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Comparison of TDD and PAIR programming for improving software quality
These days, programming improvement groups utilizing coordinated procedures have started widely adopting Test-driven development and Pair Programming. Test-driven development (TDD) is a transformative way to deal with improvement, which joins test-first improvement where you compose a test before you compose simple enough creation code to satisfy that test and refactoring. Pair Programming is a sort of communitarian programming where two individuals are working at the same time on a similar programming task. In this paper the TDD and Pair Programming is applied for a dataset, collected from a group of users and compared. For our research, we executed structured experiments with five set of pair programmers and ten individual programmers. Both groups developed programs in Java. The outcome acquired demonstrates the strategy helps in expanding the software quality. IAEME Publication. -
Comparison of the effect of suction-injection-combination on Rayleigh-Bard convection in the case of asymmetric boundaries with those of symmetric ones
The effect of suction-injection-combination (SIC) on the linear and weakly nonlinear stability of Rayleigh-Bard convection is considered in the paper for the cases of symmetric and asymmetric boundary conditions. Using the Maclaurin series with an appropriate number of terms, expression for eigenfunctions is obtained. The linear theory corroborates the results obtained using the chosen eigenfunctions in the limiting case of the no-SIC effect by matching accurately with the exact values concerning the critical Rayleigh number (Rac) and the wave number (?c). It is found that the effect of SIC is to stabilize the system in the case of symmetric boundaries irrespective of SIC being pro-gravity or anti-gravity. However, the effect of SIC is to stabilize/destabilize the system depending on SIC being pro-gravity or anti-gravity in the case of the asymmetric boundaries. We also noted a similar effect in the case of ?c wherein a maximum error of order 10 ? 4 was observed. The main novelty of the present work is studying the influence of SIC on the nonlinear dynamics of the considered problem. It is shown that the effect of SIC is to hasten the onset of chaos. Using various indicators (the largest Lyapunov exponent, the time series solution, the amplitude spectrum, and the phase-space plots), the dynamical behavior of the system is analyzed and the influence of SIC on the dynamics is recorded. The change due to the boundary effect and the SIC on the size of convection rolls and the trapping region where the dynamical system evolves within a bound is highlighted in the paper. 2023 Author(s). -
Comparison of the inter-item correlations of the Big Five Inventory-10 (BFI-10) between Western and non-Western contexts
The Big Five Inventory-10 (BFI-10; Rammstedt & John, 2007) is one of many short versions of personality inventories that measure the Big Five trait dimensions. Short versions of scales often present methodological challenges as a trade-off for their convenience. Based on samples from 28 countries (N = 10,560), the current study investigated inter-item correlations estimated using Omega coefficients within each of the five personality characteristics measured by the BFI-10. Results showed that inter-item correlations were significantly lower, in the sample data from non-Western countries compared with the Western countries, for three of the five personality traits, specifically Conscientiousness, Extraversion, and Emotional Stability. Our findings indicate that the psychometric challenges exist across different cultures and traits. We offer recommendations when using short-item scales such as BFI-10 in survey research. 2022 Elsevier Ltd -
Competitive and contagion effect of initial public offerings in India: An empirical study
This study aims to empirically examine the impact of initial public offerings (IPOs) on the equity share prices of industry rivals. The cross-industry sample comprises 13 companies across six different industries in the Indian market. The study investigates four key variables: the stock returns of industry rivals before and after the IPO of a new market entrant, as well as the daily traded volume of both the market entrant and industry rivals in the days following the IPO. The analysis reveals a significant association between the stock prices of industry rivals before and after the listing date of a market entrant, as evidenced by the adoption of three distinct time windows. However, no significant relationship is observed between the daily traded volume of market entrants and industry rivals. The results reveal the presence of the competitive and contagion effect and the lack of active capitalisation of this short-term phenomenon by investors. 2023 The Author -
Complete analysis of beam analyzing powers in d + ? ? ? n + p at near threshold energies
