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Moderating role of firm characteristics on the relationship between corporate social responsibility and financial performance: evidence from India
Purpose: The effect of corporate social responsibility (CSR) on corporate financial performance (CFP) is shown to depend on both firm-specific and external factors. This study investigates the moderating role of two firm-specific factors the firm life-cycle stage and ownership structure on the CSRCFP relationship in a developing economy setting India. Design/methodology/approach: The study covers 1,419 listed companies in India during 201521. The firm lifecycle is represented using firm age and future growth prospects. Ownership is represented through a dummy variable and promoters holding percentages. Return on assets (RoA) is used as a measure of CFP, while CSR intensity, i.e. the ratio of CSR expenditure to profit after tax (PAT), is used to represent CSR. Fixed effect panel regression and generalized method of moments (GMM) models are used for data analysis. Findings: CSR expenditure has a significant negative impact on CFP. Firm age and future growth prospects amplify this negative impact, indicating that the firm life-cycle has a significant negative moderating effect on the CSRCFP relationship. Furthermore, the impact of CSR on CFP is worse for government companies than private ownership. Promoters holdings have a positive impact on the CSRCFP relationship. Research limitations/implications: The results question the validity of mandatory CSR expenditure on companies operating in developing countries and call for a differentiated policy approach to CSR expectations based on firm characteristics. This study also enhances the existing literature on CSRCFP. Originality/value: The growing research on CSRCFP has limited coverage of firm characteristics as contributing factors. Hence, this paper helps in enhancing the existing literature on CSRCFP and makes it more relevant to firms with specific characteristics. 2024, Nisha Prakash and Aparna Hawaldar. -
Moderating role of location autonomy on technostress and subjective wellbeing in information technology companies
Integrating digital tools into day-to-day work activities has become an undeniable reality. However, the unprecedented reliance on technology has brought with it the escalating degrees of technostress evident through health concerns like chronic musculoskeletal problems and decreased job satisfaction. And the COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the negative impact, as IT industries adopted the hybrid workplace approach, especially in developing countries like India. This paper aims to find whether location autonomy moderates the effect of technostress on subjective wellbeing among IT employees working in a hybrid model. A purposive sampling method gathered 440 responses from IT professionals in Bengaluru tech parks. IBM SPSS and AMOS software were used to assess the constructs by SEM analysis, in line with the job demand-control theory. The results showed that location autonomy accounts for 31.6% of the variance in subjective wellbeing, while technostress explains 33.2% of the variance, with dimensions ranging from 21% to 46%. Additionally, location autonomy moderates and strengthens the link between technostress and subjective wellbeing. The study recommends that organizational leaders adopt HR policies that allow employees to choose their workplace rather than mandating a specific location for scheduled days in the week. This approach can potentially improve overall employee wellbeing, offering a favorable resolution to the challenges posed by technostress in the IT industry. Pallavi Datta, Sathiyaseelan Balasundaram, Sridevi Nair, Rekha Aranha, 2024. -
Moderating Role of Project Innovativeness on Project Flexibility, Project Risk, Project Performance, and Business Success in Financial Services
Project risk management is crucial for project success and for achieving short-term and long-term project goals. This study examines the linkage between the management of project risks and project flexibility for information technology projects in Financial Services. A conceptual framework establishing the link between project risks, project flexibility, project performance, and business success, with project innovativeness as a moderating variable, has been introduced. To test the model, data were collated from over 400 managers working in Financial Services projects. The empirical outcomes through a Ordinal regression analysis demonstrate a substantial association between the management of project risks, project flexibility, and success of projects. Project innovativeness moderates the effects of project risks and project flexibility on project performance. Furthermore, managing project risks is vital to reduce the likelihood of failures in projects. This paper enriches existing research by applying a contingency perspective to project risk management and provides practical guidance for managing risks in projects professionally and also the relevancy of project flexibility. 2021, Global Institute of Flexible Systems Management. -
Moderation effect of flexibility in projects on senior management commitment in achieving success in financial services IT projects
