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Handwritten tibetan character recognition using hidden markov model
The Tibetan language which is one of the four oldest and most original languages of Asia is elemental to Tibetan identity, culture and religion and it convey very specific social and cultural behaviors, and ways of thinking. The annihilation of the Tibetan language will have tremendous consequences for the Tibetan culture and hence it is important to preserve it. Tibetan language is mainly used in Tibet, Bhutan, and also in parts of Nepal and India. Tibetan script is devised based on the Devanagari model and Sanskrit based grammars. In this paper, a method for Tibetan handwritten character recognition based on density and distance feature detection is presents. To get a better classification result, images are converted into binary and noise removal is done by using Otzsos method. Features are extracted by normalizing the image based on distance and density of the pixel in the image. Finally, Hidden Markov Model is used for character classification. BEIESP. -
Happiness and resilience among young physically disadvantaged employees in India: A pilot study
Purpose: The study aimed to examine and compare the happiness and resilience of disadvantaged employees and non-disadvantaged employees. Method: The study sample included 37 young employees, between 20 and 30 years of age. Among them, 17 were with physical disadvantages of one type or the other, and 20 had no physical disadvantages. Results: Mann-Whitney U test showed that there is no difference in resilience and happiness between disadvantaged and non-disadvantaged employees. Among the non-disadvantaged employees, there is a relationship between happiness and resilience. However, among the disadvantaged employees, this relationship is not there. Conclusions: Disadvantaged employees in the present sample do not differ from the non-disadvantaged in their happiness and resilience. However, it cannot be assumed that happiness is a contributing factor to the resilience of the disadvantaged employees. Also, it is not possible to generalize the results of the study due to the small sample size. 2019, Action for Disability Regional Rehabilitation Centre. All rights reserved. -
Happiness at Work: Flow as an Aid in Achieving Workplace Excellence
The volume provides a comprehensive understanding of the conceptual and practical implications of happiness. It is a synthesis of cutting-edge research and real-world strategies by authors from diverse disciplines, including psychology, sociology, philosophy, neuroscience, spirituality, education, literature, arts, and music. It offers a glimpse into the science and practice of happiness by exploring positive psychological variables such as mindfulness, emotional intelligence, physical rest, flow, bliss, psychological well-being, spiritual happiness, and workplace happiness. This volume is a valuable resource for anyone interested in the pursuit of happiness, combining rigorous scientific inquiry with practical wisdom to guide readers on their journey toward a joyful and meaningful existence. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025. -
HAPPINESS INDEX OF HIGHER EDUCATION STUDENTS TOWARDS ONLINE LEARNING IN INDIA
World Happiness Index generally indicates the level of happiness and satisfaction among the residents in a given country. Since we all know that worldwide new ecosystem of online education has evolved there are many countries which have done pretty well with respect to adopting of technology in the education others have been lacking behind and hence causing more inequality in the online education space. To understand the students' perception and satisfaction regarding the online learning this study was conducted to assess the relationships of the happiness index (HI) and related parameters which were retrieved from existing literatures and self-prepared parameters. Accordingly, the world happiness index signifies a direct relationship with the social economic development factors leading to the general well-being of individuals and societies that include the full development of healthcare, politics, and higher employment. The question arises has the online learning lived up to its potential? The Indian Education System is heterogeneous comprising of private and public universities. The study was on conducted in the National Capital Region of India, (NCR). The data was collected from various types of universities' students irrespective of the gender, caste, creed and religion. The study aims to understand the perception of the students and challenges faced by them during the online learning. It is very important to know the views of the students along with teachers to get the true ground reality of online learning in India. Since the pandemic have hit overall the world education sector was hit too. All the educational institutions were closed for about nearly 1.5 years. There was drastic shift in the paradigm from traditional learning to the online learning. To understand the students' perception data is being collected from around 268 students of the Delhi NCR region. The study is quantitative. The questionnaire was distributed to the both Government and Private Universities to understand students' satisfaction regarding online learning. The data was being analyzed in the graph form. The study says the future of online learning is possible provided students have access to devices and better connectivity. 2022 Zeitschrift fur Psychologie / Journal of Psychology.All rights reserved. -
Happiness, Meaning, and Satisfaction in Life as Perceived by Indian University Students and Their Association with Spirituality