Focusing attention on the photon spin in d ( ? ? , n ) p at near threshold energies of interest to Big Bang Nucleosynthesis, a complete analysis of beam analyzing powers in d ( ? ? , n ) p reaction is carried out. A complete analysis of the reaction needs not only measurements using one state of linear polarization of photon but also measurements using another state of linear polarization inclined to the first at ?/4 and the two states of circular polarization of the photon. A discussion on the complete characterization of the states of photon polarization is presented. The beam analyzing powers with respect to photon polarization are discussed theoretically, using model independent irreducible tensor formalism. 2022 IOP Publishing Ltd. -
Complete analysis of differential cross section in 7 Li + ? ? ? 6 Li + n at astrophysical energies
We have carried out complete analysis of differential cross section in 7 Li + ? ? 6 Li + n using model-independent theoretical formalism. A complete analysis of the reaction involves measurements of not only one state of linear polarization of the photon but also another state of linear polarization inclined to the first at 45? and two states of circular polarization of the photon. An analytical study of the differential cross section including all the photon polarization states is carried out at near-threshold energies of interest to Big Bang Nucleosynthesis. 2024 IOP Publishing Ltd -
Complex and Multifaceted Nature of Cryptocurrency Markets: A Study to Understand its Time-Varying Volatility Dynamics
Decentralised Finance (DeFi) provides a new way to perform complex financial transactions by exploiting blockchain's ability to maintain a decentralised ledger of transactions without being constrained by centralised systems or human intermediaries. DeFi provides alternative financial instruments that might lessen portfolio risk, especially given the erratic state of the financial markets today. This study analyses the association between the year of the coin in which it was introduced and the market capitalisation of the respective companies. Furthermore, the study also tries to understand the volatility associated with cryptocurrencies using EGARCH & GJR-GARCH models. The results reveal that market capitalisation is not similar for all three stages of the age of cryptocurrency. Also, negative news tends to impact Bitcoin more than positive news, and the volatility is persistent and long-lasting. Ethereum, BNB & Solana see more volatility from absolute past shocks; however, Tether exhibits low but persistent volatility as a stablecoin. 2024, Creative Publishing House. All rights reserved. -
Complicated Grief during COVID-19: An International Perspective
Cultures across the globe have evolved time-tested rituals to honor those who die and offer solace and support to survivors with the goal of helping them to accept the reality of the death, cope with the feelings of loss, adjust to life without the deceased, and find ways to maintain a connection to the memory of the deceased. The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted these rituals and brought significant changes to the way we mourn. Specifically, public health responses to COVID-19 such as social distancing or isolation, delays or cancellations of traditional religious and cultural rituals, and shifts from in-person to online ceremonies have disrupted rituals and thus made it more difficult to access support and complete the psychological tasks typically associated with bereavement. This paper conceptualizes the common bereavement tasks including emotion-focused coping, maintaining a connection to the deceased, disengagement and reframing death and loss, and problemfocused coping. It provides examples of how the COVID-19 pandemic has altered mourning rituals across several cultures and religions and contributed to prolonged grief disorder as defined by the ICD-11 that includes depressive symptoms and post-traumatic stress. Early evidence suggested that the suddenness of loss, the social isolation, and the lack of social support often associated with COVID-19-related death are salient risk factors for complicated grief. As a consequence, psychological assessments, grief counseling, and mental health support are needed by families of patients who died from COVID-19. These services must be essential components of any comprehensive public health response to the pandemic. 2022 Hogrefe Publishing. -
Components of the diffuse ultraviolet radiation at high latitudes
We have used data from the Galaxy Evolution Explorer to study the different components of the diffuse ultraviolet background in the region between the Galactic latitudes 70?-80?. We find an offset at zero dust column density (E(B ? V) = 0) of 240 18 photon units in the FUV (1539 and 394 37 photon units in the NUV (2316 . This is approximately half of the total observed radiation with the remainder divided between an extragalactic component of 114 18 photon units in the FUV and 194 37 photon units in the NUV and starlight scattered by Galactic dust at high latitudes. The optical constants of the dust grains were found to be a = 0.4 0.1 and g = 0.8 0.1 (FUV) and a = 0.4 0.1 and g = 0.5 0.1 (NUV). We cannot differentiate between a Galactic or extragalactic origin for the zero-offset but can affirm that it is not from any known source. 2019 Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. -