Senior management commitment and flexibility improve project responsiveness to volatile and high-impact scenarios, especially in large projects and programs. The aim of this study is to determine how project flexibility interacts with and affects the relationship between senior management commitment and success in IT projects. A cross-sectional survey of 166 managers was used to derive empirical data from the financial services industry and used to test the conceptual framework based on recent project management literature. Ordinal regression analysis demonstrated a significant relationship between senior management commitment and success in projects which is influenced by significantly positive moderations established through flexibility in projects. The study findings can assist project managers and senior leaders to accomplish their short-term and long-term project goals and achieve success in projects by reducing the chances of failures. This paper adds value to existing research in the context of IT projects and the role of project flexibility on their performance. Copyright 2023 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd. -
Moderation of Income and Age on Customer Purchase Intention of Green Cosmetics in Bangalore
Cracking the code of customer purchase behaviour is a challenge for market researchers as myriad factors interfere. Marketers are puzzled as competitors position a new product category in the market to create demand. Indian public perceived cosmetics composition as blend of healthy chemical extracts. Television commercials portrayed the presence of chemicals in cosmetics as a product performance booster. People attributed chemical presence to superior product performance. Saturated markets witnessed competitors aiming at increased sales with similar commercials. Under pressure to differentiate, the idea of organic cosmetics started. Companies invested heavily on product development, marketing and branding. Expected success was not achieved as buyers measured performance of cosmetics weighing the absence of chemicals. Scepticism on organic level of the products emerged as various brand commercials claimed their respective compositions a true organic product. Fewer studies explained purchase intention of green cosmetics without focus on health consciousness and consumer innovativeness. Product diffusions were strategized on the basis of consumer innovativeness. Health consciousness captured individuals weightage on health and well-being while purchasing a product. This paper explores relationship of health consciousness and consumer innovativeness with purchase intention development conducting exploratory factor analysis, regression analysis and interaction analysis on selected independent variables using dependent variables. The study found both consumer innovativeness and health consciousness leading to development of purchase intention of green cosmetics. Age and income moderated the relationship of consumer innovativeness and purchase intention. 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. -
Modern Approaches for Automatic Question Paper Generator
The Automatic question paper generation system in the educational field can be useful in improving the quality of question paper, distribution and evaluation process. The system can be used for maintaining the quality of the questions with higher accuracy and less error rate compared with other existing systems at a lower cost. This article gives a comprehensive literature survey of modern approaches followed in automatic question generation (AQPG) systems and categorizing the approaches used for the question paper generation process. The techniques such as rule-based, encoder-decoder based, generative adversarial network (GAN)-based, reinforcement learning-based, and transformer-based approaches are discussed in the paper and evaluated using standard metrics. The article presents insights into the strengths and limitations of each approach through the systematic comparison and analysis of multiple studies using BLEU-4, ROUGE-L, and METEOR metrics on the SQuAD dataset. The research finding of the article gives a better opportunity to the researcher and educators to improve the knowledge about automated question paper generator systems as well as the challenges incorporated during the implementation process of question paper generation. This article also gives a depiction of AI enabled solution in automated question paper generator. 2025 IEEE. -
Modern privacy preserving strategies for IoT security
The proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) devices has brought about a revolution in various industries and everyday life, enhancing connectivity and efficiency. Nevertheless, this rapid adoption has also given rise to notable security and privacy challenges, leading to the need for robust solutions to safeguard sensitive data. This study delves into contemporary strategies for preserving privacy specifically designed for IoT security, with a focus on the most recent trends and technologies. By the year 2024, it is projected that the global count of IoT devices will exceed 30 billion, exhibiting a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 26.7% from 2021 to 2024. This exponential growth has led to a significant increase in the amount of data produced and transmitted by IoT devices, thereby creating fresh opportunities as well as vulnerabilities. Privacy apprehensions are crucial, given that these devices frequently amass sensitive personal and organizational data. The research scrutinizes cutting-edge privacy-preserving techniques, such as federated learning, homomorphic encryption, and differential privacy, which present promising resolutions for safeguarding data while upholding functionality. Federated learning has garnered attention as a decentralized approach that permits data processing to occur locally on devices rather than being sent to central servers, thereby reducing data exposure. Homomorphic encryption facilitates data processing while encrypted, ensuring a high level of security without disclosing the underlying information. Conversely, differential privacy introduces statistical noise to data, guaranteeing that individual data points are not easily discernible, thus preserving user privacy. This section also accentuates the significance of adhering to regulations and the impact of frameworks like the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) on shaping the advancement and acceptance of privacy-preserving technologies. Moreover, an exploration is made into the incorporation of blockchain for immutable and transparent data management in IoT environments. This manuscript furnishes an exhaustive overview of the prevalent trends and technologies within this realm, providing insights into the future trajectory of IoT security and privacy. 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.. -
