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EMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENT IN RELATION TO ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ORGANIZATIONS
Employee contribution becomes a critical business issue because in trying to produce superior output, companies have no choice but to try and engage not only the body but the mind and soul of every employee. Most organizations today realize that a satisfied employee is not necessarily the best employee in terms of loyalty and productivity. The best employee is really an engaged employee ?? one who is intellectually and emotionally bound with the organization, who feels passionate about its goals and is committed towards its values. This employee goes the extra mile beyond the basic job requirements. Currently, organizations expect their employees to be proactive and show initiative, collaborate smoothly with others, take responsibility for their own professional development, and to be committed to high quality performance standards. Thus employees who feel energetic and dedicated and who are absorbed by their work, employees who can create a culture in the organization that would be for the well-being of the organization and people involved in the organization are most critical for the organization. These voluntary behaviors which contribute to the business unit performance are Organizational Citizenship Behaviors. Engaging employees of an organization is critical to the organizations success. Employee Engagement is often the most significant differentiator between competing IT organizations. This is true particularly for service based IT companies as revenues are directly proportional to number of engaged workforce in the organization. Majority of researches on employee engagement from survey houses and consultancies have established the relationship between employee engagement, financial business performance and profitability. Interestingly, there are very few academic literatures on engagement. Several literatures on OCB have highlighted the relationship between OCB and productivity, in-role performance, and business unit performance. However there has been no research established to find out if there is any relationship between employee engagement and OCB. In this research, the researcher is interested to focus on employee engagement and OCB in Indian and multinational companies operating in the IT sector in India. The research is focused to analyze if the dimensions of OCB like helping behavior, taking initiative, self development indicate the engagement levels of an employee. Based on the review of literatures and identified the gap, the investigator felt an imperative need to pursue with the current research. The sample consisted of 235 IT professionals from both Indian and MNC companies. The judgmental and convenient sampling technique was adopted for selecting the respondents. Two standard tools were used to measure the variables of the study:- 1.Employee Engagement questionnaire by Dilys Robinson (2004), the reliability for the scale was.880. 2.Organizational Citizenship Behavior questionnaire by Podsakoff (2000), the reliability for the scale was .703 The major findings of the study were - i. There was a positive significant relationship between Employee Engagement and Organizational Citizenship Behavior. ii.The drivers of engagement viz. pay and benefits, feeling valued and involved, training and development, job satisfaction, management, colleagues, equal opportunities, communication, current career intention are found to have significant positive correlation with Employee Engagement. iii.There was a significant negative relation between Employee Engagement and stress and work pressure. iv.The variable with highest influence on engagement was current career intension, followed by job satisfaction, pay & benefits, management, equal opportunities, and organization citizenship behavior. v.The variables colleagues, communication, training and development, feeling valued and involved were not found to have any significant impact on Employee Engagement. vi. There were significant differences in job satisfaction behavior between men and women professionals. Job satisfaction was significantly higher for women than for men. vii.There were significant differences in organizational citizenship behavior between men and women professional. The Organizational citizenship Behavior was higher for men than women. viii.There were significant differences in current career intension between different age groups. Current career intension was generally increasing with age, with the exception of the 41-45 yr. age group. There was no significant difference in other dimensions between age groups. ix.There was no significant difference in any of the dimensions based on work experience. x.There were significant differences in satisfaction with pay and benefits based on qualification. Satisfaction with pay and benefits was highest for professionals with PhDs, and lowest for post-graduates. xi.Stress and work pressure was highest for graduates, and lowest for PhDs there was no significant difference in other dimensions based on qualification. xii.There were significant differences in Employee Engagement and the type of companies. Employee Engagement was higher for professionals working in Multi National Companies than for those in Indian companies. xiii.Satisfaction with management was higher for professionals working in Multi National Companies than those working in Indian companies. xiv.Satisfaction with management was significantly higher for professionals working in Multi National Companies than those working in Indian companies. xv.Stress and work pressure was significantly higher for professionals working in Indian companies than those working in Indian companies. xvi.At a micro level analysis, it was found that type of IT company the employees belonged did not significantly differ among pay and benefits, feeling valued and involved, job