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Exploring artificial intelligence techniques for diabetic retinopathy detection: A case study
There is a notable increase in the prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) globally. This increase is caused due to type2 diabetes, diabetes mellitus (DM). Among people, diabetes leads to vision loss or Diabetic Retinopathy. Early detection is very much necessary for timely intervention and appropriate treatment on vision loss among diabetic patients. This chapter explores how Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods are helpful in automated detection of diabetic retinopathy. In this chapter deep learning algorithm is proposed that is used to extract important features from retinal images and classify the images to identify the presence of DR. The model is evaluated using various metrics like specificity, sensitivity etc. The results of the case study provide an AI driven solution to existing methods used to identify DR and this can improve the early detection and appropriate treatment at the right time. 2024, IGI Global. All rights reserved. -
Elevating industries: Cloud computing's impact on industry-integrated IoT
[No abstract available] -
Ethical dimensions of GIS data privacy: Examining the intersection of ethics and privacy
The proliferation of mapping technologies has spurred significant attention to the ethical conduct surrounding geographic information systems (GIS). Various studies have explored these ethical considerations. Academic map and geography libraries are increasingly responsible for managing geospatial datasets, emphasizing the need for maintaining ethical standards in data archiving, cataloging, and distribution. Moral concerns about geospatial technologies encompass data accuracy, copyright, and quality assurance. Users of geospatial data must discern between ground-truth data and voluntary contributions, particularly with the rise of social media and participatory GIS. This chapter discusses the concerns concerning GIS data and the important data privacy issues while using GIS data. 2024, IGI Global. All rights reserved. -
Secure and Private Federated Learning through Encrypted Parameter Aggregation
This chapter is dedicated to cross-silo private parameter aggregation. ML/DL has demonstrated promising results in a variety of application domains, especially when vast volumes of data are collected in one location, such as a data center or a cloud service. The goal of FL is to improve the quality of ML/DL models while minimizing their drawbacks. Participating devices in an FL task could range in size from a single smartphone or watch to a global corporation housing multiple data centers. It was originally believed that just a little amount of information about the original training data would be carried over into subsequent model updates as FL interactions occurred. The differential privacy framework is concerned with restricting the release of private information while sharing the outcomes of computations or queries performed on a dataset. Recently, many researchers have begun to employ differential privacy while training models in a federated setting. 2024 Saravanan Krishnan, A. Jose Anand, R. Srinivasan, R. Kavitha and S. Suresh. -
Genetic Algorithms for Wireless Network Security
[No abstract available] -
AI and IoT in Improving Resilience of Smart Energy Infrastructure
In todays world, we cant live without energy. Its essential for the growth and development of the economy. Changes in climate, sustainable growth, health, food security for the world, and environmental protection all require it if we are to make any headway. Governments around the world are looking for innovative ways to generate, control, supply, and save energy because of the rising cost and rising demand for it. Photovoltaic systems, hydropower, wind energy, tidal power, and geothermal energy are examples of traditional renewable energy sources that have advanced significantly in recent years. They, however, are unable to deal with environmental variations. It is critical to developing smart and cost-effective generators in order to meet the advanced worlds energy demands. In this chapter, we introduced the concept of smart energy, smart grid, and smart energy systems in a brief manner. Smart energy portfolio and smart energy management are introduced in the frst section. We also discuss how AI and IoT can be used to improve the different energy sources like wind power, solar power, geothermal power, etc. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023. -
Big Data for Intelligence and Security