Compositionally Homogeneous Soft Wrinkles on Elastomeric Substrates: Novel Fabrication Method, Water Collection from Fog, and Triboelectric Charge Generation
Functionality and stimuli-response of natural and artificial elastomeric materials depend significantly on the morphology of their surfaces. Structural transformability and tunable responsiveness of wrinkles on elastomeric materials can enable numerous applications in flexible electronics, optics, and adhesives. Currently existing fabrication techniques rely on sophisticated instrumentation, complex experimental setups, and expensive reagents. These methods are limited in terms of mechanical robustness of the wrinkles produced. Here, a simple, inexpensive, scalable, and reproducible strategy, making use of buckling instability for the creation of soft surface wrinkles on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), is presented. PDMS with lower elastic modulus is spin-coated onto a mechanically stretched film of PDMS with a higher elastic modulus. Thermal curing followed by the release of prestrain resulted in the formation of wrinkles in the top layer of the PDMS. The hydrophobic soft surface wrinkles with compositional homogeneity exhibit efficient fog water collection and triboelectric charge generation useful for the preparation of triboelectric nanogenerator devices. Furthermore, the substrates show high mechanical stability and mechanoresponsive optical behaviors. The simplicity and general applicability of the method presented here is expected to establish a promising pathway toward the formation of soft wrinkles in other elastomeric systems also, facilitating important applications in various fields. 2022 Wiley-VCH GmbH. -
Comprehensive evaluation and performance analysis of machine learning in heart disease prediction
Heart disease is a leading cause of mortality on a global scale. Accurately predicting cardiovascular disease poses a significant challenge within clinical data analysis. The present study introduces a prediction model that utilizes various combinations of information and employs multiple established classification approaches. The proposed technique combines the genetic algorithm (GA) and the recursive feature elimination method (RFEM) to select relevant features, thus enhancing the models robustness. Techniques like the under sampling clustering oversampling method (USCOM) address the issue of data imbalance, thereby improving the models predictive capabilities. The classification challenge employs a multilayer deep convolutional neural network (MLDCNN), trained using the adaptive elephant herd optimization method (AEHOM). The proposed machine learning-based heart disease prediction method (ML-HDPM) demonstrates outstanding performance across various crucial evaluation parameters, as indicated by its comprehensive assessment. During the training process, the ML-HDPM model exhibits a high level of performance, achieving an accuracy rate of 95.5% and a precision rate of 94.8%. The systems sensitivity (recall) performs with a high accuracy rate of 96.2%, while the F-score highlights its well-balanced performance, measuring 91.5%. It is worth noting that the specificity of ML-HDPM is recorded at a remarkable 89.7%. The findings underscore the potential of ML-HDPM to transform the prediction of heart disease and aid healthcare practitioners in providing precise diagnoses, exerting a substantial influence on patient care outcomes. The Author(s) 2024. -
Comprehensive investigations on spectral and temporal features of GX 5-1 using AstroSat observations
Comprehensive spectrotemporal analyses of the Z-type neutron star low-mass X-ray binary GX 5-1 were performed using 10 broad-band observations from AstroSat/Soft X-ray Telescope and Large Area X-ray Proportional Counter (LAXPC) instruments. The LAXPC-20 hardness-intensity diagram showed horizontal and normal branches (HBs and NBs) of the Z track which exhibited secular motion. The time-averaged spectra in the energy range 0.7-25.0 keV could be fitted with the model combination -Cconstant tbabs edge edge thcomp diskbb. This yielded ? ?2, kTe ?3.3 keV, and Fdisc/Ftotal ? 0.8 indicating the soft/intermediate spectral state of the source during the observations. Flux-resolved spectral analysis revealed a positive correlation between kTin and Fbol. However, a negative correlation was observed between them in one of the NBs. Time-averaged temporal analysis revealed multiple HB oscillations (HBOs) and NB oscillations (NBOs), and peaked noise components in the ?5-50 Hz range. Furthermore, flux-resolved temporal analysis showed that the frequency of the HBOs correlates positively whereas the strength of HBOs correlates negatively with Fbol, indicating their probable origin from the accretion disc. In contrast, the frequency and strength of NBOs remain fairly constant with Fbol, suggesting that they originate from a different region in the system. Using the relativistic precession model along with highest frequency of the HBO, the upper limits of the magnetic dipole moment (?) and field strength (B) at the poles of the neutron star in the system were found to be 25.60 1025G cm3 and 3.6408 G, respectively, for kA= 1. 2024 The Author(s). -