satisfaction, colleagues, equal opportunities, training and development and current career intention. xvii.It was found that the driver qualification did not have any significant difference among feeling valued and involved, colleagues, equal opportunities, job satisfaction training and development and management. xviii.Gender did not significantly differ among the variables feeling valued and involved, colleagues, equal opportunities,training and development and current career intention, and management. xix.It was found that age did not significantly differ among any of the dimensions like feeling valued and involved, colleagues, equal opportunities, job satisfaction training and development and management. Length of service in the organization did not significantly differ among employees in any of the dimension. xx.It was found that there was no significant difference between Organizational citizenship Behavior, age of the employees, work experience of the employees, and qualification of the employees. xxi.It was found that there was no significant difference between Organizational citizenship Behavior, age of the employees, work experience of the employees, and qualification of the employees. xxii.It was found that male employees were satisfied with pay and benefits. xxiii.Female employees were feeling more valued and involved than male employees. xxiv.The female employees were more satisfied with the training and development activities. xxv.It was found that female employees had more levels of Employee Engagement than male employees. xxvi.It was found that female employees were more satisfied with management and colleagues. xxvii.Male employees seem to undergo more of stress and work related pressure than male employees. xxviii.It was found that male employees were more satisfied with communication and equal opportunities. xxix.Female employees had more intentions to stay with their companies than male employees. xxx.The level of Organizational citizenship Behavior was higher for men than women. xxxi.Employees working in MNCs were satisfied with pay and benefits, feeling valued and involved training and development. xxxii.Employee engagement level of MNC employees was higher than Indian employees. xxxiii.The stress and work pressure was higher for Indian employees than MNC employees. -
A Comprehensive Study On The Consumer Preferences Towards Online Marketing In Consumer Goods
Online Marketing has become an integral part of peoples lives in recent years. Currently as per the developments that have taken place due to the improvements and importance that has been created by online marketing has covered each and every type of business sector. The purpose of the study is to examine the preferences of consumers towards online marketing and how it varies across different age group, income levels and across gender. This study is conducted with the help of 300 sample data collected from the working population of Bangalore city. To analyze the collected data, the statistical tools like Pearsons correlation, Posthoc ANOVA test and Scheffes and Tukey,s test has been used. This study found that male consumers are more influenced in purchasing products online then female consumers. -
EFFECTIVENESS OF SERVICE QUALITY IN MULTISPECIALITY AND SINGLESPECIALITY HOSPITALS-A COMPARATIVE STUDY
The growth in the health care services in the country is primarily driven by the 350 million strong middle class people aspiring for quality health care services. A health care provider is an institution (such as a hospital or clinic) or person (such as a physician, nurse, other health care service provider) that provides preventive, curative, rehabilitative or palliative care services in a systematic way to individuals, families or communities. Improving access, coverage and quality of health services depends on the way, the services are organized and managed, and on the incentives influencing providers and users. The rate of growth of the health care industry in India is moving ahead neck to neck with the pharmaceutical industry and the software industry of the country. Much has been said and done in the health care sector for bringing about improvement. Till date, approximately 12% of the scope offered by the health care industry in India has been tapped. The health care industry in India is reckoned to be the engine of the economy in the years to come. Health care industry in India is worth $17 billion and is anticipated to grow by 13% every year. The health care sector encompasses health care instruments, health care in the retail market, hospitals enrolled to the hospital networks etc. Literature review on Service quality in the hospitals has mostly emphasized on patients perception of the services, the factors responsible for creating customer satisfaction and their intentions to return for future services available. The literature also reveals the gap between customer expectations and customer perception. The findings of the literature identifies the future courses of action to be taken by the hospitals. The loyalty is created in the hospitals by service quality dimensions. The literature so far shows the research in Hospitals; the research gap is that no research has been done in the sectors like Multispeciality Hospitals and Singlespeciality Hospitals. Statement of the problem: Effectiveness of service quality in Multispeciality and Singlespeciality Hospitals- A comparative study The population for the study consists of the patients from both the sectors. The Questionnaire were administered to 315 respondents out of which 292 were the usable data for analysis. The sampling technique adopted was Convenience sampling. The sample was drawn from 6 multispeciality hospitals and 5 single speciality hospitals in Bangalore city only. The Questionnaire consisted of three sections; the first section on the Demographic characteristics, Section 2 consists of the service quality dimensions for expectations and perception. The dimensions were rated on 7 point Likert scale. The third section on the customer loyalty. The patients of the hospitals have rated independently without any bias. The developed questionnaire was found to be very reliable and valid. Conclusion:The present research found that the service quality is high in Multispeciality hospitals when compared to single speciality hospitals. The Reliability dimension is very important when compared to the other dimension. Also the study revealed that price is the very sensitive variable that the customer loyalty depends on the price justification. Hence the research throws light upon the Servqual and the customer loyalty. -
