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Surface wave propagation in one-dimensional layered substrate composed of hexagonal piezoelectric quasicrystals with an imperfect interface
To design and optimize piezoelectric quasicrystal (PQC) surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices, a detailed study of surface wave propagationspecifically Rayleigh and Love wavesin PQC-layered structures with weak interfaces is conducted. A hybrid LegendreLaguerre polynomial approach is developed to analytically solve the wave dynamic equations in these structures, overcoming the limitations of traditional Laguerre polynomial methods. The interplay between piezoelectric effects and weak interface characteristics is thoroughly analyzed. Notably, new phenomena are uncovered: weak interfaces in the phonon and phason fields reduce structural stiffness, whereas weak interfaces in the electric field increase it. These effects are especially prominent at frequencies exhibiting significant dispersion. Additionally, the weak interface is found to diminish the piezoelectric coupling of phonon modes in Love waves. The findings provide a strong theoretical basis for the design and optimization of PQC-based SAW devices. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature 2025. -
Surface-engineering of carbon fibre paper electrode through molecular imprinting technique towards electrochemical sensing of food additive in shrimps
Excessive usage of food additives needs to be extensively examined and regulated. Herein, we report the development of an exceptionally proficient and practical electrochemical sensor for the quantitative determination of 4-hexylresorcinol (4-HR) in shrimps using a molecularly imprinted conducting polymer. By electropolymerizing 2-aminothiazole (AT) on the surface of a carbon fibre paper electrode (CFP) in the presence of 4-HR imprinted polymer films were developed. Bulk-electrolysis was used to produce definite imprinting sites and regulate the release of 4-hexylresorcinol templates. Voltammetric study reveals that the synthesized conducting polymer has outstanding electroactivity towards 4-HR and enables quick electron transfer kinetics. This MIP sensor has a detection limit of 6.03 nM for 4-HR. The modified CFP electrode has been found to be extremely selective to 4-HR due to its intensive contact via intermolecular hydrogen bonding. The modified electrodes were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, Optical profilometry, and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. 2022 Elsevier B.V. -
Surface-modified carbon nanomaterials
Surface-modified or engineered nanostructures have become an essential aspect of surface modification in various domains. They inherit promising properties that can be tailored based on specific requirements enabled by design and fabrication essentials. Among them, carbon-based materials are potential candidates for various applications in drug delivery, energy storage, environmental profiling, and disease diagnosis. The biomedical applications of carbon-based nanomaterials have recently boomed for disease-specific prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and recovery. They can be extended for precise, specific, and sophisticated approaches to yield long-lasting and favourable outcomes. In this book chapter, we will be discussing about the interesting properties of carbon, such as good mechanical strength, high electrical conductivity, and desirable morphological features. In continuation, the history of carbon surfaces and nanomaterials will be discussed to provide a background knowledge of the element. We will also discuss the relevant reports on emerging carbon-based nanomaterials, their attributes, and applications in distinct arenas involving electrochemical-based approaches. The protocols for surface modification will be summarised in the later section of the chapter. Finally, their downsides will be compared. These nanostructured carbon surfaces confer the advantages of small size, enabling advantages over bulk phase materials. Finally, the toxicity of surface-modified carbon materials has been studied in depth before the summation of the chapter. 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. -
Surfactant-Guided Synthesis of Mn?O? Nanostructures for Photocatalytic, Photoelectrochemical Applications and Sustainable Water Reuse
Currently, the global community is confronting water contamination from several sources, which poses significant environmental challenges. The reutilisation of polluted water constitutes a feasible strategy for sustainable wastewater management. In the present study, Mn3O4 was synthesised via chemical precipitation using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and glycine as surfactants and without any surfactants. The synthesised Mn3O4 using Glycine(MNG) showed the best photocatalytic efficacy compared to other synthesised materials, about 93 0.35% disintegration of Rhodamine B in 150min when illuminated with visible light. The progress of photodegradation was in conformity with the pseudo-first-order kinetic model with a velocity of 0.017min?1. Photoelectrochemical investigations assessed charge transfer, stability, and light-harvesting behaviour of Mn3O4 catalysts, showing their improved performance beyond photocatalysis. Seed germination in the treated water, controlled and uncontrolled conditions, was compared to ensure the agricultural and environmental viability. Additionally, ~ 84.54% of total organic carbon removal was achieved. A conceivable degradation mechanism was suggested after the degraded intermediates were examined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the elution patterns and retention periods. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2025. -