The name Big Data for Security and Intelligence is a method of analysis that focuses on huge data (ranging from petabytes to zettabytes) that includes all sources (such as log files, IP addresses, and emails). Various companies use big data technology for security and intelligence in order to identify suspicious tasks, threats, and security tasks. They are able to use this information to combat cyber-attacks. One of the limitations of big data security is the inability to cover both current and past data in order to be able to uncover identified threats, anomalies, and fraud to keep the n/wsafe from attacks. A number of organizations are addressing rising problems like APTs, attacks, and fraud by focusing on them. More is better than less! The easier it will be to determine. Nevertheless, organizations which utilize big data techniques make sure that privacy and security issues have been resolved before putting their data to use. Because there are so many different types of data stored in so many different systems, the infrastructure needed to analyze big data should be able to handle and support more advanced analytics like statistics and data mining. The one side of the coin is the collection and storing of lots of information; the other side is protecting massive amounts of information from uncertified access, which is very difficult. Big data is commonly used extensively in the improvement of security and the facilitation of law enforcement. Big data analytics are used by the US National Security Agency (NSA) to foil terrorist plots, while other agencies use big data to identify and handle cyber-attacks. Credit card companies use big data analytics tools to detect fraud transactions, while police departments use big data methods to track down criminals and forecast illegal activity. Big data is being used in amazing ways in todays information world, but security and privacy are the primary concerns when it comes to protecting massive amounts of data. Real-time data collection, standardization, and analysis used to analyze and enhance a companys overall security is referred to as Security Intelligence. The security intelligence nature entails the formation of software assets and personnel with the goal of uncovering actionable and useful insights that help the organization mitigate threats and reduce risks. To identify security incidents and the behaviors of attackers, todays analysts use machine learning and big data analysis. They also use this cutting-edge technology to automate identification and security events analysis and to extract security intelligence from event logs generated on a network. This chapter will discuss how Big Data analytics can help out in the world of security intelligence, what the appropriate infrastructure needs to be in order to make it useful, how it is more efficient than more traditional approaches, and what it would look like if we built an analytic engine specifically for security intelligence. 2024 selection and editorial matter, S. Vijayalakshmi, P. Durgadevi, Lija Jacob, Balamurugan Balusamy, and Parma Nand; individual chapters, the contributors. -
Blockchain security for artificial intelligence-based clinical decision support tool
For a healthcare organization, it is very difficult to satisfy the growing challenges and cost and provide good quality care. But nowadays clinical decision support system becomes an essential tool for a healthcare organization to help healthcare experts enhance the treatment process and advance healthcare services. Clinical decision support system supports collaborative treatment to enhance medical services. In a collaborative treatment service, the patient's health records are shared by different healthcare experts. All the patient health data are maintained by an electronic health records system. Electronic health records have very sensitive and patient's private information so sharing electronic health records is a very challenging task. Some downsides of collaborative treatment are privacy and lack of confidence among contributors like a patient, doctors, radiologist, hospitals, and insurance organization. Blockchain which is known as distributed ledger technology and has a secured architecture framework can be used to enhance the healthcare organization. Blockchain with artificial intelligence has a great potential in helping healthcare traders tackle major healthcare issues and challenges. In this chapter, we discussed how artificial intelligence and blockchain as a powerful pair can transform the healthcare sector. We also discussed the model, challenges, and application in clinical decision support tools. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021. All rights reserved. -
The Role of Artifcial Intelligence in Renewable Energy
Technology is evolving at an unbelievable pace, to the extent where many of us cant keep up effectively. With increasing Artifcial Intelligence (AI) complexity, our environment will be transformed in amazing ways over the years and decades that follow. The renewable energy (RE) sector is no different. AI can observe patterns and beneft from large amounts of knowledge. Consequently, AI is able to make improvements to enhance energy production, conversion, and even delivery. These systems allow precise forecasting of, for example, weather and loads, mitigating, among countless other uses, the possibility of electrical surges. AI systems would signifcantly improve the productivity of renewable systems by automation over the next 10 years. For solar and wind energy, this will become particularly prevalent. Independent power producers would have the latitude required to deliver ever-more sustainable business models and services by integrating increased generation coupled with low-cost savings provided by automation. We are all aware of the requirements of RE, including solar power. However, how can AI help to increase the availability of RE? The demand for global energy is growing day by day, but fossil fuels cannot fulfll our future needs for energy. Because of increased energy consumption, fossil fuel carbon emissions have reached very high levels over time. RE, however, is emerging as a good replacement for fossil fuels. It is safer and also very clean in comparison to traditional sources. The RE industry has made tremendous strides during the preceding decade with developments in technology. AI and machine learning technologies can analyze data to predict the future. So, the use of AI can solve the problems and challenges of RE. In this chapter we discuss RE, its sources and challenges, and how AI can address these challenges. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023. -