Modern Technology Usage for Education Field during COVID-19: Statistical Analysis
The COVID-19 pandemic has had vast effects on the concept of education as a whole. During the pandemic, students had no access to physical teaching practices, which had been adapted worldwide as the principal way of education since the 1800's. Due to the restrictions imposed to garner safety from the spread of the virus, this methodology had to be modified based on the situation at hand. Alternatives through the usage of Virtual Learning Platforms (VLP), Online Tutoring Platforms (OTP), Web Conferencing Platforms (WCP) and multiple assessment tools like plagiarism checker, poll sites, quiz platforms, online proctored examinations (OPE) started gaining popularity among all institutes to cope with the limitations levied. The technologies molded a path for student-teacher interaction, performance assessments, document sharing and online tutoring. This research highlights the lack of online tutoring equipment, educators' limited expertise with online learning, the knowledge gap, a inimical atmosphere for independent study, equity, and academic success in postsecondary learning. The goal of this review is to present an overview of available technologies for online teaching that can be used to improve the quality of education during COVID-19. 2022 IEEE. -
Modernization of Rural Electric Infrastructure
In the recent digital era, the energy sector in India is truly challenging. But some way or another digital technology has the potential to change the scenario of energy supply in industry. One of the important developments in this decade is the application of Artificial Intelligence (AI). This technology will help us to control smart software and optimize our decision-making and operations. We cannot ignore the need of energy to become sustainable after the introduction of the Internet of Things (IoT). Smart grid technology in IoT is used to detect even minute changes in electricity supply and demand. These two technologies (AI and IOT) jointly provide us a magical tool to improve operational performance in the energy industry. In rural areas, there is a lack of electricity infrastructure supply and demand technologies. A large portion electricity supply is shifting from manufacturing industry to rural areas. They are using grid technology to transform electricity and the load is highly variable. From the demand side, lack of infrastructure and industrial equipment affect consumer devices. An increasing need for electricity in all aspects presents a significant challenge to utilization and cost efficiency. An important issue for the delivery of electricity to rural areas is the infrastructure and administrative policies and regulations. Power plants need to be constructed in rural areas to supply the electricity. This is the modernization of a rural electricity infrastructure. In modernization techniques, smart grid technology can be used to meet low carbon emission and cost-efficiency. It will be interconnected with the traditional grid architecture of electricity energy. Based on recent research, the smart grid should be robust and agile and it might dynamically optimize the grid operations, energy-efficient resources, and so on. Without affecting the nature of village environments, an alternate technology, such as the consumption of solar energy, can also be mutually considered in order to utilize renewable energy. In this chapter we focus on the comparison of traditional and modern technology used for the supply and demand of electricity in rural areas, issues on the implementation of modern technologies, research and development in modernization of electric power systems, and so on. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023. -
Modernized energy management system: A review
The usage of renewable energy system (RES) and its management is vital for reliable electrical energy delivery without pollution. In the scenario of increase in distributed generations (DGs), to utilize the generated electricity from RES without any wastage, to avoid the consumption of electricity during peak hours, to store and retrieve energy in an efficient way from the battery, there is a need for overall energy management system (EMS). As the prices for electricity and pollution are reduced, the review of available methodologies is discussed in this paper. The EMS takes decision based on the predicted load demand. So, the different prediction methodologies and their benefits are also discussed here. Though the electric vehicles (EVs) are considered as load in power system, the storage facility of the EVs are also used as power backup facilities through vehicle to grid (V2G) technology. This paper provides a review on the complete management of RES, EVs, batteries and load. Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd. -
Modernizing Electrical Grids with TCR-Based Flexible AC Transmission Systems