Surveillance and security: integrating video, audio, and sensor data
This period of rapid technological development offers enormous prospects for enhancement in security and surveillance systems through integration of sensor, audio, and video data. Conventional surveillance systems, that rely primarily on video feeds, have been undergoing the process of incorporating audio and sensor data to provide monitoring solutions that are more comprehensive and accurate. In addition to this the research provides an overview of the possibility of strengthening security in a number of settings. It also deals with the strategy involved in the integration of multimodal data as well as challenges associated with this process. This expansion is crucial for the deployment of these integrated systems. Moreover, in the application of machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in making sense of such vast volumes of data as output by the respective systems, the detection of threats with higher precision and speed has improved. Complex sensor, audio, and video pattern analysis are theoretically possible using models of AI and ML. This study culminates in the presentation of a list of prospective future research subjects. It is meant to integrate technology innovation with social aspects such as privacy and security systems. Among them are the development of lightweight algorithms, ethical frameworks, and integration solutions that are efficient. 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. -
Surveilling bodies, governing morality: Biopower and the contagious diseases acts in colonial India
This article explores the Contagious Diseases Acts (CD Acts) in colonial India using Michel Foucault's theory of biopower, focusing on their impact on devadasis. The Acts subjected women's bodies to medical and legal scrutiny, pathologizing female sexuality while reinforcing patriarchal and caste hierarchies. Devadasis, historically associated with temple practices, were recast as vectors of disease and moral disorder, aligning with the colonial administration's broader project of governance through regulation and surveillance. This study examines how the CD Acts functioned as a technology of power, reshaping devadasis identities and controlling their bodies to sustain social and political order. It also investigates how these mechanisms were challenged by resistance, demonstrating the adaptive and contested nature of colonial power. By situating the devadasis within the framework of biopower, this analysis illuminates the intersection of health policies, sexuality, and governance in shaping colonial hierarchies and marginalizing vulnerable communities. 2025 Elsevier Masson SAS -
Survey data on bullying involvement among school-going adolescents in India
The data was collected from 169 school-going adolescents of grades sixth to twelfth from two cities in South India. The data set contains information of the frequency and type of bullying involvement (perpetration and victimization; physical, verbal, and social) among the participants in traditional and virtual classrooms. The data set can be used by all stakeholders to identify the frequency and types of bullying involvement among Indian adolescents. Further, relevant policies and programs can be developed that is tailored to the Indian adolescent population and the specific sociodemographic groups that are most vulnerable. Researchers can also replicate the study in various parts of India to compare bullying involvement among school-going adolescents across different parts of the nation. 2024 The Author(s) -
Survey of prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms among 1124 healthcare workers during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic across India
Background: A prospective study was conducted during the second phase of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in India to assess the prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms among healthcare workers (HCWs) and factors that influence the outcome. Methods: A self-administered questionnaire was completed by 1124 HCWs during the COVID-19 pandemic (March 30, 2020, to April 2, 2020). Demographic data, questions on COVID-19 and scores of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale were analysed using the chi-square test (Bonferroni correction) and binary logistic regression. Results: The study consists of 1124 HCWs, including 749 doctors, 207 nurses, 135 paramedics, 23 administrators and ten supporting staff members. The prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms were reported as 37.2% and 31.4%, respectively. The risk factors for anxiety were female gender (30.6% vs 45.5%), age group (2035 years) (50.4% vs 61.2%), unmarried (21.2% vs 30.6%) and job profile (nurse) (14.7% vs 26.4%). The protective factor was having service of more than 20 years (23.4% vs 14.8%). The risk factors for depression were age group (20-35 years) (51.3% vs 61.3%) and employed at a primary care hospital (16.2% vs 23.4%). The protective factors were job profile (doctor) (69.9% vs 59.6%) and having service of more than 20 years (22.3% vs 15.5%). Conclusion: Approximately one-third of the HCWs reported anxiety and depressive symptoms. The risk factors for anxiety symptoms were female gender, younger age and job profile (nurse) and for depressive symptoms were younger age and working at a primary care hospital. Future research studies should identify strategies for providing a safer and supportive work environment for HCWs to face epidemics/pandemics. 2020 -