A Study on the Factors Influencing Online Buying in Fast Moving Consumer Goods with Particular Reference to Household Items
Internet impact on retailing has been tremendous and it has provided the retailers another channel through which to reach customers situated far away. The internet penetration in the country is 11.4 % as per the latest figures. The E ??commerce space is growing by 47 % to more than $460 billion in 2011 ( IAMAI) The online buying has provided huge benefits to customers like 24/7 convenience shopping, saving time, discounts, more choice and assortment of goods, and price comparisons across brands. At present the online retail Industry is Rs 2500 crores and growing at 35 % annually. It is expected to reach Rs 7000 cr by 2015 ( Assocham 2011 ) In this study attempt has been made to identify factors responsible for buying online and also factors impacting customers for not buying through online household essentials. In the study demographic profile of the customers were looked into. The study is limited to Bangalore city only. Based on the literature survey, hypotheses have been developed. Out of 500 questionnaires distributed across Bangalore city, about 362 fully filled questionnaires were got and this was used for the study. The respondents profile and descriptive statistics has been analysed for online and non ?? online respondents. . Factor analysis has been done to find out the minimum factors involved in the online and non online buying decision. Hypotheses testing have been done using relevant tests. Some recommendations have been made on the strategies which Online retailers can adopt to attract more online buyers by taking care of some of their concerns. Some of the key findings of the study are:-- o Non - Online buyers feel there is lack of security of transactions in online shopping. o Non - Online buyers feel Touch and feel is important for buying household essentials. o One of the Reasons for Non ?? Online buyers not adopting online buying is they consider it is difficult to return goods. o Non ?? online buyers who are in the age group (36 -55yrs) are reluctant to switch to online buying. -
Critical analysis of inventory management with reference to garments in retailing
The Major focus of this empirical research is to find out the relationships between various factors of inventory management in medium format garment retail shops that affect the sales. Samples of 100 retail shops were surveyed and the data collected was analyzed. Garment retailing is broadly classified under Men??s garment, women??s garments and Kids garments. The garment retail segment has seen good growth in recent years, thanks to the good economic environment in the country. This study is concentrated on medium format garment retailers who are facing lot of problems. Some of the problems are tremendous competitive pressure from large format stores & international brands, increasing overheads and high rentals. To counter these pressures, the medium format retailers must try to consolidate their operations, reduce their overheads like high inventory, faster inventory turnover The empirical results shows that the medium format garment retailers are having a positive outlook even though they are having tough competition. This may be because of the good economy and surge in disposable incomes of the urban population. The study also shows that by managing inventory in a tight manner and using latest technology to manage the store will ensure minimal losses and maximize customer satisfaction leading to higher sales realization. Majority of the retailers placed extra orders to take care of demand uncertainties and errors in forecasting. The average number of customers lost due to non availability of right garment was three customers per day. The study found that there is a mismatch between order frequency and supply frequency leading to higher safety stocks. This must be bridged and suppliers must increase their response time to match retailers order cycles. Shrinkage data was not available with majority of retailers. Medium format retailers are not tracking shrinkage with frequent audits and analysis. Some branded retailers who had some data attributed shrinkage on employee theft and shoplifting as the major cause of shrinkage. Most of the sourcing was done locally since Bangalore is a big manufacturing hub for garments. The mode of transport used was by road using LCVs because of traffic restrictions within the city for HCVs. Almost all retailers had bar code and scanner with offline point of sale software for billing and tracking sales. Latest technologies like radio frequency identification, online software with features like online ordering & tracking were not being used by retailers. The average turnover of medium format retailers was good and their main overhead was the high rentals. Rents in prime locations were exorbitant but unavoidable because these locations were the main shopping areas. Garment retailers must use technology to keep track of their customers, their needs and match tem with right inventory to succeed in this competitive era. -
Gender Differences: Perception of Teasing and Body Image among Young Adults
