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ORGANIZATIONAL JUSTICE AND ITS INFLUENCE ON WORK ENGAGEMENT AND TURNOVER INTENTIONSIN IT COMPANIES
Organizational justice is very important because it has been linked to critical organizational processes such as commitment, job satisfaction, citizenship and performance (Colquitt et al.,2001, 2002; Greenberg, 1993; Tatum et al., 2002).Literature suggested that there is an intimate link between leadership style, decision-making, and organizational justice (Bradberry and Tatum,2002; Tatum et al., 2002). Organizational justice is concerned with the ways in which employees determine if they have been treated fairly in their jobs and the ways in which those determinations influence other work-related variables [Moorman, 1991, p. 845]. The research is done to analyze organizational justice and its influence on work engagement and intentions to stay in IT firms. The major objectives of the study: To find out the fairness perception of distributive and procedural justice (organizational justice)of employees in IT organizations, to find out the level of work Engagement of employees in IT Organizations, to find out the turnover intentions of IT employees, to find out if organizational justice influences work engagement and turnover intentions, to find out differences across demographics and organizational justice ,work engagement and turnover intentions. Hypothesis was tested and results discussed. 338 employees of an IT Firm were involved in the present study. The judgmental sampling technique was adopted. Employees with a minimum of two years of experience in the organization was administered the questionnaire. The sample was drawn from the IT industries. The tools adopted for present study were: Perceptions of distributive justice were measured with the Distributive Justice Index, developed by Price and Mueller (1986). This five-item scale measures the degree to which rewards received by employees are perceived to be related to performance inputs. Perceptions of procedural justice were measured using 15 items developed by Niehoff and Moorman (1993), because the scale consists of two factors: systematic and informational justice. Utrecht Work Engagement Scale(Version 1.1 2004,Schaufeli,W.and Bakker, A.)was used to measure work engagement and for turnover intentions the questionnaire was adopted from Dilys Robinson. The major findings of the study were 1. The level of Organizational justice was found to be moderate among the IT professionals. 2. IT Employees perceive procedural justice moderately. They feel that Decisions made by their organizations are to some extent based on certain norms or protocols or system driven which are followed. 3. IT employees perceived Informational procedural justice fairly low. Respondents felt that their concerns were not addressed nor perceived as a serious matter by the organizations. 4.Systematic procedural justice is fairly high in IT companies. There is high consistency in procedures and decisions when they are applied. 5. IT Employees perceive distributive justice fairly moderate. Employees feel that rewards, recognitions, and career opportunities are moderately proportional to their inputs. 6. The level of work engagement was found to be fairly high among the employees in IT organizations. 7. From the dimensions of work engagement, the level of Absorption is fairly high across the IT employees. 8. The level of dedication was found to be moderate among the levels of IT employees. 9. IT employees perceived vigor fairly low which says that the energy level towards the work was pretty down comparing to other dimensions. 10. The most of the respondents were from the age group between 26-30 and among all 338 Reponses, male respondents were higher. CONCLUSION The results of present study indicated that fairness perceptions play a vital role in IT Organizations in terms of increasing Work engagement and lowering their intention to leave their organization. The success of a company depends on the quality, productivity and dedication of an employee and the dedication can be improved by organizations fair treatment. When rewards and recognition are perceived to be systematic, the work engagement increases. Whereas systematic justice influences intention to stay which implies that organizations should drive their policies to be flexible to a certain extent. Fair treatment and justice at the workplace in turn will increase work engagement and lower turnover intentions. -
Organizational sustainability:A study of corporate organizations in the Indian context
Creating and Sustaining an Organization is an all time challenge. The primary research question is mainly of an explorative nature, seeking to comprehend how the Corporate Organization, meaning Multi National Corporations, Public Sector Undertakings and other Private Organizations. The findings of the study facilitate recommendations to the various organizations to improve the managerial practice and guide them to the ways of sustainability. The aim of the study is to examine the different stages of development of various organizations that best describes the organization and strategy of the organization in sustaining the organization. -