Comprehensive Phytochemical, Anti-Oxidant and GC-MS Analysis of Strobilanthes jomyi P. Biju, Josekutty, Rekha & J.R.I.Wood
Background and Objective: Plant-based medication is one of the most established practices in the Indian medical field. Earlier, raw parts of plants were directly used to treat many health conditions. Later, the most valuable part was identified, separated the chemical compounds and treated various diseases. The plant Strobilanthes jomyi belongs to the family Acanthaceae, commonly called Elathumpadi. The study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical, mineral composition, phytochemical, anti-oxidant and GC-MS analysis of leaves stem and root of S. jomyi. Materials and Methods: Different vegetative parts of S. jomyi were extracted with the Soxhlet extraction method by using methanol as solvent. Physicochemical, phytochemical, mineral composition, anti-oxidant and GC-MS analyses were evaluated by different standard protocols. Results: The phytochemical analysis revealed that leaves contained more phenolic (87.40.44 mg gG1 of GAE), flavonoid (66.230.53 mg gG1 equivalent of QE), carbohydrate (44.71.28 mg gG1 of fresh weight), protein (17.70.76 mg gG1 of fresh weight), proline (46.80.15 mg gG1 of fresh weight) and chlorophyll (46.80.15 mg gG1 of fresh weight) content than the root and stem of methanolic extract. The non-enzymatic anti-oxidant assays of the methanolic extract showed the presence of higher anti-oxidant activities in leaves, followed by root and stem. The GC-MS study of the root, stem and leaves revealed medicinally important bioactive compounds like 2,4-di-tert-butyl phenol, phytol, squalene, phenol, neophytadiene and lupeol. Conclusion: Strobilanthes jomyi can be used as an alternative source of the ayurvedic system of medicine based on its phytochemical and antioxidant activity. 2023. -
Comprehensive Review on CdTe Crystals: Growth, Properties, and Photovoltaic Application
Abstract: Despite the deep interest of materials scientists in cadmium telluride (CdTe) crystal growth, there is no single source to which the researchers can turn towards for comprehensive knowledge of CdTe compound semiconductor synthesis protocols, physical properties and performance. Considering this, the present review work focuses to bridge this shortcoming. The direct band gap (Eg) CdTe crystals have been in limelight in photovoltaic application (PV) since the optoelectronic properties such as Eg (1.49 eV), absorption coefficient (~105 cm1), p-type conductivity, carrier concentration (6 1016 cm3) and mobility (1040 cm2/(V s)) at the room temperature are reported that optimum for solar cells. Additionally, Cd-based compounds such as CdTe and CdZnTe have also been widely studied in the field of ? and ?-ray radiation detector, because of their extraordinary advantages like large atomic number, low weight, high mechanical hardness, flexibility, and the availability of the constituent materials. CdTe has demerits like toxicity and high melting temperature, which will complicate the growth of stoichiometric cadmium telluride crystals at high temperatures. In this regard, the review work focused the periodic evolution of the growth protocols until now. The different synthesis methods, characterization, and recent progress in the field of crystalline CdTe were discussed briefly. Important optical and electrical characteristics are presented in the tables and remaining issues have discussed, this could be looked into for further research. The applications of CdTe crystals for photovoltaic fields are also discussed in this review paper. Pleiades Publishing, Ltd. 2023. ISSN 0031-918X, Physics of Metals and Metallography, 2023, Vol. 124, No. 14, pp. 17951812. Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2023. ISSN 0031-918X, Physics of Metals and Metallography, 2023. Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2023. -
Comprehensive spectro-temporal studies of GX 17+2 using AstroSat observations
