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An analytical model for a TFET with an n-doped channel operating in accumulation and inversion modes
The tunnel field-effect transistor (TFET) is an ambipolar device that conducts current with the channel in both accumulation and inversion modes. Analytical expressions for the channel potential and current in a TFET with an n-doped channel when operating in the accumulation and inversion modes are proposed herein. The potential model is derived by solving the two-dimensional (2D) Poisson equation using the superposition principle while considering the charges present in the channel due to electron or hole accumulation along with the depletion charges. An expression for the tunneling current corresponding to the maximum tunneling probability is also derived. The tunneling current is obtained by analytically calculating the minimum tunneling length in a TFET when operating in the accumulation or inversion mode. The results of the proposed potential model is compared with technology computer-aided design (TCAD) simulations for TFET with various dimensions, revealing good agreement. The potential and current in an n-type TFET (nTFET) obtained using the proposed models are also analyzed. 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature. -
Analytical modeling of reconfigurable transistors
A functionally enhanced transistor is a potential candidate for further advancing electronics and Moore's law beyond the classical scaling. This chapter discusses these kinds of multifunctional transistors called reconfigurable field-effect transistor (RFET) and reconfigurable tunnel field-effect transistor (RTFET). The RFET works on the principle of Schottky barrier tunneling, and the RTFET works on the principle of band-to-band tunneling. Both devices can be configured as an n-type and p-type device based on the biasing. This chapter explains the working and performance comparison of RFET and RTFET in detail with the help of technology computer-aided design (TCAD) simulations. Further, the potential and current models of a single-gated RFET and double-gated RTFET are presented in this chapter. The presented analytical models are compared and verified with TCAD simulations. The potential in the channel regions of RFET and RTFET is modeled by solving a two-dimensional (2D) Poisson's equation. Because the working principle of both devices is different, two different formulas are utilized for modeling the current in the device. The current model for the RFET is developed by integrating Landauer's formula, whereas the current model for RTFET is obtained by integrating band-to-band generation rate over the tunneling volume. The procedure, technique, and assumptions followed to obtain the potential and current models of RFET and RTFET are detailed in this chapter. 2022 selection and editorial matter, Ashish Raman, Deep Shekhar and Naveen Kumar; individual chapters, the contributors. -
Ionic strength and phase systems influence nanotubular material functionality
We synthesized novel thiacyanine chromonic liquid crystals (CLCs) and structurally characterized using NMR and mass spectrometry. The impact of distinct substitution at the para position of aromatic counter anions, aliphatic counter ion chain length, and varied spacer parity of thiacyanine dyes on CLC formation is investigated. Liquid crystal properties of the synthesized dyes are characterized by polarizing optical microscopy (POM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies. Dyes exhibit nematic (N), lamellar (L?), columnar rectangular (Colr), and columnar oblique (Colob) CLCs at different concentrations in the water. Electronic absorption spectra reveal Scheibe aggregation in all the dyes. Cylicvoltametry studies confirm redox behaviour in TC-1a and TC-5e dyes. Chromonic LCs hybrid nano-materials are synthesized using solgel method. Scanning electron microscopy employed to confirm nano tubular fiber structure of the hybrid nanomaterilals. 2024 Elsevier B.V. -
Impact of terminal group on azobenzene liquid crystal dimers for photo-responsive optical storage devices
Three new series of photo responsive dimers bearing different terminal functional groups (-CN, -COOEt, -OMe) and variable aliphatic spacers have been synthesized and investigated in detail. The molecular structures of the new materials were proved using different spectroscopic techniques and their liquid crystal self-assembly was characterized using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), polarized light microscope (POM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Moreover, their photo switching behaviour was investigated in details in solution. The results revealed that, almost all members of the dimeric materials are mesomorphic exhibit either nematic or both smectic A and nematic phases. Under UV illumination the materials show interesting photo-switching properties, reaching a photo-stationary state in 40 s and a thermal back-relaxation time of approximately 35 h in solution. Finally, a fabricated device authenticates the potential of the reported materials for optical storage devices. 2023 Elsevier B.V. -
Women's empowerment within the tourism industry: Risk assessment and mitigation strategies for solo women travellers