Organizational Sustainability:A Study of Corporate Organizations in the Indian Context
Creating and Sustaining an Organization is an all time challenge. The primary research question is mainly of an explorative nature, seeking to comprehend how the Indian companies view and act upon sustainability. The study focused on the Corporate Organization, meaning Multi National Corporations, Public Sector Undertakings and other Private Organizations. The findings of the study facilitate recommendations to the various organizations to improve the managerial practice and guide them to the ways of sustainability. The aim of the study is to examine the different stages of development of various organizations that best describes the organization and strategy of the organization in sustaining the organization. This study is guided to analyze and understand the capacity of the organizations to respond to changing environments (Sustainability). The scope of sustainability are, the Environment and the Social dimension, Institutional / organizational dimension, Profit making / Economic dimension. Sustainability is a contestable concept that can be examined from the dimensions mentioned above. Organizational Sustainability is often guided by vision, mission, policy, planning, financial situation , human resource management, marketing activities, business ethics, organizational culture, organizational climate, business practices, employee treatment, community engagement ( social responsibility practices) etc. The design of the study is based on the Management and Organizational Sustainability Tool (MOST). The first objective of the study is, to investigate if there is a relationship between the vision and mission with strategy, structure and systems in the organizations. newlineIndia, a land of rich culture and heritage, has to an extent made it possible for its firms to have a culture passed to the employees and have them engaged in the organizational sustainability practices, and being socially responsible. The culture of an organization is intertwined with the philosophy, purposes, functions and structures. -
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Outcome Evaluation of Child Sponsorship Programme of A Non-Governmental Organization
Child sponsorship programme is a vital tool for the integral development of the children at risk. Family based child sponsorship programme is one of the best services for the marginalized children which ensure their education while also respecting the rights of the children. The current study attempts to evaluate the outcome of child sponsorship programme of a non-Governmental organization newlinethrough a mixed method. Quasi-experimental post-test only design is the methodology used to conduct the study. The study evaluated the programme with regard to Self-esteem, Achievement motivation and family functioning of the sponsored children. The data was collected from 80 individuals for the quantitative study; using 3 standardized scales. Thematic analysis of qualitative data collected by interviewing 5 pairs of beneficiaries of the child sponsorship programme. The data was analysed using SPSS and R. The findings that there is a significant difference in terms of self-esteem and achievement motivation between the two groups of children. With regard to family newlinefunctioning conflict is much lesser among sponsored children (M=20.75) while compared to non-sponsored children (M=43.80). In terms of parenting and intimacy, the sponsored children are having higher score. Also, it was found out that self-esteem significantly mediated the impact of family functioning on achievement motivation of the individual(plt0.05). It is noticed that the effect of family functioning on achievement motivation was 0.504 and the direct effect was found to be 0.333. Selfesteem was found to strengthen the impact of family functioning on achievement motivation.Academic excellence improves the employability of respondents. Employment of newlinethose who received sponsorship can provide financial stability to the family. Therefore, this evaluation study confirmed the phenomenal effect of child sponsorship newlinein realizing inclusivity goals, as well as facilitate the personal, familial, economic, and social growth of sponsored children. -
Outward Foreign Direct Investment From India ; A Sectoral Analysis
New opportunities have arisen as the global economy has been more integrated, with globalization and liberalization of government policies. As the world becomes more globalized, businesses boost their investments to keep up with demand. Trade and foreign investments are two notable paths to global integration, with trade being the traditional path. As an FDI pioneer and promoter, the FDI of the upper-middle-income countries became an essential source of integration with the low and middle-income countries. With globalization and liberalization policies India has become the most significant emerging economy. Economic policies urged Indian enterprises to compete internationally to keep up with fierce competitive environment and the adoption of new technology, such as expanding into new markets, acquiring assets and resources, and integrating their overseas operations. Outward FDI (OFDI) has been used by Indian enterprises to meet