The present study aims to examine the association between various dimensions of psychological well-being (subjective happiness, satisfaction, and meaning in life), spirituality, and demographic and socioeconomic background of university students. A total of 414 postgraduate students were selected from three different schools, viz. science, management, and social sciences/humanities of Pondicherry University (A Central University), Puducherry, India, following multistage cluster sampling method. One semi-structured questionnaire and four standardized psychological scales, viz. subjective happiness scale, satisfaction with life scale, meaning in life questionnaire, and spirituality attitude inventory, were used for data collection after checking psychometric properties of the scales. The results show that a positive significant correlation between spirituality and subjective happiness exists. Spirituality is also correlated with meaning in life and satisfaction with life scale. Statistically, no significant gender difference was observed with respect to subjective happiness, meaning, and satisfaction in life as well as spirituality although the mean score of female students was more in all the four psychological domains. Non-integrated students are found to be happier than integrated students, and statistically it was significant. Positive interpersonal relationship and congenial family environment were probed to be facilitating factors for positive mental health of university students. There is a severe need to address students mental health by every educational institution through multiple programs. 2019, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature. -
Haptics: Prominence and Challenges
Derived from a Greek word meaning sense of touch, Haptic is a communication technology which applies tactile sensation for human-computer interaction with computers. Haptic technology, or haptics, is a tangible feedback technology that takes benefit of a users sense of touch by applying forces, sensations, or motions to the user. These objects are used to methodically probe human haptic capabilities, which would be complex to achieve without them. This innovative research tool gives an understanding of how touch and its core functions work. The article will provide a detailed insight into the working principles, uniqueness of the technology, its advantages and disadvantages along with some of its devices and notable applications. Future challenges and opportunities in the field will also be addressed. 2020, Springer Nature Switzerland AG. -
Harary Spectra and Energy of Certain Classes of Graphs
Aims: To investigate the H-eigenvalues and H-energy of various types of graphs, including k-fold graphs, strong k-fold graphs, and extended bipartite double graphs and establish relationships between the H-energy of k-fold and strong k-fold graphs and the H-energy of the original graph G, we explore the connection between the H-energy of extended bipartite double graphs and their ordinary energy and find the graphs that share equienergetic properties with respect to both the ordinary and Harary matrices. Background: The H-eigenvalues of a graph G are the eigenvalues of its Harary matrix H(G). The H-energy {Formula Presented} of a graph, G is the sum of the absolute values of its H-eigenvalues. Two connected graphs are said to be H-equienergetic if they have equal H-energies. They are said to A-equienergetic if they have equal A-energies. Adjacency and Harary matrices have applications in chemistry, such as finding total electron energy, quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR), etc. Objectives: We determined the H-spectra of k-fold graphs, strong k-fold graphs and extended bipartite double graphs and established connections between the H-energy of different types of graphs and their original graph G for investigating the relationship between the H-energy of extended bipartite double graphs and their ordinary energy and the graphs that share equienergetic properties with respect to both the adjacency and Harary matrices. Methods: Spectral algebraic techniques are used to calculate the H-eigenvalues and H-energy for each type of graph and compare the H-energies of different graphs to identify the equienergetic properties and derive relationships between the H-energy of extended double cover graphs and their ordinary energy. Results: We determined the H-spectra of k-fold graphs, strong k-fold graphs and extended bipartite double graphs and established relationships between the H-energy of k-fold and strong k-fold graphs and the H-energy of the original graph G. Then, we explored the connection between the H-energy of extended bipartite double graphs and their ordinary energy and presented graphs demonstrating equienergetic properties concerning both adjacency and Harary matrices. Conclusion: The study provides insights into the H-eigenvalues, H-energy and equienergetic properties of various types of graphs. The established relationships and connections contribute to a deeper understanding of graph spectra and energy properties and the findings enhance the theoretical framework for analyzing equienergetic graphs and their spectral properties. Scope: Possible extensions of this research could include investigating additional types of graphs and exploring further explicit connections between different graph energies and spectral properties. Harary matrices are distance-based matrices, which can model distances between atoms in molecular structures and could be useful in organic synthesis to predict how molecular structures behave. 2025, Bentham Science Publishers -
Hard Money vs. Soft Money and the Battle for Higher Education's Future: How Universities Can Leverage Both to Survive and Thrive