The main focus of the current research is to determine whether perception of teasing has an influence on an individuals body image. Teasing related to weight may occur more often than many other types of teasing during childhood and adolescence. The study was conducted with a sample 100 under graduate students. The participants were in the age group of 18 to 21 years. The data was collected using teasing questionnaire-revised by Storch et al. (2004) and body image questionnaire by Cash (1994). 10 participants who scored high on teasing questionnaire were interviewed to further explore their teasing experiences and its relation to their body image. The results showed that there are no gender differences between teasing and body image among adults. Teasing seemed to be related to some of the domains of body image. Data from interviews show that peers and family were the major group of people involved in teasing. Teasing seemed to be having many consequences for the individuals results also indicate that teasing on ones appearance influences their body image. Key Words: Gender Difference, Teasing, Body Image and young adults. -
Adoption of Digital Technologies in Channel Management of Indian Pharmaceutical Industry
The main thrust of this research is in the area of adoption of digital technologies in channel management of pharmaceutical industry in India. The Indian pharmaceutical industry is making rapid strides in the past decade, and is recognised internationally .However, the adoption of electronic methods like the internet, extranet, barcoding, digital data bases, e-payments, RFID and others are only at a nascent stage. This inertia is likely to affect the growth projectile of the industry. The international stature which the industry is acquiring will be at stake. The study attempts to assess the current status of adoption of digital technologies with particular reference to contributing factors that can trigger rapid growth. It assesses the respondents expectation of the benefits of digital adoption. It also deals with the factors which will help the industry to transit from legacy systems to digital technologies. This information was obtained through structured questionnaire administered to respondents who had experience in the distribution aspects of the Indian pharmaceutical industry. The research revealed that although implementation of electronic methods was at an early stage, the expectation regarding the benefits of employing this technology was high. The study also found that some of the tools which were necessary to transit from legacy systems to digital technology were in a nascent stage of its use. -
DECLINE OF TIBETAN MUSIC AND THE INVASION OF CHINA
This study explores the forms and features of Tibetan music that existed in the past and its gradual change to the present. It looks at the traditional music that Tibetans followed and the amalgamation of the same with other forms and genres of music as it altered during and after the Chinese invasion of 1949. The study will be working under the idea that the Tibetan music has lost its traditional trace as the prominence of commercial marketing of music have escalated and how this was brought on by the mentioned invasion: the political, social, cultural and economical aspects which directly or indirectly changed the musical culture of Tibet. It envelopes the idea that the musical tradition of Tibet has been lost due to the strong administrative control of the Chinese government and how that led to the failure of the native Tibetans to safeguard the Tibetan traditional forms and genres of music. -
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EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE MODULATION ON RAYLEIGH-B??NARD CONVECTION IN A ROTATING LAYER OF A FERROMAGNETIC FLUID
The stability of a rotating horizontal layer of ferromagnetic fluid heated from below is examined when, in addition to a steady temperature difference between the walls of the layer, a time-dependent sinusoidal perturbation is applied to the wall temperatures. Only infinitesimal disturbances are considered. The effects of the oscillating temperature field are treated by a perturbation expansion in powers of the amplitude of the applied field. The onset criterion is derived when the condition for the principle of exchange of stabilities is valid. The shift in the critical Rayleigh number is calculated as a function of the frequency of modulation, magnetic parameters, Taylor number and Prandtl number. The effect of various parameters is found to be significant for moderate values of the frequency of modulation. It is shown that, when the thermal excitation is symmetric, supercritical motion is more pronounced for low Prandtl number ferro fluids. Further, for the case in which only the bottom wall temperature is modulated, the effect of rotation is to stabilize the system at low frequencies and the opposite is true for moderately large frequencies. The problem throws light on external means of controlling convection in ferromagnetic fluid applications. -
NEWCOMERS SATISFACTION IN RELATION TO ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE SOCIALIZATION AND SELF-EFFICACY OF EMPLOYEES IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SECTOR