these strategic needs. India's overseas investments have increased significantly since the 1990s. The majority of empirical research has focused on FDI from upper-middle-income nations. As low- and middle-income nations like India become more important players in the FDI flow, it's necessary to understand the patterns, motivations, and factors that influence the location and impact of OFDI from these countries. Existing Studies focused on Inward FDI (IFDI), but this study focuses on Outward FDI (OFDI) from India. Earlier OFDI research has mostly focused on firm-specific advantages. This study examines India's OFDI trends, as well as changes in host country location determinants, sectoral composition, and their influence on both the home and host countries. In view of the changing direction of OFDI in India, this study compares investment motives and location factors between the upper-middle-income and low and middle-income countries complying with the international categorization established by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) in its publication, the World Investment Report (WIR). This study analyzes the determinants and impact of India's OFDI in the home and host country during the period 1991-2020 in the context of Dunning's eclectic paradigm (OLI paradigm) and Investment Development Path (IDP) theory, using OFDI data from 1991 to 2020, which is longer than other studies by India's OFDI. This study employs panel data methodologies to identify crucial aspects and empirically test the nature of India's OFDI, which includes market seeking, resource seeking, technology and strategic asset seeking. The study uses a time series method to empirically test the relationship between India's OFDI, Trade and GDP. The results reveal that India's OFDI is motivated by market seeking, resource seeking, and technology seeking motives in upper-middle-income and low and middle-income countries. The results emphasize strategic assets as a significant motivation for investing in upper-middle-income countries rather than low and middle-income countries. India's OFDI is also actively linked to host country policies such as openness, corruption and market size. OFDI from India affects exports, as OFDI and exports are two means of internationalization. Theoretically, OFDI leads to further exports (positive or complements) or replaces exports with production (negative or substitution). Empirical testing of the OFDI-trade relationship shows a significant long-term positive relationship between the two. The study divided into five chapters. Chapter one comprises the introduction, backdrop of Global Outward FDI, India's FDI inflows and outflows, India's outward FDI, Need and Significance of the study. The second chapter consists of the literature review, theories of FDI, Statement of Problem. The third chapter deals with the methodology, research gap, research question, objectives of the study, and statistical tools used for the study. The fourth chapter focuses on the determinants of India's OFDI towards upper-middle and low and middle-income countries and the impact of India's OFDI on upper-middle and low and middle-income countries are analyzed in chapter three. It followed by a Geographical and sectoral analysis of India's OFDI in upper-middle and low and middle-income countries and a region-wise analysis in chapter five. Chapter six presents the study results, factors affecting India's Outward FDI among upper-middle and low and middle-income countries, followed by practical, theoretical and policy implications of the Study. -
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OUTWARD FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT FROM INDIA IN THE SERVICE SECTOR WITH REFERENCE TO IT INDUSTRY
Growing international integration through trade and investment is the emerging scenario of the 21st century. International Investment flows, particularly Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), have become a rising manifestation of this growing global linkage between nations. Outward Foreign Direct Investments (OFDI) from India in the service sector is emerging as a significant aspect of Indias international economic integration. Firms from India are incorporating outward foreign direct investment as part of their corporate strategy to compete globally and to acquire key assets. Outward investments is being adopted as part of their global strategy to emerge as leaders in their respective domain.As the significance of outward investment rises, it is important to understand the motivation and strengths behind such flows. With rising significance of services sector, more studies to explain the nature and factors behind outward FDI assumes importance. Therefore a focus on growth of OFDI from service sector like knowledge??intensive information-technology (IT) sector has become very relevant. IT firms from India have created a global presence and brand image. It is therefore important to consider various factors which give competitive advantage to the firms. The present study is divided into six chapters. The first chapter provides an overview and introduces the research issue. The second chapter comprises of a review of literature in the area. Research Methodology is outlined in the