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Anticancer potential of Ru(II) Schiff base complexes derived from picolinaldehyde and pyrazolyl amines: structural characterization and selective cytotoxicity toward SiHa cells
Herein, we report the synthesis, complete structural characterization including spectroscopic and computational analyses, and in vitro anticancer efficacy assessment of three Ru(II) complexes against cervical carcinoma (SiHa) cell lines. Various spectroscopic techniques such as FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, 19F NMR and ESI-LCMS mass spectrometry were used to thoroughly characterize the synthesized ligands and the complexes. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations provided insights into their optimized geometry and electronic parameters, which were consistent with experimental observations. The cytotoxicity of three Ru(II) complexes was evaluated against SiHa and normal fibroblast (3T3-L1) cells using MTT assays at concentrations of 10100 g/mL for 2472 h, with 20 g/mL used for detailed temporal evaluation. All complexes showed strong, dose and time dependent cytotoxicity, reducing SiHa cell viability to 24 4%, 23 6%, and 33 5% respectively for complex 1, 2 and 3 after 72 h, while maintaining >90% viability in fibroblasts. The IC?? values for complex 1, 2 and 3 (8.7 2.5, 8.4 2.3, and 7.8 1.5 g/mL) confirmed high potency and selectivity. Acridine orange and ethidium bromide (AO/EB) staining indicated apoptosis as the main cell death pathway, supported by morphological changes such as membrane blebbing and rounding. The DNA binding studies reveal that all the complexes have strong affinity toward DNA and interacted through intercalation mode. These findings highlight the complexes as selective and promising anticancer agents. 2025 Elsevier B.V. -
Engineering Ru(ii) Schiff base complexes as biofunctional materials: cytotoxic and cell imaging perspectives
Four bromine-substituted Ru(ii)-arene Schiff base complexes derived from bromo-picolinaldehyde and 3-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)propan-1-amine were examined for their cytotoxic behaviour toward cervical cancer (SiHa) and normal fibroblast (3T3-L1) cells using MTT-based in vitro assays. The ligands and complexes were comprehensively characterized by FTIR; 1H, 13C, and 19F NMR; and ESI-LCMS analyses. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD) confirmed the molecular structure of complex 3, while PXRD validated the crystalline nature of complexes 2 and 4. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations further supported the experimental data by revealing optimized geometries and key electronic descriptors. All complexes exhibited time- and dose-dependent anticancer effects, with complexes 24 showing the greatest cytotoxicity toward the SiHa cells (viability at 72 h: 20% 3%, 31% 3%, and 29% 3%, respectively) while maintaining high viability in normal fibroblasts (>90%). The IC50 values for complexes 14 were 19.54 2, 14.21 4, 12.43 4, and 12.43 4 M, respectively. Acridine orange (AO) and ethidium bromide (EtBr) staining and morphological analyses confirmed apoptosis as the primary mechanism of cell death, as evidenced by reduced adhesion, membrane blebbing, and cell rounding. The pronounced and selective cytotoxicity of these bromine-substituted Ru(ii) complexes highlights their potential as promising biomaterial candidates for targeted anticancer therapy. This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry and the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 2026 -
Compression Based Modeling for Classification of Text Documents
Classification of text data one of the well known, interesting research topic in computer science and knowledge engineering. This research article, address the classification of text files issue using lzw text compression algorithms. LZW is a lossless compression technique which requires two pass on the input data. These two passes are treated separately as training stage and text stage for classification of text data. The proposed compression based classification technique is tested on publically available datasets. Results of the experiments shows the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. 2019, Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. -
DC-DC and DC-AC Converters with Bi-Directional Capabilities for EV Applications
Abstract: This paper presents the design and implementation of a compact bidirectional DC-DC converter coupled with a DC-AC inverter for electric vehicle (EV) motor-drive applications. Both propulsion and regenerative braking modes are made possible by the suggested architecture, which facilitates smooth power transfer between a 48 V battery and a series- wound AC motor. Additionally, the inverter provides controlled AC stimulation for a dependable motor operation, while a high- efficiency bidirectional DC-DC converter controls battery power flow during acceleration and recovers energy during braking. In order to maintain dynamic stability under changing load circumstances, an Arduino Nano microcontroller uses a proportional-integral (PI) control method to regulate motor speed and current. Cross-conduction losses are decreased and MOSFET switching safety is improved by customized PWM pulse generation with dead-time insertion. 2026 IEEE. -
The LimbuTamang Communities of Sikkim History and Future of Their Demand for Reservation
Since its merger in 1975 with the Indian union, one of the major sociopolitical issues in Sikkim has been the demand for reservation in the state legislative assembly for two communitiesLimbu and Tamang. The demand of reservation for the Limbus and Tamangs crystallised in Sikkim when these communities were notified as Scheduled Tribes under the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Orders (Amendment) Act, 2002. The history and future of this political demand has been analysed. 2023 Economic and Political Weekly. All rights reserved. -
Energy Management System for EV Charging Infrastructure