Travelling is essential for maintaining one's happiness and mental wellness. Tourism is a job providing industry and huge contributions to economic growth, and many studies have been undertaken to determine who is attracted to tourism. Surprisingly, women take a major stand in the tourism industry. The purpose of this study is to examinefemale solo travelers' risk assessment and their mitigation strategies by investigating online travel blogs. Therefore, the study aims at assessment of risk such as physical risk, destination-specific risk, and financial risk faced by solo women travellers by considering and analyz- ing online women travellers' blog narratives. These narratives from online travel blogs pertaining to Indian solo female travellers are considered in this study. Hence, this assessment gives an opportunity to know how to stay safe in uncertain situations and also mitigation strategies to stay alert. The result of the study indicates the various risks faced by solo female travel and mitigation strategies for promotion of more female travellers. 2023, IGI Global. All rights reserved. -
Fluorescent chiral nematogens derived from naturally occurring moieties
We discuss the synthesis and characterisation of new non-symmetric liquid crystal dimers of cholesteryl n-(4-formyl-2-methoxyphenoxy)alkanoates by tethering cholesterol and vanillin. Spectroscopic characterisation such as IR, 1H and 13C NMR used to confirm the molecular structures. Mesophase properties are assessed using polarising optical microscopy (POM) and differentially scanning calorimeter (DSC). All the dimers in the series display liquid crystalline phase particularly cholesteric and smectic A* phases. Additionally, a UV-Vis study showed that the molecules self-assemble into H-aggregates with strong fluorescence emission. DFT studies provide insights into molecular geometry, electronic structure, and energy states, enabling detailed estimations of chemical behaviour and interactions. 2025 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. -
Case Analysis of Evolving and Successful Practices in Water Governance in Asia
Water governance is a critical issue across Asia, where countries face escalating challenges such as water scarcity, pollution, and inefficient management systems. This paper contributes to the field by offering a comparative analysis of innovative and successful governance practices from multiple Asian countries, including Pakistan, Turkey, Kyrgyzstan, and Jordan. Unlike prior studies that focus on isolated national or local contexts, this research synthesizes diverse governance models to highlight scalable innovations and transferable strategies. Key insights include the effectiveness of decentralized governance frameworks, inclusive stakeholder engagement, and data-driven policy integration. These practices are evaluated for their potential to inform context-specific water management solutions that are both sustainable and resilient. The study also emphasizes the alignment of governance strategies with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation), SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production), and SDG 13 (Climate Action). By bridging theoretical insights with practical applications, the research addresses critical gaps in the literature and provides actionable frameworks for policymakers to strengthen water security across the region. 2025 Policy Studies Organization. -
Facile fabrication of 3D-?-Fe2O3@2D-g-C3N4 heterojunction composite materials: Effect of iron oxide loading on the electrochemical performance
Designing heterojunction nanocomposites is crucial for optimizing supercapacitor electrodes. This study addresses the challenge by introducing a facile synthesis method for creating 3D-?-Fe2O3@2D-g-C3N4 heterojunctions through a bulk carbon nitride-assisted hydrothermal process. During this process, the growth of ferric oxide particles coincides with the exfoliation and deposition of carbon nitride, leading to simultaneous structural changes in both iron oxide and carbon nitride phases. The resulting composite's properties strongly correlate with the iron oxide loading. Comprehensive characterization using XRD, FTIR, SEM-EDAX, XPS and TEM identified three distinct structures for ?-Fe2O3/g-C3N4 composites based on iron oxide loading: low, medium, and high. The medium-loaded sample demonstrated superior electrochemical performance, attributed to better interfacial contact and the formation of 3D-Fe2O3@2D-g-C3N4 heterojunctions. This composite, with an optimized 22 wt% iron oxide loading, exhibited a maximum specific capacitance of 925.1 Fg?1 at 5 mVs?1 and 498.6 Fg?1 at 6 Ag?1 in charge-discharge analysis, with stable performance over 2000 cycles. Overall, this research presents an enhanced hydrothermal method for facile preparation of effective ?-Fe2O3/g-C3N4 heterojunction materials. 2024 Elsevier B.V. -
Contextual Embedding Fusion for Quick-Commerce Reviews: Rating, 5-Class Classification, and Sentiment Analysis Across Classical ML, DL, and Transformer Models