third chapter. The fourth chapter consists of an analysis of the trends in Indian outward foreign direct investment. The fifth chapter provides the analysis and interpretation of factors influencing foreign investments by firms. The sixth chapter gives the summary and conclusions of the study. Results of the study indicate that Indias outward foreign direct investment is showing a rising trend and that there are significant changes in the pattern of these outflows. The outflows by service sector firms have increased and there is also rising investment to developed countries. The changing trend is a reflection of the global aspirations of Indian firms and their willingness to compete in the world market. The study shows that India firms, though small in comparison to multinationals from developed world, do have competitive advantage. They have leveraged these advantages and acquired strategic assets to enhance their competitive position. The firms are gaining from experience and building tacit knowledge. These skills are applied to creating a network to supplement and augment their competitive advantage. In this endeavor, macro factors are also playing a significant role. Technological and information revolution has given firms an opportunity to strengthen their competitive advantage. In this endeavor, firms in developing country like India have benefited from a vast pool of educated, skilled and technically qualified human resource. They have been facilitated by a liberalized government policy and the domestic economic climate, which has given them opportunities for entrepreneurship. Rising outward FDI is a manifestation of these changes. As Indian firms seek to strengthen their competitive positions and augment their assets, the outflow of investment to nations that have intellectual assets will increase. At the same time the traditional motive of undertaking investments to seek larger markets is still important. Though India is still a fledgling in the spectrum of outward investments, Indian firms are fast rising up to the challenge of competitive global atmosphere with aggressive strategies. Indian economy is emerging as one of the largest economies in the world. With the second largest population in the world, India has to utilize every opportunity to build sustainable growth with greater international economic linkages with rest of the world. -
Pain detection system in real time healthcare environment
The negative feeling of pain is often involuntarily expressed through facial expressions. Facial expression therefore is an important non-verbal cue to determine if a person is in pain. This property can be applied for diagnosis of pain especially among patients who are differently challenged and lack the ability of expressing their issue. In spite of the developments made so far, this field still lags behind in finding pain expressing faces in an uncontrolled environment through unprocessed real time images and videos. To bridge this gap, the study proposed a
hybrid or fusion model that could adequately detect a face expressing pain. The model was executed with inputs taken from pre-recorded or stored videos and live streamed videos. It involved the combination of Patch Based Model (PBM), Constrained Local Model (CLM), and Active Appearance Model (AAM) in concurrence with image algebra. -
Pain Detection System In Real Time Healthcare Environment
The negative feeling of pain is often involuntarily expressed through facial expressions. Facial expression therefore is an important non-verbal cue to determine if a person is in pain. This property can be applied for diagnosis of pain especially among patients who are differently newlinechallenged and lack the ability of expressing their issue. In spite of the developments made so far, this field still lags behind in finding pain expressing faces in an uncontrolled environment through unprocessed newlinereal time images and videos. To bridge this gap, the study proposed a hybrid or fusion model that could adequately detect a face expressing pain. The model was executed with inputs taken from pre-recorded or stored newlinevideos and live streamed videos. It involved the combination of Patch Based Model (PBM), Constrained Local Model (CLM), and Active newlineAppearance Model (AAM) in concurrence with image algebra. This allowed the efficient pain identification from raw home-made stored newlinevideos and live stream even through a bad recording device and under poor illumination. The hybrid model was implemented in a frame-by-frame manner for feature extraction and pain detection. The feature extraction part was done in pixel-based and point-based representation. For point-based representation, a concept called image algebra was used. For classification, three approaches viz. histogram technique, Feed newlineForward Neural Network (FFNN), and Multilayer Back Propagation Neural Network (MLBPNN) were implemented and analyzed. The videos newlineof different subjects showed facial expressions of pain::face, not::pain face and neutral::face. A home-made dataset was produced for storing the videos which was later used as the input and the selected features were stored. This dataset served as the training set for the proposed model. Though the data was not highly sensitive it was sufficient to confer adequate information for detecting pain expression. -