Survey on deep learning techniques used for object identification of underwater forward looking sonar images
Underwater object identification using forward-looking sonar (FLS) images is crucial for autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) for navigation and obstacle avoidance. Deep learning techniques have emerged as powerful tools for object recognition in various domains. This paper surveys deep learning approaches employed for object identification in FLS images. We examine the effectiveness of popular deep learning frameworks such as YOLOv5, EfficientDet, and MobileNet, and transfer learning, data enhancements to improve object recognition performance, and the role of adversaries training. We also examine the potential of focusing and lightweight CNN algorithms developed for FLS images despite these advances, challenges still exist due to the limited number of registered cases. The paper analyzes how deep learning methods address these challenges and highlights their effectiveness in object identification. We aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state-of-the-art in deep learning for FLS object identification, paving the way for further research and development in this field. Results of this study show that the proposed algorithms improve obstacle detection accuracy and processing speed of sonar images. At the same time, the proposed algorithms ensure AUV navigation safety in a complex obstacle environment. 2025 Author(s). -
Survey on Malicious URL Detection Techniques
Crimes in the cyberspace are increasing day by day. Recent cyber threat defense reports states that 80.7% of the systems are compromised at least once in 2020. Cyber criminals taking the pandemic situation as an opportunity for the mass attack through malicious URL circulated by email or text messages in social media. Performing cyber-attacks through malicious URLs is the handy method for the cyber criminals. Protecting from such attacks requires proper awareness and solid defense system. Some of the common approaches followed by the cybercriminals to deceive the victims are 1. Phishing URLs which is very similar to the legitimate URLs. 2. Redirecting URLs 3. Using JavaScript, redirects to the phishing URL when user interacts with webpage 4. Social engineering etc. As soon as the novice internet users clicks on the malicious URL link, cyber criminals can easily steal personal information or install malware on their device to get additional access. Recently malicious URLs are generated algorithmically and uses URL shortening service to evade the existing security setup such as firewall and web filters. In literature, the researchers have proposed several ways to detect the malicious URLs but, new attack vectors that are introduced by the cyber criminals can easily bypass the security system. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of various malicious URL detection techniques which includes blacklist based, rules based, machine learning and deep learning-based techniques. Most importantly, the paper discusses the common features used by the detection system from webpages to classify the URL as malicious or benign and various performance metrics. This will encourage the new researchers to bring out the innovative solutions. 2022 IEEE. -
Survey on Microwave frequency v Band: Characteristics and challenges
This paper presents the characteristics of V band frequency range of Microwave band in electromagnetic spectrum. The paper also identifies the challenges using this band in applications. The lower microwave frequency band of 2-3 GHz is used in wireless applications. Wi-Fi, Wi-Max and cellular frequencies are quite familiar using in the lower band of microwave frequency band. However, the congestion of the frequency band in this lower frequency band invoked researchers to think a higher frequency microwave band lies between 57 GHz-64 GHz band. The wireless application can utilize this unlicensed frequency band. However signal absorption, fast fading of signals in long range communication, also transceiver design architectures complexity pose great challenges in this higher band. Applications of short range such as military applications utilize this band. However, thinking a new dimension of characteristic features of microwave upper band is the focus of this paper. This paper tells the V Band, that is upper band of microwave range frequencies (57 - 64 GHz). 2016 IEEE. -
Survey study on the methods of bird vocalization classification