Quick-commerce platforms depend on accurate reading of customer feedback to steer pricing and service quality. We study a dataset of delivery-agent reviews, and build two rating predictors and a text-only classifier suite. On the rating regression task (1-5), we benchmark seven models (Ridge, Lasso, ElasticNet, SVR-RBF, Gradient Boosting, Random Forest, XGBoost). The best test performance is achieved by RandomForestRegressor with MAE = 0.527, RMSE = 0.973, and R2 = 0.555; cross-validation places XGBoost and Gradient Boosting close behind. For 5-class rating classification, we compare seven TF-IDF baselines (LogReg, LinearSVC, two SGD variants, RidgeClassifier, ComplementNB, XGBClassifier) and find SGD (hinge) strongest (Accuracy = 0.817, Macro-F1 = 0.389), yet mid-rating classes (2-4) remain difficult. To address label ordinality, we fine-tune DistilBERT with ordinal heads: CORAL and CORN. These achieve Accuracy = 0.837/0.819 and Macro-F1 = 0.439/0.441, improving Macro-F1 by +5-6 points over TF-IDF baselines, mainly by rescuing classes 2-4. We further map regression outputs to 5 classes via optimized cutpoints, raising Macro-F1 from 0.329 (rounding) to 0.380. Paired, fold-wise comparisons using Wilcoxon signed-rank and bootstrap 95% CIs show consistent gains; with 5 folds the discretized p = 0.0625 indicates all folds favor the better model, suggesting statistical significance with more folds. Overall, ordinal transformers and learned thresholds provide measurable, reproducible improvements for short, noisy e-commerce reviews, delivering higher fidelity on mid-range ratings while preserving high accuracy. 2025 IEEE. -
ArcGAN: Generative Adversarial Networks for 3D Architectural Image Generation
Due to advancements in infrastructural modulations, architectural design is one of the most peculiar and tedious processes. As the technology evolves to the next phase, using some latest techniques like generative adversarial networks, creating a hybrid architectural design from old and new models is possible with maximum accuracy. Training the model with appropriate samples makes it evident that the designing phase will be simple for even a layman by including proper parameters such as material description, structural engineering, etc. This research paper suggests a hybrid model for an architectural design using generative adversarial networks. For example, merging Romes architectural style with Italys will accurately and precisely recover the pixel-level structure of 3D forms without needing a 2D viewpoint or 3D annotations from a real 2D-generated image. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2024. -
Melatonin seed priming enhances early seedling tolerance to individual and combined abiotic stresses in rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Combined drought and salinity pose a critical constraint to rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedling establishment, often exerting a greater impact than individual stresses such as drought, salinity, or heavy metals. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of melatonin seed priming (50M) in mitigating the combined effects of drought-salinity stress along with individual drought, salinity, and chromium (Cr) stress during the seedling stage in the indica variety IR64, and validated the findings across three major Indian cultivars (MTU1001, KMP-225 and Jyothi). Melatonin priming significantly mitigated stress-induced root and shoot inhibition. Under combined drought and salinity stress, melatonin-primed shoots (4.17cm) were significantly higher and maintained lower oxidative stress markers, with reduced malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide, compared to hydro-primed controls, indicating improved membrane stability and antioxidant protection. Under individual drought, salinity, and chromium stress, melatonin-primed seedlings showed significantly enhanced root and shoot lengths compared to hydro-primed controls, supporting better early growth and resource allocation. Spectral profiling revealed higher chlorophyll content and normalized difference vegetation index values in melatonin-primed seedlings under salinity and chromium stress, indicating improved pigment stability and seedling vigor. Across all genotypes, melatonin conferred consistent benefits, indicating its potential as a low-cost and potentially scalable strategy. These findings highlight melatonin seed priming as a promising approach for improving rice resilience, with significant potential for enhancing crop establishment in stress-prone, resource-limited agroecosystems. Akadiai KiadZrt. 2026. -
Finite Element Analysis of Hybrid Skin Sandwich Composite
Sandwich structured composite is a particular classification in composite materials. This type of structure has been mainly used in recent studies because of its high specific strength, low density, and stiffness. It is increasingly more commonly employed in structural designs due to its features and performance. The sandwich composites used in this investigation are made of aluminium alloys and areca fibre. The sandwich composites face sheet comes in a variety of thicknesses. The adhesive skin layer is also varied to investigate the effect of using natural fibre. The sandwich composite is subjected to 3 point bend test. The modal analysis is investigated using the finite element method. The 3D model of sandwich composites is modelled using solid works 2020. Using Altair Hyper Works, the boundary conditions and meshing is carried out. ANSYS Mechanical APDL is used to analyse the sandwich composites. This investigation analyses the behaviour of composite sandwich beams. 2022, Books and Journals Private Ltd.. All rights reserved. -