Paired curves on riemannian manifolds
The thesis examines certain curves in Riemannian manifolds, which exist in one-one correspondence with other curves. This correspondence is described by means of a rigid link between the frame vectors allied newlineto these quotpairedquot curves. The Combescure transformation is made use of to exhibit that one of the paired curves can be obtained as an infinitesimal deformation of the other. The correspondence between the paired curves is exploited to formulate expressions relating the curvature and torsion functions of one with the other. newlineThe primary setting for this study is the Euclidean space R3, with brief considerations of 3-dimensional Riemannian space forms(i.e. Riemannian manifolds of constant sectional curvature). The exponential map is the desired tool of analysis in the latter case. The major classes of curves treated are the Mannheim class of curves in R3 and their partner curves. Further, with the help of the newlinenotion of the osculating helix, a new class of curves called constantpitch curves are defined, which are seen to naturally arise in motion analysis studies in theoretical kinematics. Constant-pitch curves are newlinealso shown to be inherent counterparts of Mannheim curves by means of a deformation. newlinePivotal properties of Mannheim and constant-pitch curves are established and a few examples are put forth. Integral characterizations of both curves are derived in terms of their spherical indicatrices. A newlineconsequence of this to geometric modeling problems involving energy functionals and also to the study of elastic curves is discussed. newlineCertain ruled surfaces generated by Mannheim and constant-pitch curves which occur as axodes associated to a rigid body motion are newlinedetailed and their applications to kinematics are studied. Further, the nature of paired curves in connection with tubular neighbourhoods/surfaces are investigated. newline -
Parent Adolescent Communication in relation to Personality Type and Suicidal Ideation among Adolescents
he purpose of the current study is to investigate parent adolescent communication in relation to personality type and suicidal ideation among adolescents. In step with World health organisation (2012), suicide is currently amongst the third leading reason of death among adolescents. The objective of the research is (a) To analyze if there is any relationship between parent-adolescent communication, big five personality trait, and suicidal ideation; (b) To analyze how the mother-adolescent communication moderates the big five personality trait and suicidal ideation in adolescents; (c) To analyze how the father-adolescent communication moderates the big five personality trait and suicidal ideation in adolescents; (d) To analyze if there is any significant gender difference on suicidal ideation. The study was quantitative in nature; with correlational research design. The target population were adolescents from various academic institutes in Kerala. The sample consists of 300 adolescents. Convenience sampling method was used to select participants. The tools used were Parent Adolescent Communication Scale (Olson, 1985), Big Five Personality Inventory (Cattell, 1960) and Beck???s Suicidal Ideation Scale (Beck, 1979). Data analysis used were Spearman???s rank order correlation, moderation analysis and Mann Whitney U test. The results were as follows: there was significant relationship between parent adolescent communication, personality type and suicidal ideation. Problems in mother adolescent communication shows a moderating role on extraversion. Openness of mother adolescent communication has a moderating role on openness to experience. Family or communication between mother and father plays a totally essential position in shaping the personality and mental health among adolescents -
Parental Attention of Full-time Dual Earning Couples and Its Impact on Children
As dual-earner families became the normative household type over the 21st century, the question of how families cope with and negotiate new work and family role responsibilities became the topic of much research and scholarly debate. Both parents working are inevitable in the current scenario. The purpose of this study is to understand the magnitude and quality of the parental attention of full-time dual earning couples and its relation to different chosen variables such as Recreation, Health, Socialization and Self-esteem, Moral development and Academic performance of their children. Data was collected from 50 respondents of full-time dual earning couples from various professionals in urban Bangalore region by administering a self-designed structured questionnaire. It has been found that most of the parents spent their valuable time with their children as they understood that would enhance physical, behavioural, personal and academic development of the children. The null findings in the present study indicate that the life style of full-time dual earning couples does not affect the normal development of their children, rather children are accustomed to parent work timings and are able to adapt to the changes in their parents work and responsibility. -
