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Electrochemical sensor based on PVP coated cobalt ferrite/graphite/PANI nanocomposite for the detection of hydrazine
In this study, we developed a multi-layered electrode as an efficient nanocomposite electrochemical sensor for detecting carcinogenic hydrazine in water. Nano-cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) was prepared using poly (vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP), mixed with an optimum quantity of graphite and pasted on a stainless-steel current collector. The nanocomposite was further hybridised by electrodepositing with polyaniline (PANI). The obtained composite was characterized using XRD, FTIR, SEM, and electrochemical techniques. XRD analysis shows the successful formation of composite from individual precursors. According to SEM, wrinkled and layered morphology for graphite and aggregate clusters for cobalt with spike or tubular structure for polyaniline were observed. When subjected to amperometry current, the prepared electrode showed different peaks for different concentrations of hydrazine, such as 1 ?M to 100 ?M. Cyclic voltammetry studies showed an increase in oxidation and reduction peaks. These studies will lead to a new platform for their potential applications in detecting toxic materials in real samples such as water, plastic bottle, water etc., 2023 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd. -
Electrochemical sensors using conducting polymer/noble metal nanoparticle nanocomposites for the detection of various analytes: a review
Abstract: Conducting polymer/noble metal nanoparticle (CP/NMNP) composites have made a history of sorts since its inception in the field of electrochemical research, which resulted to be an impetus for scientists to indulge and explore the opportunities it can unleash. This review throws light on the synergic effects and the enhancement in the electrocatalytic activity on dispersing noble metal particles on conducting polymers. This review aids the readers to analyse the electrochemical sensing efficiency of CP/NMNP composites, and provides a platform for the researchers to engineer and develop CP/NMNP composite materials for electrochemical sensing. This work also draws the attention of the readers to the application of NMNP (Ag, Au, Pt, Pd, Ir, and Ru) dispersed on CPs [polyaniline (PANI), polypyrrole (PPy) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)] and their composites with other materials like carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene, zeolites, and peptide nanotubes (PNTs) for sensing of various analytes. Graphic abstract: This review draws the attention of the readers to the application of NMNP (Ag, Au, Pt, Pd, Ir and Ru) dispersed on CPs (polyaniline (PANI), polypyrrole (PPy) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)) and their composites with other materials like carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene, zeolites, and peptide nanotubes (PNTs) for sensing of various analytes.[Figure not available: see fulltext.]. 2021, Islamic Azad University. -
Electrochemical synthesis of nanoparticles
Nanomaterials possess diverse applications across environmental, medical, and energy sectors, owing to their unique properties dictated by structure, size, composition, and morphology. These characteristics of nanoparticles are pivotal in materials science. Their distinctive properties made an interest in specific applications, prompting the exploration of synthesis methods tailored for various purposes, particularly in electrochemistry. This chapter examines a nanoparticle synthesis technique capable of producing nanoparticles suitable for diverse applications, emphasizing electrochemical synthesis. This method offers efficient fabrication of nanoparticles at low temperatures with high purity, presenting an environmentally friendly preparation approach. Electrochemical synthesis, particularly through electrodeposition, involves the controlled passage of an electric current between the electrodes immersed in an electrolyte solution. This method yields stable nanoparticles with robust electrical contact, poised for utilization in batteries, fuel cells, supercapacitors, catalysis, optoelectronics, and beyond. The chapter elucidates the electrochemical synthesis process, underscoring its potential for advancing nanoparticle-based technologies across multiple disciplines. 2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. -
Electrochemical synthesis, photodegradation and antibacterial properties of PEG capped zinc oxide nanoparticles
The effect of surfactant and dopant on the properties of zinc oxide nanoparticles were studied by preparing polyethylene glycol (PEG) capped ZnO and tungsten doped PEG capped ZnO nanoparticles via the electrochemical method. These nanoparticles were characterized using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Ultraviolet Diffuse Reflection Spectroscopy (UV-DRS), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Electron Dispersive Analysis of X Rays (EDAX). The photocatalytic degradation of malachite green dye using these nanoparticles was studied under visible light. The effects of various reaction parameters like dye concentration, catalyst concentration, pH and time were studied to optimize the photodegradation reaction. Reusability of these nanoparticles was studied and no significant change was observed in the degradation efficiency of PEG capped ZnO till the fourth cycle, while there was a gradual decrease in the degradation efficiency of tungsten doped PEG capped ZnO. Langmuir- Hinshelwood kinetic model well describes the photodegradation capacity and the degradation of malachite green follows pseudo-first order kinetics.Photocatalytic studies reveal that PEG capping increases the degradation properties of ZnO while tungsten doping decreases the extent of PEG capping and has a detrimental effect on the degradation properties of ZnO. The prepared nanoparticles exhibit significant antibacterial properties against gram-positive Bacillus cereus and gram-negative Escherichia coli bacterial strains by agar well diffusion method. 2018 Elsevier B.V. -