An outlook on zero-dimensional nanocarbons as components of DSSC
Solar energy is an abundant source of energy, and harnessing the suns radiation with an efficient solar cell can be a promising technology for a limitless supply of sustainable energy. The amount of solar power that reaches the earth is beyond the worlds energy consumption. But, the main cause for minimal usage of the suns energy is the complicated technology, restricted band gap, high-temperature instability, and high cost of production. Likewise, the usage of space and infrastructure required for the installation of solar cells is yet another reason for limited usage. Upon comparing the emerging photovoltaics, DSSC (dye-sensitized solar cells) can be a solution for the drawbacks faced by the older generation solar cells which has greater future scope as an energy harvester. Rapid technological growth over the years, usage of affordable materials, and capability of working efficiently in low lighting conditions make DSSC a commercially viable and potent solar energy harvester. Furthermore, its efficiency can be improved with the inclusion of low-dimensional nanocarbons in various components of DSSC. Therefore, this review describes the mechanisms of improving the performance of zero-dimensional nanocarbons and their application in components of DSSC alternative to conventional materials. The significant impact of surface functionalization of low-dimensional nanocarbon on the performance of dye-sensitized solar cells is also discussed. Graphical abstract: (Figure presented.) The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2022. Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. -
Enhanced visible light harvesting in dye-sensitized solar cells through incorporation of solution-processable silver plasmons and anthracite-derived graphene quantum dots
The major setback for the enhanced performance of DSSC is the narrow absorption window and the interfacial exciton recombination. Therefore, in this work, the photovoltaic performance of dye-sensitized solar cells has been improved by the synergistic effect of anthracite-derived graphene quantum dots and silver plasmons. GQD and Ag coupled photoanodes were fabricated by a facile solution processable process under room temperature. The as-fabricated DSSC TiO2/Ag/GQD (TAG) exhibited an enhanced power conversion efficiency of 10.5 % with a current density of 22.40 mAcm?2 measured under solar irradiation of 100 mWcm?2 with AM 1.5G. An enhancement surpassing 30.5 % was obtained for the champion cell when compared to the pristine TiO2 based DSSC. Furthermore, this study emphasizes developing a cutting-edge approach for the high-quality use of fossil fuel-derived graphene quantum dots in energy conversion systems, thereby encouraging the green conversion of fossil fuels and broadening the potential of anthracite coal's utilization in energy conversion applications. 2024 Elsevier Ltd -
Fossil fuel derived GQD as a photosensitizer in dye-sensitized solar cells
Solar energy is an abundantly available renewable source, and several generations of photovoltaic cells have been developed for harnessing it. Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) are viable and potent solar energy harvesters. Sensitizer, a vital part of DSSC, has been researched for years. Alternatively, fossil fuel-Lignite is one of the world's least explored energy sources. Unfortunately, it has been used as a fuel for power generation and tagged as a pollutant. Therefore, in this study, we use lignite-derived graphene quantum dots (GQD) as a DSSC sensitizer and attempt to add value. GQDs with varied bandgaps were obtained and used as sensitizers, and a maximum PCE of 2.87 % was obtained. Additionally, GQD sensitizers were exposed to UV light for 48 h, and the fabricated device exhibited 2.90 % efficiency, showing the photostability of GQDs. Furthermore, the device showed a higher Rrec of 166.57 ?, substantiating the better performance of DSSC. Thus, sensitizers derived from lignite showed a novel use for feedstock previously used for combustion. 2023 Elsevier B.V. -
Extraction and characterization of preformed mixed phase graphene sheets from graphitized sub-bituminous coal
In present paper, a facile method is reported to extract mixed phase nanometre-sized carbon sheets from sub-bituminous coal. The lattice constants (La and Lc) of sub-bituminous coal were calculated to be 4.82 and 1.41 nm, respectively. The aromatic layers and average number of carbon atoms in the aromatic lamellae were estimated as 5 and 8, respectively. The obtained graphene sheets exhibits broadened D and G band in addition to a very broad 2D bump. Defect to graphitic ratio is found to be 0.54 indicating less disorder in graphene nanomaterial formed. This is further corroborated by (ID/ID') ratio which was observed to be 3.40, confirming the defect has originated from boundary. The SEM analysis reveals the formation of large number of carbon layers with different shape in the nanometer scale range. Formation of graphene dots in the shape of hexagonal, spherical, graphene layers and corn shaped carbon nanotubes are noticed in the TEM image. -