Modernizing electrical grids is imperative to meet the growing demand for reliable, efficient, and sustainable energy. Thyristor-Controlled Reactors (TCRs) are integral components of modern Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS). These systems offer a robust solution for enhancing grid stability, improving power quality, and optimizing transmission efficiency, ensuring that electric grids can support future energy needs. TCR-based FACTS are a collection of technologies designed to enhance the controllability, stability, and power transfer capability of AC electrical grid systems. In this paper, we will discuss the role of TCRs in modernizing AC transmission systems and their role in addressing grid challenges and improving performance, highlighting their critical role in future grid infrastructure. To discuss the future prospects and developments in TCR technology, with ongoing advancements and research efforts paving the way for more efficient, reliable, and flexible grid management solutions. The Authors, published by EDP Sciences, 2024. -
Modication of Newtonian Gravity: Implications for hot gas in clusters and galactic angular momentum
In view of the negative results from various dark matter detection experiments, we had earlier proposed an alternate theoretical framework through modication of Newtonian gravity (MONG). Here, the Poison's equation is modied by introducing an additional gravitational self-energy density term along with the usual dark energy density term. In this work, we extend this model to account for the presence of low-density gas at high temperatures 08Kin the intra cluster medium (ICM) by estimating the velocities to which particles will be subjected by the modied gravitational force. Considering that the ICM is under the inuence of the cluster's gravity, particle velocities of the ions in the ICM must be balanced by the cluster's gravitational force. The particle velocities obtained for various clusters from their temperature proles match the velocity produced by the MONG gravitational force. Thus, the increase in the gravitational potential at the outskirts of galaxies balances the thermal pressure of the ICM, maintaining hydrostatic equilibrium without invoking DM. The eect of MONG on the angular momentum of galaxies is also studied by obtaining a scaling relation between the angular momentum and the mass of a galaxy. MONG predicts a higher dependence on mass in comparison to the CDM model. This increased dependence of angular momentum on mass compensates for the halo contribution to the angular momentum. The angular momentum from MONG for galaxies from the spritzer photometry and accurate rotation curves (SPARC) database is compared to the halo angular momentum by a chi-square t technique. The correlation coecient is found to be unity, showing a replicable result. 2025 World Scientific Publishing Company. -
Modified Ceria as a Substitute for Sulfuric Acid in the Liquid Phase Nitration of Toluene
Reaction, Kinetics, Mechanisms and Catalysis, ISSN NO. 1878-5204 -
Modified ceria as a substitute for sulfuric acid in the liquid phase nitration of toluene
Ceria, sulfated ceria, ceria-zirconia and sulfated ceria-zirconia catalysts were prepared via the co-precipitation method and calcined at 823 K. The catalysts were characterized by XRD, BET surface area, FTIR, TGA and EDAX. The acidity of the catalysts was studied by pyridine adsorbed FTIR. All the peaks in XRD correspond to the cubic fluorite structure of ceria. The crystallite size of the catalysts was found to be 4-8 nm. Incorporation of zirconia stabilizes the surface sulfate species and thus increases the sulfate content. Sulfation decreases the surface area, but increases the acidity, leading to enhanced catalytic activity. All the catalysts were found to be stable up to 923 K. Catalytic activities were tested towards the liquid phase nitration of toluene. A maximum conversion of about 34 % is achievable for the nitration of toluene to dinitrotoluene. Solid acids effectively play the role of sulfuric acid in the reaction, assisting the formation of nitronium species. 2012 Akadiai Kiad Budapest, Hungary. -
Modified eco-friendly and biodegradable chitosan-based sustainable semiconducting thin films
Semiconducting materials are pivotal in various fields, such as solar cells, LEDs, photovoltaic cells, etc. A nature-friendly chitosan is a good film-forming, water-soluble polymer that is modified to a small band-gap polymer for various optoelectronic applications. Choline chloride:ethylene glycol:glycerin (1:1:1) deep eutectic solvent (DES)-modified activated carbon is incorporated into the chitosan matric and this composite is fabricated into thin films via spin coating methodology. The obtained films are subjected to multiple studies such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), impedance spectroscopy, and UVvis spectroscopy to perceive the thin-films microstructure, morphology, conductance, band gap, and optical nature. The integration of DES-modified activated carbon has significantly improved the charge transfer capacity of chitosan by reducing the band gap from 4.0 to 2.0 eV. These notable characteristics exhibited by the modified films can be key to sustainable semiconducting materials and have the potential to transform several optoelectronic applications. 2024 The Author(s). Polymers for Advanced Technologies published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. -
Modified Genesio-Tesi systems with trigonometric functions and the Caputo fractional derivative