We performed a comprehensive spectro-temporal study of the Z-type neutron star low-mass X-ray binary GX 17+2 using long term data from the AstroSat/Soft X-ray Telescope (SXT) and Large Area X-ray Proportional Counter (LAXPC). The hardnessintensity diagrams (HIDs) of the source revealed a positive correlation between the hardness and intensity, characteristic of soft spectral state. Additionally, the LAXPC-20 HID showed the presence of secular shifts in both hardness and intensity. Time-averaged spectral modelling in the 0.7 ? 30.0 keV energy range indicated that the spectra could be well fitted with the model combination: constant edge edge tbabs thcomp bbodyrad. This analysis yielded a blackbody radius (Rbb) of ?59 km, photon index (?) of ?2.84 and electron temperature (kTe) of ?4.84 keV. Time-averaged temporal analysis revealed normal branch oscillations (NBOs) at ? 7 Hz in Observations 1 and 3, flaring branch oscillation (FBO) at ?15 Hz in Observation 2, and horizontal branch oscillation (HBO) at ?36 Hz in Observation 5. Flux resolved spectro-temporal analysis indicated that the source remained in the soft spectral state throughout all observations. A positive correlation was observed between kTbb, Fbb and Fbol, whereas an anti-correlation was noted between kTe and Fbol. The constant frequency of NBOs with an increase in Fbol suggests that their origin lies in a region strongly influenced by the corona, as explained by the radiation-hydrodynamic model. The origin of FBOs may be attributed to the damped radiation-hydrodynamic mode of radial flow, while the origin of HBOs is supported by the beat-frequency model. 2024 Elsevier B.V. -
Comprehensive strategies of Lignocellulolytic enzyme production from microbes and their applications in various commercial-scale faculties
Activities of anthropological organisms leads to the production of massive lignocellulosic waste every year and these lignocellulolytic enzymes plays crucial role in developing eco-friendly, sustainable and economical methods for decomposing and pre-treating the biomass to produce biofuels, organic acids, feeds and enzymes. Lignocellulolytic enzymes sustainably hydrolyse the biomass and can be utilized in wide range of applications such as personal care, pharmaceutical, biofuel release, sewage treatment, food and beverage industries. Every year a significant ton of biomass waste is released and insight on these crucial enzymes could establish in all the industries. However, due to the increased demand for compost materials, biomass degradation has resulted in composting processes. Several methods for improving compost amount and quality have been explored, including increasing decomposer inoculums, stimulating microbial activity, and establishing a decomposable environment. All of these prerequisites are met by biotechnological applications. Biotechnological procedures are used to improve the activity of enzymes on biomass. It leads to an adequate supply of compost and base materials for enterprises. In terms of effectiveness and stability during the breakdown process, lignocellulolytic enzymes derived from genetically modified species outperformed naturally derived lignocellulolytic enzymes. It has the potential to increase the quality and output of byproducts. This review discussed the development of lignocellulolytic enzyme families and their widespread applications in a variety of industries such as olive oil extraction, carotenoid extraction, waste management, pollution control, second-generation bio-ethanol production, textile and dyeing, pharmaceuticals, pulp and paper, animal feed, food processing industries, detergent, and agricultural industries. 2022 Visagaa Publishing House. -
Comprehensive study of the physicochemical properties of three-component deep eutectic solvents and their implications for microbial and anticancerous activity
Sustainable chemistry centers on substituting perilous solvents and materials with eco-conscious alternatives. Deep eutectic solvents (DES) hold substantial potential in this arena. This inquiry includes the formulation of three-component eutectic solvents and an exhaustive scrutiny of their physical and chemical attributes. These encompass solubility, boiling point, pH, density, viscosity, surface tension, refractive index, contact angle, conductivity, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, polarized optical microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. Furthermore, a biological exploration featured two bacterial strains and two fungal strains. The entire spectrum of ten three-component DES was administered to these microorganisms to discern plausible impacts. In addition, the biomedical promise of these DES was unveiled through anticancer assays employing MCF-7 and HeLa cell lines. The outcomes were favorable, underscoring robust anticancer potency, thereby hinting at future oncological utility. These interdisciplinary endeavors envelop the progression of sustainable solvent innovation, meticulous physicochemical scrutiny, microbial analysis, and anticancer appraisal. This study propels inventive resolutions with ecological and biomedical reverberations by amalgamating these distinct yet interconnected facets. 2024 Indian Chemical Society -
Comprehensive study of the relationship between multiverse and big data