Portfolio Management Decision Support System Using Cryptocurrencies and Traditional Assets in Indian Context
The paper attempts to develop a portfolio management decision support system (PMDSS) to help the investors to ensure portfolio optimization in Indian context. For this, the study conducts a comparative analysis between portfolios with equities from Indian market and portfolios that includes cryptocurrencies along with equities. Considering the huge hype received by cryptocurrencies in the current scenario, we attempt to diversify portfolios by including risky assets like cryptocurrencies, specially focusing from Indian perspective. Till now, Portfolio Optimization with Monte Carlo Simulation and Hierarchical Risk Parity has not been implemented by combining portfolios of cryptocurrencies and Indian stocks together. Traditional assets for the study are selected upon their market capitalization, Earnings Per Share, Profit margin, Operating profit etc. and cryptocurrencies are chosen according to their market capitalization. Data on the daily prices of these assets are collected from 201920 to 202122. An attempt is made to optimize the portfolios by minimizing the portfolio standard deviation and maximizing the portfolio expected returns. This helps to minimize risk and maximize the possible returns that might arise from the portfolio after adjusting for the volatility of the asset classes respectively. Based on the results, we suggest not to incorporate cryptocurrencies in portfolios with Indian stocks. This is because the risk adjusted returns of cryptocurrencies are comparatively lower as compared to the other under study. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2024. -
Synthesis, characterization, magnetic, thermal and electrochemical studies of Oxovanadium(IV) Complex of 2-thiophenecarba benzhydrazone
The hydrazone ligand obtained from 2-thiophene carboxaldehyde and benzhydrazide react with an equimolar mixture of vanadyl acetyl acetonate in methanol to yield oxovanadium(IV) complex of 2-thiophenecarba benzhydrazone. The prepared compound shows effective solubility in organic solvents like acetonitrile, DMF and DMSO. Molar conductivity data of oxovanadium( IV) complex of 2-thiophenecarba benzhydrazone revealed its nonelectrolytic behavior in DMF and DMSO. EPR spectra of 2-thiophenecarba benzhydrazonato oxovanadium(IV) was recorded in DMF at LNT and g and A values were calculated. The complex was proposed to be square pyramidal in geometry. Cyclic voltammograms of the complex in DMF were studied by changing the scan rates 50, 100, and 200 mV/s. ? E values of the complex showed the reversible criterion and ipc/ipa values which were close to 1 indicating the redox couple as reversible. Thermograms of the complex were recorded to find the weight loss at different temperature ranges. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectra showed mass number of the molecular ions. 2018 River Publishers. -
A Conception of Blockchain Platform for Milk and Dairy Products Supply Chain in an Indian Context
The potential for adulteration in the Indian dairy supply chain process is immense. The possibility of incorrect information recorded by middlemen cannot be ruled out and found to be rampant. The reality is that the data required to assess the safety and quality of milk produced is inadequate in the existing setup. The current set of checks and balances to fight adulteration of milk and dairy products in India is studied and articulated. An elaborate and daunting set of procedures marks these checks and is still significantly found wanting. To increase the product's safety and traceability of the product an alternate pathway to deploy Blockchain technology in the milk and dairy product supply chain has been proposed. Despite the proposal requiring drastic changes in the milk and dairy industry, the authors believe the benefits of implementing a Blockchain platform far outweigh the challenges involved. 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. -
Optimizing operational cost and delivery of online food delivery apps using high-tech vending machines
Consider the present scenario of placing online food orders while traveling, waiting for them, and struggling to collect them on time. This issue can be addressed by creating and deploying a fully functional high-tech vending machine. With the evolution of technology and the necessity for constant improvement in service quality, customers are thriving for a better customer experience. This article aims to design and methodologically assess the importance of installing vending machines around the most crowded public transportation hubs by dispensing purchased food or beverages online. It focuses on providing a convenient delivery mode for online-ordered food at travel boarding points and public gatherings. Vending machines at these locations gather and distribute food to consumers based on orders from online food delivery apps such as Swiggy, and Zomato, thus optimizing and improving the delivery experience. It focuses on optimizing the operational cost associated with online food delivery platforms and reducing the carbon emissions contributed by multiple deliveries that happen towards the common drop-off points. 2024 Srinesh Thakur, Anvita Electronics, 16-11-762, Vijetha Golden Empire, Hyderabad. -