Electrochemical Transformation of Thiol-Iodine-Based Reactions toward Multiplexed Sensing Applications for Plant-Stress Hormone and Environmental Contaminant
Functionalized thiophenes are potential electroactive species that serve as efficient molecular electrochemical sensors. This work describes the fabrication of a 3-thiophene acetic acid (TAA)-modified screen-printed carbon electrode/multi-walled carbon nanotube (SPCE/MWCNT) platform via a facile electrochemical method in an aqueous medium. The effectual PT-Redox (product of TAA formed postpotentiostatic polarization) integration over SPCE/MWCNT was confirmed through various spectroscopic and electrochemical investigations. The SPCE/MWCNT showcased exceptional interaction with PT-Redox, creating a resilient platform for its precise binding, thereby enhancing the electrodeelectrolyte electroactive region, topographic roughness, electron conductivity, host response, and comprehensive electrochemical properties. The as-prepared electrode (SPCE/MWCNT@PT-Redox) was employed for the selective detection and quantification of glutathione (GT) as well as hydrazine (HyD) in an aqueous medium. The sensor showed excellent electrocatalytic oxidation responses toward these analytes, yielding a good sensitivity of 0.32 ?A mM1, a low detection limit (DL) of 0.225 ?M, a broad linear dynamic window of 0400 ?M for GT, a high sensitivity of 0.13 ?A mM1, a low DLof 0.56 ?M, and a linear window of 0350 ?M for HyD, obtained via the differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) technique. This substantiates that the modification with PT-Redox significantly boosted the electrodes interfacial activity and catalytic potential. Furthermore, the electrode exhibited robust antifouling and anti-interference traits, suggesting the composites enhanced stability and sensing capabilities for real-world applications. The captivating features, including excellent specificity, fast response dynamics, and simple sample preparation necessities of the proposed system, reveal a promising platform that accomplishes significant potential in futuristic sensing applications. 2025 American Chemical Society -
Electromagnetic Radiation-Driven Plastic Degradation and Energy Recovery for Sustainable Waste Management
The persistent accumulation of plastic waste presents a severe global environmental challenge. This study presents a non-thermal photodegradation and energy-recovery system that selectively cleaves 82 5% of CC/CH bonds in polyethene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene (PS) within 30 min of UVC (254 nm) exposure. The bond-dissociation energy is harvested via thermoelectric generators (TEGs), delivering 10 W, and via photoelectric cells, yielding 5 W (10 mA.cm- at ? < 2 eV), for a combined recovery of 15 W. Emissions are held below 0.5 ppm VOCs and 0.1 mg.m- microplastics. A lab-scale prototype processes 0.5 kg.h-1 of mixed plastic per 0.1 m reaction area equivalent to 30 Wh.kg-1 of electrical energy and is scalable to 5 kg.h-1 in a pilot module. Real-time FTIR, Raman, and UV-VIS spectroscopy, integrated with an IoT-PID feedback loop, ensures autonomous optimization. Life-cycle assessment indicates a 25% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions compared to conventional recycling methods. A circular-economy framework envisions recovering oligomeric and monomeric fragments for direct reintegration into polymer production. Feature work will implement digital-twin simulations to refine process control, maximize throughput, and ensure long-term system reliability. 2026 by the authors Licensee: Technoscience Publications. -
Electron beam mediated synthesis of photoluminescent organosilicon nanoparticles in TX-100 micellar medium and their prospective applications
The inherent advantages of Silicon have made it as one of the most sought-after elements in the field of nanoscience and nanotechnology. Herein, we report an electron-beam induced formation of blue light emitting organosilicon nanoparticles (OSiNPs) in the micellar medium of Triton X-100 (TX-100). The profound role of the micellar medium can be realized from the enhanced colloidal stability as well as photoluminescence (PL) quantum efficiency (from ~9% to ~55%) of as synthesized OSiNPs. Mechanistic investigations revealed the crucial role of hydroxyl radical ([rad]OH) in the formation of OSiNPs. XPS and FTIR studies indicated the presence of siloxane/silicone and silica (SiO2) like units as the major constituents in the NPs. XRD pattern showed the amorphous nature of the NPs, while TEM studies revealed their aggregation. The hydrodynamic size of the NPs was determined to be ~24 nm. Interestingly, the NPs exhibited an excitation-wavelength-dependent PL behaviour, thereby indicating the presence of multiple emission centres (ECs). Detailed investigations based on steady-state as well as time-resolved PL measurements were conducted to analyse these ECs. In addition, pH and temperature-dependent studies were carried out to further substantiate these findings. Moreover, the experimental observations revealed their potential applications in the areas of thermosensing, fingerprinting and cell-imaging. Notably, the internalization of as prepared NPs within cells was evident from the bright fluorescence images obtained from the cytoplasmic region as compared to control cells. This observation also suggests the prospective application of these NPs for image guided drug delivery systems. 2021 Elsevier B.V. -