In the ever-evolving landscape of higher education, the debate between hard money and soft money is more than just a financial discussion it's a survival strategy. Hard money, with its stability, keeps universities running, while soft money fuels innovation and growth. But how can institutions balance the two to thrive in an era of shrinking budgets and rising demands? This chapter explores the critical differences between hard and soft money, their roles in shaping higher education, and actionable strategies for achieving financial resilience. Through real-world case studies and global insights, we uncover how universities can diversify funding, manage risks, and secure their future. Whether you're a policymaker, administrator, or educator, this chapter offers a roadmap to navigating the complex financial challenges of higher education. Don't miss this essential guide to financial survival in a changing world!. 2026 by IGI Global Scientific Publishing. All rights reserved. -
Hardware in loop network simulators - An insight overview
Network simulation is a method of using software or a tool which can be used to mimic the network conditions that exist in pre-defined places. This kind of simulation allows the developers, designers, researchers and the network planners to intelligently plan, design, develop and test their applications or research work in changing network conditions. With varying network conditions either because of wireless nature or because of user mobility, it is very difficult to simulate the exact network conditions with the existing network simulators. These network simulators are flexible, re-usable and reliable. But they have a limitation of not being able to replicate the actual network conditions in the laboratories. This calls for a system in the loop or hardware in the loop concept to be extended to the network simulators. The idea of system in the loop is not new. In this paper, an overview with the fundamental understanding of the hardware-in-loop concept for network simulators, their applications and a review of the existing hardware-in-loop network simulators with their advantages and disadvantages is presented. 2024 World Scientific Publishing Company. -
Harmonizing financial systems for a greener future: Exploring sustainable finance strategies in India
Sustainable finance represents the next biggest transformation in the financial sector to aid the process of sustainable development. Sustainable finance comprises traditional investment which provides financial profits as well as financing the projects or investments that have social, economic and governance impact. The transition from traditional investment to sustainable finance is underway in different markets at different capacities. This study seeks to examine the performance of sustainability indices representing sustainable finance in the Indian and global markets by analysing returns. It was found that sustainable finance gained significant appreciation in the Indian market. In comparing the performance of sustainability indices in developing and developed markets, there was no development divide identified. In this path towards widespread adoption of sustainable finance, data science as a field also provides promising applications for facilitating this transformation. 2024, IGI Global. All rights reserved. -
Harmonizing human resource strategies navigating employer branding in sustainable organizations
In the framework of sustainable businesses, this chapter examines the synergies between employer branding and human resource (HR) strategies. In order to establish a harmonic organizational framework, this chapter thoroughly investigates how HR practices might be strategically aligned with sustainability goals. It explores the opportunities and challenges of managing employer branding within sustainable business practices. It sheds light on specific variables and practices that must be considered to develop an employer brand that reflects the organization's commitment to sustainability. In order to create an integrated, attractive, and socially responsible employer brand, it is important to align their human resources practices with sustainability initiatives. It provides insights into the strategic integration of employer branding and human resources, presenting a roadmap for businesses looking to match their HR procedures with sustainability programs. 2024, IGI Global. All rights reserved. -
Harnessing AI and blockchain in sustainability assurance: Trends shaping the future of verification
The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and blockchain technology is revolutionizing sustainability assurance, setting new benchmarks for transparency, accuracy, and accountability. This article explores current trends and innovative applications of AI and blockchain in verifying corporate sustainability efforts, from automated data analysis to secure, decentralized record- keeping. By leveraging AI for real- time monitoring and data insights, organizations can better track environmental and social impacts, while blockchain ensures data integrity and traceability across supply chains. These advancements enhance stakeholder trust and support regulatory compliance, addressing increasing demands for robust sustainability verification in global markets. Furthermore, the paper discusses challenges such as data privacy and implementation costs, offering insights into the potential long- term impact of these technologies on corporate governance. By examining recent case studies and market trends, this article outlines a future where technology-d riven assurance processes. 2025, IGI Global Scientific Publishing. All rights reserved. -