Rapid growth in IT sector poses unprecedented challenges to HR practices in organizations, which are primarily driven by constant pressure to recruit suitable candidates, meet the expectations of the new entrants and to reduce attrition. Some of the typical HR challenges faced by the rapid growth sectors are the expanding job demands that impact the structure and culture of the organization, the large recruitment of the new entrants and systematized induction training demands. In this dissertation, the focus is on understanding the socialization tactics of the new entrants in IT sector in terms of their role orientation, adjustment, organizational culture, self-efficacy and the overall satisfaction. Organizational Socialization of new employees has always been a critical process for most of the organizations. Over the years multiple aspects of socialization have been studied and the research on socialization has viewed it from multiple perspectives. Initially it was viewed as the process through which organizations acculturate the new entrants. However much of the recent research view it as a learning process in which the entrants role is much more important and organizations can only manage that process. The importance of socialization in organization needs to be overemphasized, as it is one of the essential components of building and maintaining organizational culture. The aspect of understanding organization culture is not a very new phenomenon but in most of the Indian organizations this study has not got momentum. Self-efficacy refers to ones personal belief regarding how capable one is in controlling events and situations in ones life, such as performing or completing specific tasks and behaviours. Socialization research has been conducted in several contexts. However, the context of IT sector has mostly been neglected. In the context of India there hasnt been much study. The lack of research this context coupled with contextual features of IT sector, which indicate greater new entrants self-efficacy with respect to their socialization tactics, has been the prime motive for this study. From such an interactionist perspective, it is necessary to investigate how both individual and organizational factors combine to influence (1) newcomers' subsequent adjustments to organizations (2) their role behaviours and (3) moderating effects of self-efficacy. The purpose of this study is to address these issues. The dependent variable is newcomers adjustment which is measured in terms of role outcomes such as role orientation, role conflict, role ambiguity and personal outcomes such as commitment to organization, intention to quit and job satisfaction. Independent variable is socialization tactics (collective vs. individual; formal vs. informal; investiture vs. divestiture; sequential vs. random; serial vs. disjunctive and fixed vs. variable). The moderating variables are demographic components such as gender, age, qualification, marital status, zone from where respondent has completed highest education, work-experience duration, number of past job experiences newcomers have and their future career choices. This study viewed socialization from an interactionist perspective and has investigated the link between socialization tactics and new entrants satisfaction. This study generated responses from newcomers having not more than 18 months of work- experience in a particular organization. The research includes responses from IT sector in Bangalore. A detailed standardized Questionnaire was adapted to be used as an instrumentation tool. The questionnaire was completed by 306 respondents using convenient sampling technique. The statistical techniques adopted are Cronbachs alpha reliability test, Descriptives (means and standard deviations), Percentile Quartile, Bivariate Correlations and ANOVA. Seven hypotheses were tested and analyzed. Innovative role orientation has a significant correlation with sequential random, serial disjunctive and fixed variable. A high score on orientation indicates an innovative role orientation in which a new entrant attempts to alter procedures for performing a role, the purpose of role itself, or both. There is significant influence of sequential random tactic followed by formal informal on the role orientation of the employees. In previous studies it was observed that invidualised tactics was positively correlated to innovative role orientation. But in current study the researcher found that institutionalized tactics were positively correlated to innovative role orientation. There is no significant influence of organizational culture on the satisfaction of the newcomers. The detailed findings, conclusions, and suggestions for further research have been discussed. Key Words: Organizational culture, Newcomers socialization tactics and Self-Efficacy -
STATUS OF WOMEN IN FAMILY: A STUDY AMONG WOMEN WORKERS OF ORGANISED AND UNORGANISED SECTORS IN URBAN BANGALORE
This is a study conducted amongst working women of the Organised and Unorganised sector in Urban Bangalore. It is an attempt to understand the status of working women within their family by looking at their involvement in key decision making areas. The key areas that have been identified are distribution of household duties and money related decisions. Patriarchal traditions divide household into two domains the female and male domains. The female domain includes household responsibilities like child care, cooking and cleaning that belong to the woman of the house while the male domain includes money related issues where men are the primary breadwinners and decision makers at home. The study looks at the aspect that despite contributing to the family income, working women have very little involvement in the key decisions of the family. The topic of the study has been crystallised after conducting informal discussions with working women of Organised and Unorganised sectors. During the discussions women stated that even though they are working and making contribution to the household income, they do not feel a part of the key decision making areas within the household. The topic of this study has been chosen to clearly understand the role of working women in decision making at home. The two sectors have been chosen to understand the difference in the attitudes of women working in both sectors given the disparity in the level of their income. Random sampling method has been used to select the samples. The total sample size is 129, 66 from Organised sector and 63 from Unorganised sector. The area chosen for data collection from the Organised sector is software firms, apparel firm, educational institutions, insurance firms and banks. In the Unorganised sector the area chosen for the study is Rajendra Nagar, Koramangala in close vicinity to National Games Village, a residential complex. The respondents work as domestic cleaners and housekeeping staff in National Games Village. Primary data has been collected using questionnaire method substantiated by the case study method. The questionnaire had 58 questions along with four case studies. There are four case studies which focus on the involvement of working women from Organised and Unorganised sectors in decision making within the family to get a better understanding of their day to day lives. The findings of the study are discussed in this dissertation. -