Lignite-derived nanocarbon as surface passivator and cosensitizer in dye-sensitized solar cell
Interfacial exciton recombination and narrow absorption region are two bottlenecks that limit the performance of a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC). The present study focuses on improving the solar cell's efficiency by utilizing a lignite-derived nanocarbon that behaves as a surface passivator and cosensitizer. Incorporating nanocarbon enhanced the spectral absorption region of the N719 dye with a bathochromic shift and played the role of a cosensitizer. In addition, the quenched photoluminescence spectra revealed that nanocarbon also aids in the swift transfer of electrons to the conduction band of TiO2 by reducing the exciton recombination and acting as a surface passivator. On measuring the fabricated DSSC under AM 1.5G irradiation with the intensity of 100 mW/cm2, the nanocarbon-based device exhibited an efficiency (?) of 9.02% with a photocurrent density of 20.45 mA/cm2, outperforming the pristine device (? = 6.21%). An enhancement of 45% in the power conversion efficiency was achieved. Thus, the results unveiled that nanocarbons derived from pollution-causing fuel synergistically aided in enhancing the performance of DSSC. 2024 Elsevier Ltd -
Development and Validation of the Social Media Self-Esteem Scale for Adolescents
Development of the self is a vital aspect during the period of adolescence. Interaction with peers contributes to the development of various aspects of self. Due to the technological advances in todays times, adolescents interact with their peers through social media sites and portals. It is essential to study this development in light of the increasing use of social media by adolescence. Thus, the study aimed at developing an item pool to tap the construct of social media influencing self-esteem of adolescents following the procedure of tool construction. Participants included adolescents ranging between 16 to 18 years of age, who have at least one social media account for personal use. There were 110 participants for the first phase and 397 participants for the second phase of the study. The scale has eight items with the overall reliability of .7. It indicates a fitting measure of self-esteem influenced by social media, with looking-glass self theory, according to which individuals develop their self, based on their perceptions of others responses to their behaviour. Copyright 2020, IGI Global. -
Efficiency Analysis of Modified Sepic Converter for Renewable Energy Applications
A boosting module and a traditional SEPIC (single ended primary inductance converter) are combined to create the suggested circuit. As a result, the converter gains from the SEPIC convertera's many benefits. Also, the converter that is being presented is appropriate for renewable energy sources due to its high voltage gain and continuous input current. In comparison to a traditional SEPIC with a single-controlled switch, it offers a higher voltage gain. The voltage gains of the converter that has been suggested is closely related to that of the converter that was recently developed. This converter was constructed on the foundation of the conventional converter, as well as the conventional DC-to-DC converter. One of the most important characteristics of a projected converter is that it is equipped with a single controlled device and has the capability to increase voltage gain without the utilisation of a coupled inductor structure or transformer. The non-idealities of the semiconductor devices and passive components have been taken into consideration in the analysis of voltage gain in continuous current mode (CCM). The conventional SEPIC converter can be modified by incorporating capacitors and diodes. The experimental results indicate that this converter can amplify the output voltage by approximately 10 times and has an efficiency of around 97%. The Authors, published by EDP Sciences, 2024. -
Change in Outlook of Indian Industrial OEMs Towards IIoT Adoption During COVID-19
Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is witnessing a steady increase in adoption by infrastructure and process industries. Industrial equipment manufacturers are one of the key stakeholders in this digitalization journey. The adoption of IIoT by the equipment manufacturers has been slower due to various valid reasons. The present pandemic COVID-19 created disruption in the factory operations in many parts of the world. This consequence has been hard on the manufacturing industry including the equipment manufacturers, and many of their strategic projects are slowing down or derailed. In India, a strict lockdown of three weeks which was later extended for another seven weeks was by far the longest lockdown effecting the industry and the equipment manufacturers. This study probes the impact of COVID-19 on the mindset of original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) towards adoption of IIoT. 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.