Harnessing AI for Environmental Hazard Mitigation and Resilience: Pathways to a Safer Future
This chapter explores the transformative potential of artificial intelligence (AI) in mitigating environmental hazards and enhancing resilience to climate- related challenges. AI technologies are revolutionizing environmental monitoring, risk assessment, and disaster response through advanced data analytics, machine learning, and predictive modeling. By leveraging AI, stakeholders can predict and mitigate the impacts of natural disasters, improve resource management, and foster resilient infrastructures. The chapter examines the various applications of AI in hazard prediction, such as flood forecasting, wildfire management, and storm tracking, alongside its role in real- time monitoring and adaptive response systems. Furthermore, it highlights the ethical considerations, challenges, and limitations of deploying AI in environmental management. Through case studies and emerging practices, this chapter outlines pathways for harnessing AI to safeguard communities and ecosystems, ensuring a more resilient and sustainable future. 2025 by IGI Global Scientific Publishing. All rights reserved. -
Harnessing Artificial Intelligence for Sustainable Innovation and Policy: The Eco-Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing sustainable innovation and policymaking by optimizing resource management, enhancing environmental monitoring, and fostering circular economies. This chapter explores Eco-Intelligence-the integration of AI-driven analytics, predictive modeling, and automation in addressing environmental challenges. By leveraging machine learning, and digital twins, AI enables real-time decision-making for climate adaptation, carbon footprint reduction, and green supply chains. Also, AI-driven regulatory frameworks enhance compliance with sustainability standards, bridging the gap between technological advancement and environmental governance. However, ethical concerns, algorithmic biases, and data privacy issues pose challenges to AI's effective deployment in sustainability policy. This chapter critically examines the intersection of AI, environmental stewardship, and regulatory landscapes, proposing a balanced approach to harness AI's potential for long-term ecological and economic resilience. 2026, IGI Global Scientific Publishing. All rights reserved. -
Harnessing Behavioural Insights for Autism Spectrum Disorder Prediction via Machine Learning
This paper exploration has been done for predicting autism spectrum disorder or ASD while using certain machine learning classifiers. The multisource dataset used, covers behavioral, genetic, neuroimaging and sensor data. The classifiers used are: Random Forest, AdaBoost, Extra Trees, Logistic Regression, K Neighbors, and Bernoulli Naive Bayes. The results achieved are: The Bernoulli Naive Bayes (92.10%), Random Forest (91.53%) and Logistic Regression (91.34%). AdaBoost and Extra Trees performed well with accuracies 90.34% and 90.20%, respectively. K Neighbors Classifier had the lowest accurate outcome with 87.65%. This study explores improving ASD diagnosis, highlighting the effectiveness of various models and emphasizing the need for further research to address challenges such as model interpretability and data quality. 2025 IEEE. -
Harnessing Digital Finance for Sustainability and Equity in Marine and Seaside Economies
The integration of digital finance into marine and seaside economies offers transformative potential to foster sustainability, equity, and economic growth. This chapter explores the role of financial technology (FinTech) in addressing the unique challenges faced by coastal and marine industries, including resource depletion, economic instability, and socio-environmental disparities. It highlights how innovations like blockchain, artificial intelligence (AI), and mobile financial platforms can enhance financial inclusion for coastal communities, streamline investment in sustainable marine projects, and promote transparent governance. Through case studies and data-driven analysis, the chapter investigates global best practices where digital finance has enabled resource optimisation, resilience in the face of climate change, and support for blue economy initiatives. By examining the interplay of technology, finance, and sustainability, this chapter aims to provide actionable insights into leveraging digital finance for building resilient and equitable marine ecosystems, contributing to a sustainable blue economy. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025. -
Harnessing digital innovation for inclusive tourism: Role of emerging technologies in creating accessibility and equity
The rapid advancement of digital technologies has ushered in a new era for the tourism industry, presenting unprecedented opportunities to enhance inclusivity, accessibility, and equity in travel experiences. This study investigates the transformative potential of emerging technologies in fostering a more inclusive tourism landscape. Specifically, it examines how selected digital innovations such as artificial intelligence (AI), augmented and virtual reality (AR/VR), mobile applications, and wearable devices are shaping the accessibility and equity of tourism for diverse populations. This chapter begins with a comprehensive literature review, highlighting current trends, challenges, and existing studies on inclusive practices in the tourism sector. The paper delves into a detailed analysis of each emerging technology, showcasing successful integration examples from real-world cases. It evaluates the benefits and potential challenges of adopting these technologies, especially in enhancing accessibility for travelers with