Changing Structure of Consumer Buying Behaviour and Expectation in the Digital Era
The growing digital landscape has made a fundamental impact on consumer behaviour. The digital era has totally transformed the buyers and shifted them from the traditional approach to the digital technologies. Todays digitally literate consumers have grown out of the TV advertisement experience to a wide range of digital marketing communications on their smartphone, tabs and laptops and on various social media. Marketers are geared up to identify, reach and engage these latest species of consumers who are agile and active in this new digital ecosystem having multiple devices and multiple channels. This new digital savvy customers give the marketers biggest challenges and rewards over their traditional counterparts. Today customers have some indispensable hopes and demands while they are shopping. The customers expect their needs of products and services should be met at their own time and at their own place, and at reasonable price. Digital era has empowered todays customers by providing them with easy and quick access to voluminous information, compare and contrast between brands and their offerings, facility to purchase the brand offerings from diverse devices and gadgets and also giving them the opportunity to dispense their post-purchase knowledge and experiences. Customer shopping habits have evolved with technology, and companies continue to adapt to maintain relevance. This study examines the consumer behaviour during the digital era. This paper also attempts to understand consumer sentiments and new buying behaviours in this digital era. The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023. -
United States-South Asia relations: Challenges and opportunities facing the Biden administration
With the passage of time, US interests in the South Asian region have also diversified. South Asia has emerged as a highly strategic and volatile region in the geopolitics of the Indo-Pacific region. The chapter is divided into two sections. One section looks at the prospects in US-South Asia relations, focusing on the scaling up of security and non-security cooperation with the South Asian countries, with reference to US relations with Pakistan, Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Maldives and Nepal. The chapter addresses the overall strategic importance of the region and the impact of geopolitical shifts on US-South Asia relations. The second section of the chapter focuses on the evolving strategic ties between India and the United States. This analysis is against the backdrop of China's political, economic, and strategic policies and priorities in the region. Some of the major issues to be addressed in this section include the Chinese reaction to the defence and security cooperation, between India and the United States, the growing Chinese presence in the Indo-Pacific and its impact on the balance of power in the region, the Chinese "String of Pearls" strategy and its impact on India-US relations, the challenges posed by transnational crime, terrorism and piracy and their impact on India-US strategic cooperation, and the need to maintain the safety and security of sea lanes in the Indo-Pacific region. 2024 selection and editorial matter, Adluri Subramanyam Raju and R. Srinivasan. All rights reserved. -
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad was a profound and rare Islamic scholar, writer, thinker, freedom fighter who promoted the idea of 'universal humanism'. He was well versed in poetry, art and music besides having a flair for writing. He was a multi-faceted personality with a progressive outlook. Though he had a rationalist outlook, he was very well versed in Islamic lore and history. His view of Islam did not necessarily come into conflict with territorial nationalism, Pan-Islamism and anti-imperialism. In this sense, he had interpreted Islam from a rationalist perspective. Maulana Azad had given a clarion call to the Muslims to join hands with the Hindus to achieve the common goal of ending British rule and domination in India. In fact, he considered this as the duty of the Indian Muslims, because according to him Muslims were created not for despondency but for 'hope'. As a revolutionary journalist the Maulana heralded a new era in Urdu journalism. His weekly 'Al-Hilal' grew in readership to such an extent that ultimately the British Government had to ban it. This chapter will analyse the thoughts, ideas and contribution of Maulana Azad to the freedom movement and nation-building in the post-independent India. Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022. All rights reserved. -
THE FEDERAL DYNAMICS OF INDIAN FOREIGN POLICY: Issues, Concerns and Trends