Development of Positive Self: Exploring the Experiences of Psychotherapists
Mental health professionals cater to the needs of people in distress. They utilise cognitive and emotional resources to completely empathise with the clientele and it can often lead to distress because helping profession is more prone to burnout. The benefits of practicing psychotherapy outweigh the hazards if they can bring work-life balance by creating a boundary between personal and professional lives. The aim of the current study was to explore the meaning and significance of professional experiences in the development of positive self. Seven psychotherapists with minimum ten years of experience participated in the study. Using semi structured in-depth interviews details about professional experience and the impact on personal life was explored. The data was analysed using thematic analysis. The study found the indicators of positive self as high self esteem, high self efficacy, experiencing positive emotions, signs of wisdom, hopeful behaviour, high optimism, self regulation, experiencing gratitude and forgiveness. Work experiences and coping strategies influenced the development of positive self. The results of the study can be used in training programmes for psychotherapists and building the conceptual model of positive self. keywords: psychotherapists, positive self, positive emotional state, functional coping strategies, professional growth, prosocial behaviour -
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Image Encryption and Compression using Embedding Technique
Encryption is used to securely transmit data in open networks. Each type of data has its own features; therefore different techniques should be used to protect confidential image data from unauthorized access. Most of the available encryption algorithms are mainly used for textual data and may not be suitable for multimedia data such as images. For secure transmission, various compression and encryption techniques are proposed to satisfy a fast and secure transmission. However these two techniques must be studied separately. In this paper we propose a method combining encryption and compression based on Embedding and Extracting and Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT). For encryption, target images are covered with an insignificant image to hide them and it is transmitted to destination. The receiver reconstructs the original images by extracting the insignificant image. For compression process, using DCT the size of transmission can be reduced. Through several computer simulations, the performance of the proposed method is confirmed. -
Effectiveness of Working Capital Management in Maximizing Profitability of Construction Companies in Bangalore.
Working capital in any organizations has a significant role in driving the business forward.Hence,there is an imminent need for the management of the working capital.The efficiency with which working capital is managed in a business or organization determines the health of the business or the organization.On having an effective working capital management firms tend to be successful and while ineffective working management leads to the failure of the business. Hence, the management of working capital is of great importance. The research study is to evaluate the effectiveness of working capital management in maximizing the profitability of construction companies in Bangalore. The research will analyze the construction companies to establish an understanding of the significance of effective WCM for maximizing the profitability. The working capital is the life blood of a business and an important function of finance that defines and deals with the liquidity of the firm. Also, profitability of firms is another major aspect of business. The research explores the correlation between the working capital and profitability to understand the effectiveness of working capital management in maximizing the profitability. The construction industry is the second largest industry of the country after agriculture. Construction activity is an integral part of a countrys infrastructure and industrial development. It includes hospitals, schools, townships, offices, houses and other buildings; urban infrastructure (including water supply, sewerage, drainage); highways, roads, ports, railways, airports; power systems; irrigation and agriculture systems; telecommunications etc. Covering as it does such a wide spectrum, construction becomes the basic input for socio-economic development.The construction industry generates substantial employment and provides a growth impetus to other sectors through backward and forward linkages. It is, essential therefore, that, this vital activity is nurtured for the healthy growth of the economy. With the present emphasis on creating physical infrastructure, massive investment is planned during the Tenth Plan. The construction industry would play a crucial role in this regard and has to gear itself to meet the challenges.In order to meet the intended investment targets in time, the current capacity of the domestic construction industry would need considerable strengthening. The construction sector has major linkages with the building material industry since construction material accounts for sizeable share of the construction costs these include cement,steel,bricks/tiles,sand/aggregates,fixtures/ fittings, paints and chemicals, construction equipment, petro-products, timber, mineral products, aluminum, glass and plastics. The construction sector is one of the largest employers in the country. In '99-2000, it employed 17.62 million workers, a rise of 6 million over 1993-94. The sector also recorded the highest growth rate in generation of jobs in the last two decades, doubling its share in total employment. -