disabilities. The examination addresses physical, sensory, and cognitive accessibility barriers, providing insights into how technology reshapes travel experiences for diverse individuals. This chapter delves into the role of emerging digital innovations in fostering equity within the tourism sector. By facilitating cross-cultural connections and enhancing access to tech-driven travel experiences, these technologies contribute to a more inclusive landscape. The study scrutinizes socioeconomic dimensions, shedding light on the holistic impact of tech integration. While acknowledging challenges and ethical concerns, responsible technology deployment is endorsed to counterbalance drawbacks and bridge the digital divide, enabling marginalized communities to leverage the benefits of this digital transformation. The implications of this study are relevant for businesses, policymakers, and tourism stakeholders. The chapter concludes by providing practical recommendations for the responsible incorporation of emerging technologies and emphasizing the long-term sustainability of inclusive digital innovations. By shedding light on the transformative potential of these technologies and outlining guidelines for their application, this research contributes to the evolution of a more accessible, equitable, and inclusive tourism industry. 2024 Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved. -
Harnessing Digital Marketing for Promoting Green Finance: A Strategic Approach to Building Climate Resilience
The study intents to utilize digital marketing strategies in order to foster green finance and influence climate-resilient?financial practices. Utilizing 250 survey respondents, the paper investigates how digital marketing intensity, content quality and platform interactiveness influence critical psychological dimensions (perceived green?value perception, trust in green finance and perceived transparency). SEM analysis shows that digital marketing exerts a significant positive effect on these?mediators, and the aforementioned mediators significantly affect individual green financial product investment intention. Furthermore, investment intention is found to be the most significant predictor of climate-resilient financial behavior, suggesting that behavioral pathways are instrumental to understanding the?digital engagementsustainable finance value chain. The findings provide an insight to the importance of transparent, trustworthy and engaging digital communication as a strategy for reducing information?asymmetry and building consumer trust towards green finance offering. Drawing on literature in sustainable finance, behavioral economics and digital communication, this contribution to a nascent literature on the use of digital tools to strengthen climate resilience?presents opportunities associated with each. The research also has practical implications for policy makers and financial institutions that wish to promote pro-environmental behaviour in the financing sphere with digital?means. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2026. -
Harnessing immobilized copper salophen complex for the electrochemical synthesis of phenazine
This study introduces a novel approach utilizing a modified electrode, denoted as Cu-PDABA-CFP, as a pivotal catalyst in the electrochemical synthesis of phenazine. Through bulk electrolysis of o-phenylene diamine in an acetonitrile medium, facilitated by lithium perchlorate as the supporting electrolyte, the electrode serves as a fundamental component in this synthetic endeavor. The modification process entails the immobilization of a copper-salophen complex, synthesized in accordance with established literature protocols, onto the electrode surface. Surface characterization of the modified electrode was meticulously conducted to get critical insights into the structural morphology and topographical features of the electrode surface, pivotal for understanding its electrochemical behavior. Concurrently, electrochemical characterization studies were undertaken to evaluate the inherent activity of the modified electrode. To elucidate the intricate electrochemical reaction mechanism underlying the synthetic transformation, an exhaustive screening of reaction conditions was meticulously undertaken. The findings presented herein contribute not only to advancing our fundamental understanding of electrochemical processes but also hold promise for the development of novel electrochemical methodologies with broader applicability in synthetic chemistry and materials science. 2025 Elsevier Ltd -
Harnessing Insights for Optimizing Healthcare: Disease Prediction and Beyond
This study offers a novel method for developing classification approaches for disease prediction. Exploratory analysis and meticulous data preprocessing were conducted to understand the relationships between symptoms and illnesses. The research involved assessing various machine learning models, including the random forest classifier, through cross-validation techniques, resulting in the identification of a high-performing model with an impressive accuracy rate. In addition, this study incorporates data visualization techniques to gain insights into symptomdisease connections. The studys focus on data visualization and optimization strategies in health demonstrates the potential to transform healthcare by providing precise diagnoses and predicting diseases, ultimately improving patient outcomes. This research underscores the efficacy of data-driven techniques and their integration into recommendation and disease prediction systems, emphasizing the significance of data visualization and optimization strategies in health. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025.