Electronic structure and intrinsic dielectric polarization of defect-engineered rutile TiO2
Experimental realization of colossal permittivity associated with intrinsic dielectric polarization of defect-engineered (Nb, In) co-doped rutile TiO2 appears to be most suitable for microelectronics and solid-state device applications. Combining resonant photoemission spectroscopy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations, we here present a coherent understanding of electronic structure, in-gap defect states, doped electron localization, and their connection with macroscopic polarization for various doping configurations. Most often, conventional sample preparation conditions introduce in-gap states of Ti3+? character, limiting the maximum achievable intrinsic polarization value. Our understanding provides a pathway to enhance intrinsic polarization and minimize dielectric loss through suitable defect-engineering. The Royal Society of Chemistry. -
Electronic Voting Systems Using a Blockchain-Based Encrypted Identity Management
The use of electronic voting technologies has grown in popularity as a way to make elections more secure and accessible. The implementation of blockchain-based encrypted identity management in electronic voting is explored in this study, which also offers a solid option to improve the reliability and credibility of voting systems. This study explores the possibilities for anonymous and transparent electronic voting while preserving voter privacy and anonymity by incorporating blockchain technology. It has always been challenging to create an electronic voting system that properly satisfies the requirements of administrators. This problem is now being resolved by blockchain technologies, which provide a distributed database with irreversible, encrypted identity management and secure transactions. A fascinating advancement in the realms of data innovation, dependability, and transparency is distributed ledger technology. Distributed ledger technology is commonly used in public blockchain. Virtually limitless potential for earning from sharing economies are provided by blockchain technology. This project aims to determine whether blockchain technology can be used to create electronic voting devices are used as a service. 2024 selection and editorial matter, Prof. (Dr.) Dorota Jelonek, Prof. (Dr.) Narendra Kumar, Prof. (Dr.) Mamta Chahar, Prof. (Dr.) Rusudan Kinkladze and Prof. (Dr.) Lilla Knop; individual chapters, the contributors. -
Electroreduction of CO2 to Methanol Using a Coordination-Moiety-Anchored Carbon-Based Electrode
Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2ER) has gained wide attention lately because of its potential to create a closed carbon loop, offering a sustainable solution toward environmental as well as energy crisis. However, the key challenge lies in the selective conversion of CO2 into electrofuels, such as methanol, which necessitates six proton-coupled electron transfers. In this work, we report the first instance of an electrochemically prepared Cu-coordinated 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole-modified carbon fiber paper electrode (CDM@CFP). The hence-engineered novel electrode was applied for the CO2ER reaction to produce methanol exclusively with an F.E. of 59.6% at a low potential of ?0.73 V versus RHE. Unlike most of the copper-based electrocatalysts, which result in multiple hydrocarbons, here, we have optimized a potential-dependent selectivity for maximum efficiency, which is a significant milestone in the field. 2025 American Chemical Society. -
Electrospinning of polyetheretherketone-based homopolymers and block copolymers
Electrospinning involves the fabrication of ultrafine fibers, typically ranging in diameter from nanometers to micrometers. This process entails applying a high voltage to a polymer solution or melt, resulting in the production of fibers that can be collected on a designated surface. Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is a semicrystalline linear polycyclic aromatic polymer with high thermal stability. It is a high-performance thermoplastic known for its mechanical strength, thermal stability, and chemical resistance. The rigid radiolucency, stable physicochemical properties, and biocompatibility of electrospun PEEK homopolymer fibers make them suitable reinforcements in composite materials, medical sutures, removable prosthetics, vertebral surgery, orthopedics, and scaffolds for tissue engineering. PEEK homopolymers offer a wide range of advantages; however, they have a high melting temperature, high viscosity in the molten state, and a low glass transition temperature. Blending PEEK with other polymers and the formation of block copolymers introduces an additional set of functionalities by combining the properties of PEEK and other polymers. PEEK block copolymers can be electrospun with tailored properties and diverse morphologies, resulting in enhanced processability and compatibility for broad applications, including medical implants, filtration membranes, and reinforcing materials. This chapter discusses the principles and parameters of electrospinning, the factors responsible for the electrospinning of PEEK-based homopolymers and block copolymers, issues such as solubility, spinnability, and related costs, and possible solutions for overcoming these issues. Various applications of electrospun PEEK homopolymers and block copolymers are also discussed in this chapter. 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. -
Electrospun nanofibers of 2D Cr2CTx MXene embedded in PVA for efficient electrocatalytic water splitting
The usage of transition metal carbide-based electrocatalysts has proven to be an efficient and effective strategy for enhancing the kinetics of water splitting reactions encompassing the generation of hydrogen (hydrogen evolution reaction, HER) and oxygen (oxygen evolution reaction, OER). In this investigation, we have prepared a composite material by integrating Cr2CTx MXene (derived from Cr2AlC MAX phase) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) through electrospinning technique. Carbonization of the MXene-PVA nanofibers resulted in the formation of Cr2CTx/carbon nanofiber (Cr2CTx/CNF) that exhibits high porosity, stability, surface area, and electrocatalytic activity. Systematic examination and optimization for the electrocatalytic water splitting reaction reveales outstanding performance, characterized by substantially lower overpotentials of 265 mV and 250 mV at the constant current density of 10 mA cm?2 with lower Tafel slope values of 85 mV dec?1 and 52 mV dec?1 for HER and OER, respectively. Moreover, this work presents a novel strategy for fabricating non-precious electrocatalyst Cr2CTx/CNF through a cost-effective and straightforward electrospinning and carbonization process, advancing electrocatalytic water splitting applications, especially for oxygen evolution reactions. 2024 The Royal Society of Chemistry. -
Electrospun PAN/TEMPO nanofiber electrode: Dual charge storage mechanism for supercapacitor applications
An advanced electrode material for asymmetric supercapacitors was created by electrospinning a polyacrylonitrile (PAN)/2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) composite. Strong interfacial interactions between the PAN chains and TEMPO nitroxide radicals were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, which showed partial suppression of the PAN nitrile (C tbnd N) vibrations. X-ray diffraction revealed increased short-range molecular ordering of PAN caused by TEMPO via dipoledipole interactions, without changing the semicrystalline structure. In morphological studies, the incorporation of TEMPO showed decrease in the fiber diameter and enhanced surface roughness as compared to PAN fibers, resulting in the interconnected nanofibrous network with enhanced electrolyte accessibility. A mesoporous architecture with a quantifiable surface area and pore volume was characterized by BET analysis. A higher D-to-G band intensity ratio was found by Raman spectroscopy, which quantitatively indicated the formation of defects and improved electrochemically active sites in the PAN/TEMPO composite. The PAN/TEMPO electrode facilitates a dual charge storage mechanism that combines electrical double-layer capacitance from the nanofibrous PAN matrix and pseudocapacitance from reversible TEMPO redox activity due to these synergistic structural and chemical modifications. The assembled asymmetric supercapacitor exhibits a stable energy density of 7.71 Wh kg?1 and a power density of 365.33 W kg?1, and the composite electrode provides improved capacitive performance in acidic electrolyte. Additionally, Raman and EIS studies were performed for the PAN/TEMPO electrode after performing 5000 galvanostatic charge/discharge cycles to check the stability of the material. Overall, this work provides a novel approach to design supercapacitor electrodes with a structuredefectredox synergy in TEMPO-modified electrospun PAN nanofibers. 2026 The Authors -
Electrosynthesized Metal/Polymer Hybrid: Unlocking Selective Formate Production via CO2Electroreduction
Carbon dioxide reduction via electrochemical means offers a sustainable pathway to mitigate CO2emissions and synthesize value-added chemicals. Here, we report the synthesis and performance of a metal/polymer-carbon paper (CuxOy/PoPD/CFP) electrode prepared via a simple two-step in situ electrodeposition method for the electrochemical CO2reduction reaction (CO2ER). Unlike most reported catalysts that yield multiple liquid products and complicate downstream separation processes, CuxOy/PoPD/CFP selectively produces formate as the sole liquid product across all of the test potentials. The amine-rich and porous PoPD matrix synergistically enhanced CO2capture, provided a conductive scaffold for efficient electron transfer, and facilitated intimate interfacial contact with copper oxides, enabling improved catalytic performance. The catalyst demonstrated an onset potential of ??0.27 V (vs RHE) and achieved a faradaic efficiency of 72.6% for formate with a current density of 6.70 mA/cm2at ?0.80 V (vs RHE). Studies showcased an electrochemically active surface area (ECSA) of 16.625 cm2and a roughness factor of 8.31. The long-duration electrolysis experiment demonstrated stable performance for an extended period, maintaining continuous electrolysis for up to 9.5 h without significant fluctuations or degradation in activity. 2025 American Chemical Society -