The technologies holds the ability to change the world. Current digital era is a product of the evolutionary technologies. It created the necessity to increase the Human Computer Interaction (HCI) and it became one of the most emerging research areas of the decade. HCI is an interface between the users and the system to improve the interaction. HCI concept came into existence in early 1980's. One of the emerging new research area in HCI is Context Aware System (CAS). The technological advancements in HCI created a new outlook in the research of CAS. CAS is a system which understand the user, their surroundings, and location. CAS make this possible by processing the environmental and bio-acoustic. Sound is one of the important media for both humans and animals to communicate and understand information. Bird sound, vehicle sound, wind sound etc. are some of the environmental and bio acoustics. Processing these sounds or signals will help us to create a better performing CAS. This paper profiles a survey study on bird sound classification and identification. Automatic identification of bird sound is one among the difficult task in signal processing. Also, the paper will profile the previous research works on various phases in bird vocalization processing; such as preprocessing, feature selection and classification. 2016 IEEE. -
Surviving Under Stress: Exploring Zea mays Adaptive Responses to Cadmium Toxicity and Mitigation StrategiesA Review
Cadmium (Cd) toxicity poses a significant threat to Zea mays, disrupting its normal physiological functions and metabolic processes. This chapter summarises current studies on the sources of contamination, Cd intake mechanisms, and the effect of Cd toxicity on critical physiological systems in maize. It then thoroughly investigates Zea mays physiological and adaptive responses to Cd toxicity. The section outlines how Cd inhibits vital metabolic processes, such as photosynthesis and the absorption of nutrients uptake in maize plants, leading to a reduction in biomass, yield, and growth. The adverse impacts on plant growth and development are amplified by anatomical changes brought on by Cd exposure, such as modifications to the roots and leaves. Furthermore, a thorough examination of biochemical modifications is conducted, such as adjustments to protein composition, glucose metabolism, and amino acid levels. The chapter additionally examines how enzymatic activity responds to Cd stress, focusing on modifications in the activity of enzymes involved in antioxidants and metabolism. Under the influence of Cd toxicity, maize plants display a range of intricate adaptive responses. These include upregulation of genes linked to the production of ethylene and the synthesis of peptides that bind metals, such as phytochelatins. The study covers the effectiveness of several mitigation techniques employed to reduce Cd accumulation and improve Cd tolerance in maize crops. These techniques include microbial remediation, phytohormone administration, biostimulant treatments, and designed nanoparticles and mineral ions. With everything considered, this chapter offers insightful information about Zea mays physiological and adaptive responses to endure and mitigate the impact of cadmium toxicity. To ensure sustainable maize production and food security in areas polluted by Cd, it is essential to understand these mechanisms and create appropriate mitigation techniques. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2024. -
Suspension culture of somatic embryos for the production of high-value secondary metabolites
Secondary metabolites from plants are ubiquitous and have applications in medicines, food additives, scents, colorants, and natural pesticides. Biotechnological production of secondary metabolites that have economic benefits is an attractive alternative to conventional methods. Cell, adventitious, and hairy root suspension cultures are typically used to produce secondary metabolites. According to recent studies, somatic embryos in suspension culture are useful tools for the generation of secondary metabolites. Somatic embryogenesis is a mode of regeneration in several plant species. This review provides an update on the use of somatic embryogenesis in the production of valuable secondary metabolites. The factors influencing the generation of secondary metabolites using somatic embryos in suspension cultures, elicitation methods, and prospective applications are also discussed in this review. Graphical abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]. 2023, Prof. H.S. Srivastava Foundation for Science and Society. -
Sustainability & Comparative Impact Analysis of Coral reef bleaching in Indian context
An estimated value of 500 million of the population are directly benefited through coral reefs related jobs, food and defence of coastal areas. Coral reefs help to reduce wave energy by 97%. They help to protect the coastal areas from storms, floods and wave energy by 97%. Natural disasters such as Tsunami and erosion of coastal areas are protected by reefs. In this process, they help to protect the lives of many staying in the coastal areas including animals, properties, and other natural resources. There are reasons for reef deterioration like change of climate, high pollution, destructive fishing, bleaching of coral reefs is a big concern now worldwide. Severe coral bleaching is also reported in India. A significant rise in the surface temperature of Sea has become a critical reason for coral bleaching. This work attempts to Study the link between sustainability, SDG goals of 2030 given by United Nations and coral bleaching. In this work study period is focussed from 1985 to 2021 in the Indian coral reef bleaching areas. The Electrochemical Society -
Sustainability and efficiency of micro finance institutions - Evidence from selected listed companies in India /
Journal Of Economics And Sustainable Development, Vol.6, Issue 11, pp.286-293, ISSN No: 2222-2855 (Online) 2222-1700 (Print) -
Sustainability and Gender Equality: SDG5Gender Differences in Bargaining in the Housing Market