EFFECT OF RADIATIVE TRANSFER ON RAYLEIGH-B??NARD CONVECTION IN A COUPLE-STRESS FLUID
The problem of Rayleigh-Benard convection in a couple-stress fluid with thermal radiation is studied within the framework of linear stability analysis. Only infinitesimal disturbances are considered. The linear stability analysis is based on the normal mode technique. The fluid between the boundaries absorbs and emits thermal radiation. The boundaries are treated as black bodies. The absorption coefficient of the fluid is assumed to be the same at all wavelengths and to be independent of the physical state. The principle of exchange of stabilities is valid and the existence of oscillatory instability is ruled out. The expression for the stationary Rayleigh number is obtained as a function of the governing parameters, viz., the wave number, the couple-stress parameter, the conduction-radiation parameter and the absorptivity parameter. The Galerkin method is used to determine the eigenvalues. The effect of various parameters on the stability of the fluid layer is discussed through figures and tables. -
Data Structure Based Loss-less Image Compression Algorithm
Working capital in any organizations has a significant role in driving the business forward. Hence, there is an imminent need for the management of the working capital. The efficiency with which working capital is managed in a business or organization determines the health of the business or the organization. On having an effective working capital management firms tend to be successful and while ineffective working management leads to the failure of the business. Hence, the management of working capital is of great importance. The research study is to evaluate the effectiveness of working capital management in maximizing the profitability of construction companies in Bangalore. The research will analyze the construction companies to establish an understanding of the significance of effective WCM for maximizing the profitability. The working capital is the life blood of a business and an important function of finance that defines and deals with the liquidity of the firm. Also, profitability of firms is another major aspect of business. The research explores the correlation between the working capital and profitability to understand the effectiveness of working capital management in maximizing the profitability. The construction industry is the second largest industry of the country after agriculture. Construction activity is an integral part of a countrys infrastructure and industrial development. It includes hospitals, schools, townships, offices, houses and other buildings; urban infrastructure (including water supply, sewerage, drainage); highways, roads, ports, railways, airports; power systems; irrigation and agriculture systems; telecommunications etc. Covering as it does such a wide spectrum, construction becomes the basic input for socio-economic development. The construction industry generates substantial employment and provides a growth impetus to other sectors through backward and forward linkages. It is, essential therefore, that, this vital activity is nurtured for the healthy growth of the economy. With the present emphasis on creating physical infrastructure, massive investment is planned during the Tenth Plan. The construction industry would play a crucial role in this regard and has to gear itself to meet the challenges. In order to meet the intended investment targets in time, the current capacity of the domestic construction industry would need considerable strengthening. The construction sector has major linkages with the building material industry since construction material accounts for sizeable share of the construction costs these include cement, steel, bricks/tiles, sand/aggregates, fixtures/fittings, paints and chemicals, construction equipment, petro-products, timber, mineral products, aluminum, glass and plastics. The construction sector is one of the largest employers in the country. In 1999-2000, it employed 17.62 million workers, a rise of 6 million over 1993-94. The sector also recorded the highest growth rate in generation of jobs in the last two decades, doubling its share in total employment. -
IMPACT OF PHOTOGRAPHS AND ITS PLACEMENT IN NEWS ARTICLES ON READERS.
The research is carried out to study the impact of photographs and its placement on readers in newspapers. The photographs and headline are the heavyweights, more than any other element they attract attention. This study tries to focus on the role of photographs in newspaper articles on its readers. It evaluates on the terms of its placement as well. Photographs in newspapers are researched through semiotics analysis, content analysis and other qualitative techniques. This study is undertaken in both qualitative and quantitative techniques. The researcher has used the random sampling technique with a sample size of 108. The analysis is also made on the basis of in-depth interview with experienced and seasoned members of print organisations. Based on the analysis of the data collected the research has thrown light upon the findings that, before even scanning pages in detail, the first element seen by a reader is the photographs. Both the genders have equally shown that the photographs are the first component that attracts them to read an article. A well placed photograph plays an important role by breaking the monotony of text placement and leads to visual appeal of the reader. In conclusion the photographs have high visual impact on readers. Its placement and size play a vital role in not only leading the readers to read the article but also creates an aesthetically designed layout.