Elementary Methods for Generating Three-Dimensional Coordinate Estimation and Image Reconstruction from Series of Two-Dimensional Images
The increase in computational power in recent years has opened a new door for image processing techniques. Three-dimensional object recognition, identification, pose estimation, and mapping are becoming popular. The need for real-world objects to be mapped into three-dimensional spatial representation is greatly increasing, especially considering the heap jump we obtained in the past decade in virtual reality and augmented reality. This paper discusses an algorithm to convert an array of captured images into estimated 3D coordinates of their external mappings. Elementary methods for generating three-dimensional models are also discussed. This framework will help the community in estimating three-dimensional coordinates of a convex-shaped object from a series of two-dimension images. The built model could be further processed for increasing the resemblance of the input object in terms of its shapes, contour, and texture. 2021 Naived George Eapen et al. -
Elementary Statistical Methods
This is the first book of two volumes covering the basics of statistical methods and analysis. Significant topics include concepts of research and data analysis, descriptive statistics, probability and distributions, correlation and regression, and statistical inference. The book includes useful examples and exercises as well as relevant case studies for proper implementation of the discussed tools. This book will be a valuable text for undergraduate students of statistics, management, economics, and psychology, wanting to gain basic understanding of statistics and the usage of its various concepts. The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s). under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022. -
Elevating industries: Cloud computing's impact on industry-integrated IoT
[No abstract available] -
Elevating medical imaging: AI-driven computer vision for brain tumor analysis
Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications in the realm of computer vision have witnessed remarkable advancements, reshaping various industries and solving complex problems. In this context, this research focuses on the use of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for classifying brain tumors - a crucial domain within medical imaging. Leveraging the power of CNNs, this research aimed to accurately classify brain tumor images into "No Tumor" and "Tumor" categories. The achieved test loss of 0.4554 and test accuracy of 75.89% exemplify the potential of AI-powered computer vision in healthcare. These results signify the significance of AI-driven image analysis in assisting healthcare professionals with early tumor detection and improved diagnostics, underlining the need for continuous refinement and validation to ensure its clinical effectiveness. This research adds to the expanding research and applications that harness AI and computer vision to enhance healthcare decisionmaking processes. 2024, IGI Global. All rights reserved. -
Elevating pyrrole derivative synthesis: a three-component revolution
Pyrrole is an essential chemical with considerable relevance as a pharmaceutical framework for many biologically necessary medications. The growing demand for biologically active compounds calls for a simple one-pot method for generating novel pyrrole derivatives. Nots surprisingly, several multicomponent reactions (MCRs) aim to synthesize pyrrole derivatives. However, this review presents the three-component synthesis of pyrrole derivatives, highlighting the significance of multicomponent reaction in synthesizing eclectic multi-functionalised pyrrole covering the selected literature on the three-component synthesis of substituted pyrrole from 2016 to late 2023. Furthermore, this article classifies the reactions based on the starting material with functional groups involved in the pyrrole ring formation. Graphical Abstract: (Figure presented.) The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2024. -
Elevating pyrrole derivative synthesis: a three-component revolution
Pyrrole is an essential chemical with considerable relevance as a pharmaceutical framework for many biologically necessary medications. The growing demand for biologically active compounds calls for a simple one-pot method for generating novel pyrrole derivatives. Nots surprisingly, several multicomponent reactions (MCRs) aim to synthesize pyrrole derivatives. However, this review presents the three-component synthesis of pyrrole derivatives, highlighting the significance of multicomponent reaction in synthesizing eclectic multi-functionalised pyrrole covering the selected literature on the three-component synthesis of substituted pyrrole from 2016 to late 2023. Furthermore, this article classifies the reactions based on the starting material with functional groups involved in the pyrrole ring formation. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2024.