This chapter investigates whether gender differences exist in bargaining behaviour in the housing market. The impact of personality dispositions, location preferences and other such variables on the individuals willingness and ability to bargain and obtain a concession is studied. The variables were estimated using a 5-point Likert scale, and the final dataset was analysed by implementing logistic regression model. Findings suggest that gender, product knowledge, bargaining disposition, role of agent and reference price significantly impact bargaining behaviour. The study validates the need to attain the fifth Sustainable Development Goal, i.e. Gender Equality. The current emphasis is to ensure full participation of women in decision-making capabilities by 2030 (UN Women, Progress on the sustainable development goals: the gender snapshot, UN Women, New York, 2022), but it is found that men bargain more than women in the rental housing market. The chapter contributes to existing literature by studying gender differences in the rental housing market and justifies the findings with the help of primary data analysis. 2024 The Author(s). -
Sustainability and green nanomaterials on nanotechnology-based sensors
Nanobiosensors multipurpose efficacy in various domains as next-generation device has set a revolutionary impact on the scientific technology. Green synthesized nanoparticles (NPs) have enhanced the properties of these nanobiosensors in commendable ways with remarked growth. The unique properties of NPs like optical, magnetic, electrochemical, physiochemical, mechanical, and good conductivity make them highly reliable and sensitive for conventional approaches to check minute concentrations. Quantum dots, nanotubes, and magnetic nanowires provide a novel signal transduction mechanism that helps to detect low level of pesticides, food contaminants, toxins, and metabolites. Various microbes have been documented for NPs such as Fusarium oxysporum, Alternata alternata, Trichoderma viride, Colletotrichum sp., F. oxysporum, Aspergillus orayzae, Aquaspirillum magnetotacticum, and Magnetospirillum magnetotacticum. It is used in sustainable agriculture or smart farming to aid plant growth in the form of sensor detector of plant metabolites, hormonal changes, ion concentration, volatiles and gas changes, etc., under physiological stress. Environmental remediation is carried out for analysis and quantification of contaminants like heavy metals, pesticides, fungicides, pathogens, etc. Nanobiosensors have a tremendous impact on food industry as a means of sensitive method for detecting pathogens and recognition of mycotoxins. While, medical applications detect glucose in diabetics, cancer diagnosis, detection of urinary tract infections, HIV-AIDS, disease-causing pathogens, antigen-antibody interaction, etc. 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved including those for text and data mining AI training and similar technologies. -
Sustainability and Pandemic (COVID-19): A Catalyst for Transformative Change
The COVID-19 pandemic exposed systemic vulnerabilities while accelerating transformative shifts in sustainability. This chapter examines its impact on the three pillars-economic, environmental, and social. Economically, it caused severe contractions and supply chain disruptions, prompting calls for localized, equitable models. Environmentally, emissions temporarily dropped but were offset by plastic waste and rebounds. Socially, the crisis deepened inequalities in health, education, and digital access, underscoring the need for equity in sustainability. Drawing from global and Indian contexts, including India's green recovery and renewable energy push, the chapter highlights evolving strategies like ESG frameworks and digital adoption. It advocates embedding sustainability in recovery through green stimulus, innovation, and global cooperation for a resilient future. 2026, IGI Global Scientific Publishing. All rights reserved. -
Sustainability and Social Responsibility in Marketing
Social trading companies must adhere to the concept of social responsibility by engaging in activities that provide benefits to society. Social responsibility in marketing is through providing products and services that help the community environmentally, socially, and economically. Several literatures have discussed the role of social responsibility in customer intentions toward social trading channels. Discussing and describing the role of social responsibility in marketing is an important issue that needs to be investigated. This chapter describes the role of social responsibility in marketing activities. Promotions that raise awareness of societal issues and problems, recyclable packaging, and direct portions of profits toward charitable efforts are critical factors that will be described in this chapter as well. The majority of business companies, however, are still unable to fulfill the finest CSR principles in their marketing activities. Therefore, the focus of this chapter is on the requirements for CSR as well as the deficiencies in corporate organizations marketing operations. Considering the important of social media for communicating CSR is address at the point, where corporations use social media effectively for delivering their CSR goals and initiatives. This chapter is followed by two main questions: how can corporate social responsibility be delivered in marketing? And why do we need to study CSR?. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022.