Studies linking two broader spectra of topics have fascinated scholars in many aspects. Here we tried associating two such far-reaching aspects which have finite connectivity between them. Multiverse has been the talk of the hour which explains the theory of multiple universes which exist in parallel. This is a topic in physics concerned with many relative matters. On the other side, Big data is the subject in computing and information science describing the volume, velocity, and variability of the data hitting computer-connected systems. Big data can only be handled with newer architectures, algorithms, and methodologies as its features are contradicting regular computer systems and networks. It is well known that multiple processors are required to handle big data existing in parallel performing a single job given by the data analyst. So as we know, multiverse consist of hypothetical concepts of several parallel universe having everything like information, energy, and time. However, we see this situation to draw an association connecting parallel universes of the multiverse with parallel processors of big data by incorporating the concepts of working of parallel universe in the processing of Big Data. We provide a comprehensive observation on both the topics and take positive lenience on bringing a newer terminology in data science. History of multiverse along with big data structures are brought in with related parameters. This aspect is novel in its nature and we complement the literature carried out by the researchers and scholars appropriate analysis. We also showcase a model of the school of thought mentioned above in drawing conclusions. 2023 The Authors -
Comprehensive study on using hydrogen-gasoline-ethanol blends as flexible fuels in an existing variable speed SI engine
The rising human population is causing the utilization of enormous amounts of fossil fuels to fulfill energy needs. Various renewable sources are used as fossil fuels however those resources are not powerful in supplanting customary non-renewable energy sources like gasoline in vehicles. The depletion of conventional fossil fuel utilized in a vehicle contributes to an increased portion of air contamination and is a danger to human well-being. Also, to maintain the supply demand, many active types of research have been carried out in mixing a higher percentage of ethanol over gasoline and further moving towards flex-fuel vehicles. But there arises a problem of knocking and higher CO, and HC emissions from the engine. To overcome the above problem, ethanol could be mixed in a higher percentage over gasoline with the help of hydrogen assistance and can completely avoid the problem of knocking and reducing CO and HC emissions. In this research, the combustion, emission, and performance characteristics of a variable-speed gasoline engine fuelled with ethanol-blended gasoline along with hydrogen assistance are taken for investigation at variable speeds like 1800, 1600, 1400, and 1200 rpm. Hydrogen is added to blended fuel (E30) which has better combustion, emission, and performance than other blended fuels. Hydrogen addition is done at 2, 3, and 4 ms respectively. The outcomes showed that the E30 + H2 at 3 ms has better combustion, emission, and performance, still, the emission of NOx is higher in comparison with all the other blends due to complete combustion. Thus, a two-stage analysis has been done, one is making a comparison among various blends of ethanol, and the second one is the comparison among the various energy shares of hydrogen. 2023 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC -
Compressed unfired blocks made with iron ore tailings and slag
Growing demand for houses in urban India has increased the requirements for construction materials such as clay fired bricks and cement blocks. At the same time, conventional practice of brick manufacturing is not environment friendly due to high energy consumption and CO2 emissions during various stages of its production. Therefore, recent trend in research has been directed towards utilization of various industrial wastes and methods, which emerge as sustainable alternatives for environmental concerns arising in the construction industry. This study focused on utilizing mining waste, namely iron ore tailing (IOT) in development of stable blocks. It has reported various properties of compressed unfired blocks formed by IOT and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) in varying proportions and with a fixed amount of lime. The combination of GGBS and lime was found to be suitable in stabilizing IOT towards block production. Furthermore, a maximum compressive strength of 7.7 MPa was achieved for blocks after 28days of air curing. Also, the addition of GGBS has reduced the water absorption and apparent porosity of the IOT blocks, confirming the positive interaction between IOT, GGBS and lime. It also indicates the prospective of blended binders in improving the compactness of the blocks, which will have direct influence on the durability and service life of the blocks. Finally, the results show that most of the developed blocks satisfy the requirement of IS 1077 specification and can be used in various applications such as load and non-load bearing walls, framed structures, foundations and pedestrian walkways. 2022 The Author(s). This open access article is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 4.0 license.