The new fractional-order Genesio-Tesi system is introduced, and its boundedness, stability of the equilibrium points, Lyapunov stability, uniqueness of the solution, and bifurcation are all discussed in this paper. Using the efficient predictor-corrector approach, we statistically analyze the Genesio-Tesi system in fractional order. The results effectively conceptualize and visualize the novel fractional order Genesio-Tesi systems that are suggested. When the systems order shifts from integer to fractional, the revolution around the fixed point increases. The chaotic character of the modified Genesio-Tesi system is comparable to that of the original Genesio system. The major changes were made to the Geensio-Tesi system by including the trigonometric functions, keeping the initial conditions and parameter values intact. The system is fractionalised with the help of Caputo fractional operator. In particular, the modified systems nature is more complex, which may aid in signal processing and secure communication. Future research on the modified Genesio-Tesi system can now proceed in light of this finding. This article offers a fresh approach to utilizing and thoroughly researching the Genesio-Tesi systems that have been provided. CSP - Cambridge, UK; I&S - Florida, USA, 2024 -
Modified Montmorillonite Catalysed Ultrasonic Assisted one-pot Synthesis of Novel 2,3-dihydroisoxazolo[5,4-d] pyrimidin-4(7H)-ones as Potential Anticancer Agents
The development of novel compounds with potential anticancer activity is imperative for combating the challenges posed by cancer. In this study, a modified montmorillonite based catalyst is employed for the synthesis of 2,3-dihydroisoxazolo[5,4-d] pyrimidin-4(7H)-ones, which are promising candidates for anticancer agents. Montmorillonite is modified using mixed metal oxides, typically Al2O3 and CeO2, by a facile approach followed by standard spectroscopic and electron microscopic characterizations. It is then employed for the one-pot synthesis of a series of 2,3-dihydroisoxazolo[5,4-d] pyrimidin-4(7H)-ones. The synthesis protocol, mediated by ultrasound, is simple, efficient, and environment friendly. The mixed metal oxide pillared montmorillonite catalyst exhibits high catalytic activity and selectivity, facilitating the formation of the desired compounds in good to excellent yields. The synthesized compounds are characterized using various spectroscopic techniques such as 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass spectrometry. Furthermore, the anticancer activity of the synthesized compounds is evaluated against a series of cancer cell lines, revealing promising cytotoxic effects. The findings of this study highlight the potential of novel 2,3-dihydroisoxazolo[5,4-d] pyrimidin-4(7H)-ones as promising anticancer agent, warranting further investigation for their therapeutic potential. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2024. -
Modified Non-local Means Model for Speckle Noise Reduction in Ultrasound Images
In the modern health care field, various medical imaging modalities play a vital role in diagnosis. Among the modalities, Medical Ultrasound Imaging is the most popular and economic modality. But its vulnerability to multiplicative speckle noise is challenging, which obscure accurate diagnosis. To reduce the influence of the speckle noise, various noise filtering models have been proposed. But while filtering the noise, these filters exhibit limitations like high computational complexity and loss of detailed structures and edges of organs. In this article, a novel Non-local means (NLM)-based model is proposed for the speckle reduction of Ultrasound images. The design parameters of the NLM filter are obtained by applying the Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) to the input image. The optimized parameters and the noisy image are passed to the NLM filter to get the denoised image. The efficiency of this proposed method is evaluated with standard performance metrics. A comparative analysis with existing methods highlights the merit of the proposal. 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. -
Modified PredictorCorrector Method for the Numerical Solution of a Fractional-Order SIR Model with 2019-nCoV
In this paper, we analyzed and found the solution for a suitable nonlinear fractional dynamical system that describes coronavirus (2019-nCoV) using a novel computational method. A compartmental model with four compartments, namely, susceptible, infected, reported and unreported, was adopted and modified to a new model incorporating fractional operators. In particular, by using a modified predictorcorrector method, we captured the nature of the obtained solution for different arbitrary orders. We investigated the influence of the fractional operator to present and discuss some interesting properties of the novel coronavirus infection. 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. -
Modified Rice Husk Silica from Biowaste: An Efficient Catalyst for Transesterification of Diethyl Malonate and Benzyl Alcohol
Abstract: Molybdenum and lanthanum oxide modified silica-based catalysts were prepared from the agricultural waste rice husk. These synthesized catalysts were characterized by various spectroscopic and non-spectroscopic techniques. The catalytic performance was investigated by transesterification reaction between diethyl malonate and benzyl alcohol in the liquid phase using modified silica as a heterogeneous catalyst. Molybdenum modified silica-based catalyst showed the highest conversion efficiency of 95.6% and selectivity of 96.8% for dibenzyl malonate. The reaction conditions were optimized to give maximum efficiency with the highest selectivity in a solvent-free green method. Graphic Abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]. 2019, Springer Nature B.V.