Parentification, Emotional Security and Attachment in Adolescents of Parents with Alcoholism
Parentification is a process of children taking on the roles and responsibilities to cater to the well-being of the family (Jurkovic, 1997). The child internalizes this role to the extent that the functions that are carried out become sole identity of the individual. When responsibilities are taken away from the child, leaving the child with a vacuum, when the parent resumes the position or caretaking. To prevent this, children tends to lock themselves in a power struggle battle with the parent. The child invariably struggles to make sense of the situation, having had to grow up too soon only to discover that he/she is caught in the midst of situation where the only role familiar is that of parentification. The present study looks at the occurrence of parentification in children of parents with alcoholism. It observes the emotional security in the family between the parent-child dyad and the attachment patterns in the family system. Following the qualitative research method, data was collected using in-depth interview. Seven participants and three professional helpers were interviewed. The raw data was analysed using Thematic Analysis. The shift in authority and power from the parent to the child and the struggle to retain this power due to lack of trust is seen. It also discovers the emotional security that the child holds for the family in ways of protecting and safeguarding the family members from being harmed emotionally and physically. It revels the remoteness of the children towards the family system, looking for guidance outside the family system and seeking support from friends and relative. The implications of this study is for family therapists, rehabilitation counsellors, school guidance counsellors and parents. Understanding this phenomena can also help rehabilitation counsellors explain to the child and help make positive meaning of the events occurring in her family with the alcoholic parent. Awareness of the effects of parentification on the childs emotional, cognitive and social development. Keywords: Parentification, role-reversal, emotional parentification, instrumental parentification, protection and attachment. -
Passive control of four storied reinforced concrete structure subjected to blast loads
In the recent past in major cities all over the world, public structures are vulnerable to blast loads caused by explosions either accidentally or intentionally. The intentional causes are not on hardened military targets but on important civilian structures, like commercial, financial and civic centers. The study of reinforced concrete Ground + 3 Storied structure subjected to blast loads have gained importance, as conventionally the reinforced newlineconcrete structures are not designed for blast loads as many of the loading codes do not mandate for the same and also due to the fact that quantifying the magnitude of the blast load is difficult to estimate. However, the structures are susceptible to damage from the explosion. To protect the life of people and to minimize the damage to the structure, it has become imperative to consider the effect of blast loads too, in addition to newlinethe conventional loads, considered as per the prevailing codes, during the analysis and design of all public buildings. The charge weights of the explosive used on the structure are 8kg, 16 kg and 24kg. The equivalent blast pressure subjected on the structure is determined, to study its corresponding effects for stand-off distances of 3000 mm and 6000mm using surface blast load. The behavior of the structure is newlinestudied by varying the parameters and verified which of these parameters can newlinebe critical to the performance of the structure. The response of the ground floor + 3 upper storied reinforced concrete skeletal structure is studied for understanding the variation of the displacements, strains and stresses for the parameters considered. Using PTC CREO 3.0 the 3D modeling of structure and structural elements were generated. HYPERMESH was used for the discretization (meshing) of structure and its elements. Static analysis and blast load analysis was carried out using ANSYS. -
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Pedagogic Use of Commercial Feature Film in Christ University Deanery of Humanities and Social Sciences
This thesis discusses the use of commercial feature film as a pedagogical tool in the classrooms within the Deanery of Humanities and Social Sciences of Christ University. It investigates the purpose of using films as pedagogy in higher education and the reasons behind its popularity among both teachers and students. Triangulation method was used for gathering data combining qualitative and quantitative methods such as pretesting posttesting, survey and in depth interviews. Information was gathered by using interview schedule and online questionnaires from teachers and students of the Deanery of Humanities and Social Sciences to analyze the plausible impact of feature films as pedagogy in subjects taught. The findings suggest that films are popular pedagogical tool and are effective if used along with discussions post screening.