problem-solving, critical thinking, and decision-making. Whether you're an educator seeking to captivate your students or a lifelong learner aiming to enhance your skills, this book offers the insights and tools you need to unleash the potential of gamified learning. 2024 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved. -
Levelling Up for Nature: Pathways of Engagement with Green Messages in Games
Digital games have become potent platforms for environmental messaging, capable of influencing beliefs, attitudes, and behaviours. This paper explores how players engage with green content embedded within game environments, using mixed-method data from the GREAT Project with more than 181,000 anonymised gameplay sessions. This research analysed cognitive, affective and behavioural responses to in-game environmental messaging and identified key pathways that lead to sustained pro-environmental actions using PCA and K-Means clustering analysis, by which varying types of user were identified from casual to deeply engaged players. The engagement questions were grouped into three categories: narrative frame, behavioural pledges, and social reflection. Our findings showed that 68% of the players participated in at least one green-themed pledge, which indicates a strong sensitivity to environmental content, informing a multilayered engagement model that supports both player experience and environmental literacy known as a 5-pathway green engagement model (5-PGEM), supporting the hypothesis that green messages, when embedded in games, can significantly shape eco-friendly actions. 2025 IEEE. -
Levelling Up Language Skills:Gamified Elements for Language Learning
This chapter explores the interesting and challenging world of gamified language learning.It focuses on how game mechanics and design principles can be utilised to transform language acquisition into an engaging and effective experience.It examines the benefits of gamification and specific game elements suitable for language learning.After exploring leading language learning platforms and applications, it provides practical strategies for educators and language learning platforms to effectively implement these elements to create immersive and motivating experiences for learners.Finally, it addresses the challenges in gamifying language learning and discusses the prospects of language learning, including the potential integration of AI-enhanced gamification to further enhance the learning experience. 2026 by IGI Global Scientific Publishing.All rights reserved. -
Levelling Up Language Skills:Gamified Elements for Language Learning
This chapter explores the interesting and challenging world of gamified language learning.It focuses on how game mechanics and design principles can be utilised to transform language acquisition into an engaging and effective experience.It examines the benefits of gamification and specific game elements suitable for language learning.After exploring leading language learning platforms and applications, it provides practical strategies for educators and language learning platforms to effectively implement these elements to create immersive and motivating experiences for learners.Finally, it addresses the challenges in gamifying language learning and discusses the prospects of language learning, including the potential integration of AI-enhanced gamification to further enhance the learning experience. 2026 by IGI Global Scientific Publishing.All rights reserved. -
Levelling Up Organisational Learning Through Gamification: Based on Evidence from Public Sector Organisations in India
The concept of sustainability brought into focus the need for research into how to measure and achieve sustainable growth. The triple bottom line framework and the resource-based view of the firm suggest the need for organisations to look beyond profits and take into consideration the needs and effectiveness of its workforce. Research suggests that an effective workforce can be achieved through constant learning and development. Organisations have also expressed the need for training techniques that are more effective than the traditional methods. Gamification has been proposed as one such technique, and in the current study, the researchers evaluate the effectiveness of gamification in organisational training. For the purpose of the current study, 120 participants were chosen from public sector organisations in India. This is primarily because the technology-enhanced training effectiveness model (TETEM) suggests that the effectiveness of gamification would depend on the culture of the organisation, and prior research has been based in privately owned firms. The findings are in line with the theory of gamified learning and suggest that participants of the gamified module reported higher levels of learning, reaction and learner motivation. Additionally, learner motivation was found to strengthen the impact of gamification on the learning and reaction. The Author(s) 2022. -
Leveraging Agentic RAG toReduce Hallucinations inLarge Language Models
Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized language generation and comprehension. However, a notable issue remains, which is their sensitivity to hallucination, which may lead them to generate inaccurate or irrelevant content. Context dependency, or the capacity to use and understand ones environment, is crucial for surviving hallucinations. The agentic RAG framework offers a feasible solution, leveraging intelligent agents to strengthen contextual knowledge. Through the evaluation of entity roles and relationships, agentic RAG aids LLMs in understanding the variation of context, spotting inconsistencies and generating more precise and balanced replies. This research explores the establishment of Agentic RAG into LLMs to refine their reliability and efficiency by overcasting hallucinations and lifting contextual awareness. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025.