Participation of regional governments in foreign policy is a global phenomenon, which has been described as constituent diplomacy or Para diplomacy. It is a phenomenon that includes a cocktail of factors like globalisation, economic liberalisation, diffusion of technology and the decentralisation of political power. Dependence of coalition governments on regional parties in India has resulted in a subtle power shift when it comes to foreign policy prioritisation and perceptions. There is a new activism in the making and implementation of Indian foreign policy. The chapter analyses the domestic imperatives impacting on India's foreign policy. The assertion and expectations of regional parties have been contingent on the leverage they have within a coalition like the NDA and the UPA. States are now even bringing foreign and security issues to the bargaining table, thereby providing the regional parties a variety of participatory opportunities. Conduct of India's foreign policy is no longer the exclusive domain of the federal government in India. At any given time, domestic compulsions influence how states act and react to various foreign policy issues and events, and hence engaging state governments in foreign affairs can be a force multiplier for Indian foreign policy. 2024 selection and editorial matter, M.J. Vinod, Stefy V Joseph, Joseph Chacko Chennatuserry and Dimitris N. Chryssochoou; individual chapters, the contributors. -
Inorganic Nanoparticles in Cosmetics
Inorganic nanomaterials of different chemical compositions and morphologies have been applied in cosmetic products due to their size- and shape-dependent properties which can improve the performance of the products. This chapter discusses the application of inorganic nanoparticles in cosmetic products with an emphasis on the characteristic features of nanoparticles suitable for cosmetic applications. In particular, applications of inorganic nanoparticles as UV filters and antimicrobial materials are discussed in detail with a basic overview of the fundamental scientific basis related to these applications. Types of nanoparticles used in commercial cosmetic products are enlisted, reflecting the range of applications and property modifications. Applications of inorganic nanoparticles in cosmetic formulations as active components and nanocarriers are also discussed along with relevant examples. Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019. -
Framework based on IoT, AI, and blockchain for smart access to government agricultural schemes
Agriculture plays an important part in most countries, such as India. A survey says that 54.6% of the total labor force of India is engaged in agriculture and its connected activities. The government is announcing many schemes to facilitate agriculture and support farmers. But most of the farmers are from poor families and are not able to reach the government schemes when they are really in need. Also, it is required to observe and measure the inter and intra-field variability in crops to enjoy the complete benefits of government schemes. This can be done with the advancements in the field of the Internet of Things. Information related to the impact of natural calamities on the agricultural field, malfunctions in the machinery used for cropping, yielding level, and health status of crops can be measured using the technology of IoT (Internet of Things) and analyzed using AI (Artificial Intelligence). Blockchain plays a critical role in replacing traditional means of data storage and exchanging agricultural data with a more trustworthy, immutable, transparent, and decentralized approach. By keeping all the transactions related to government schemes in blockchain, the possible crimes in the form of false data by the intermediate dealers acting between the farmers and the government can be addressed. This, in turn, allows useful government schemes to reach the farmer in time. We propose to develop a theoretical model using IoT, AI, and blockchain, which can assist the farmers in benefitting from the appropriate schemes announced by the government in time and achieving precise agriculture. 2024 Bentham Science Publishers. All rights reserved. -
Exploring the relationship between esg performance and profitability in Indian power companies
This study aims to assess the relationship and impact of Indian power companies' environment, social, governance (ESG) scores on firm performance. Since 2022, CRISIL Ratings Ltd publishes yearly ESG scores for 225 companies in India. The final 'ESG' score is a composite of individual scores for the three metrics: 'Environment', 'Social', and 'Governance'. This study intends to examine the influence of ESG scores on financial profitability measured by both net profit ratio and return on investment. The existence and degree of association between the variables is measured using correlation and simple linear regression analyses, respectively. The findings suggest that the overall ESG composite score is positively and significantly associated with firm profitability and moderately associated with returns. The 'Governance' metric stands out which has a strong and positive relationship with profitability in particular. These findings advocate that by investing in ESG initiatives, the chances of better financial performance are improved. 2024, IGI Global. All rights reserved.