The increasing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) has led to a significant rise in the demand for efficient and sustainable charging infrastructure. Managing the energy supply to meet this growing demand while ensuring grid stability presents a critical challenge. This paper presents an energy management system designed for electric vehicle charging infrastructure that balances demand and supply in real time. The proposed system dynamically allocates available power to connected EVs based on their charging demands and the total power available, ensuring optimal utilization of energy resources. By simulating various scenarios, the system demonstrates its capability to prevent overloading, efficiently distribute power, and prioritize critical energy needs. The results of the simulation show that the system can effectively manage power distribution, reduce peak load impact, and enhance the reliability of EV charging networks. This approach offers a scalable and adaptable solution for integrating EVs into the existing power grid, contributing to the development of smart and sustainable transportation systems. The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. -
AI and Real-Time Business Intelligence
Timely and accurate knowledge that can be provided to different stakeholders in an enterprise improves the performance and decision-making capabilities with better insight. The information, be it qualitative or quantitative, when made available to decision makers becomes the basis of the business intelligence (BI) that improves functionality, scalability and reliability. The knowledge is managed by application of various data warehousing techniques, and artificial intelligence comes into play by providing an ample number of data mining and machine learning techniques. The chapter aims at analyzing the origin, evolution and development of BI systems and their relationship with artificial intelligence (AI). The chapter also aims to provide new research horizons in the scientific activities and advancements in BI, knowledge management and analysis. 2024 selection and editorial matter, Hemachandran K., Raul V. Rodriguez, Umashankar Subramaniam, and Valentina Emilia Balas; individual chapters, the contributors. -
Improved dragonfly optimizer for intrusion detection using deep clustering CNN-PSO classifier
With the rapid growth of internet based services and the data generated on these services are attracted by the attackers to intrude the networking services and information. Based on the characteristics of these intruders, many researchers attempted to aim to detect the intrusion with the help of automating process. Since, the large volume of data is generated and transferred through network, the security and performance are remained an issue. IDS (Intrusion Detection System) was developed to detect and prevent the intruders and secure the network systems. The performance and loss are still an issue because of the features space grows while detecting the intruders. In this paper, deep clustering based CNN have been used to detect the intruders with the help of Meta heuristic algorithms for feature selection and preprocessing. The proposed system includes three phases such as preprocessing, feature selection and classification. In the first phase, KDD dataset is preprocessed by using Binning normalization and Eigen-PCA based discretization method. In second phase, feature selection is performed by using Information Gain based Dragonfly Optimizer (IGDFO). Finally, Deep clustering based Convolutional Neural Network (CCNN) classifier optimized with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) identifies intrusion attacks efficiently. The clustering loss and network loss can be reduced with the optimization algorithm. We evaluate the proposed IDS model with the NSL-KDD dataset in terms of evaluation metrics. The experimental results show that proposed system achieves better performance compared with the existing system in terms of accuracy, precision, recall, f-measure and false detection rate. 2022 Tech Science Press. All rights reserved. -
Safety andWelfare of Children Under Institutional Care in India: A Situation Analysis
A large number of children worldwide live under institutional care due to certain compulsions. The reasons for institutional stay vary on the basis of geopolitical situations and the nature of the children. Some of the reasons include premature loss of parents, poverty, lack of social support, parents substance dependence, neglect, involvement of children in socially undesirable behaviour and/or violation of law, abuse, exploitation and so on. The broad objective of this chapter is to discuss the evolution of childcare measures adopted by the Government of India after independence, highlight upon the need for institutional care and examine the issues and challenges faced by the children under institutional care in India. At the end of the chapter, the way forward measures are suggested for ensuring safety of the children under institutional care, creating improved living environments for them and for creating congenial social and psychological environments through empowerment of the care providers, with knowledge and information for healthy child upbringing. Cooperation from the larger society, by involving retired persons in the institutions for education of the children is suggested, justifying the need for the same. For a holistic child growth and development, the need for extra-curricular activities, physical exercises, as well as group activities, are emphasized upon. Building resilience among these children to develop confidence and face life challenges are also discussed in the chapter. The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022. -
QuiltCraft: A Computer Vision Framework for Sustainable Upcycling Waste Textiles into Artistic Quilts
QuiltCraft represents a pioneering approach where we aim to mitigate the pervasive childrens cloth crisis by ingeniously repurposing discarded cloth into captivating and artistic quilts. By harnessing the power of computer vision techniques, predominantly facilitated by using OpenCV and various Python libraries, our innovative system streamlines the intricate process of identifying cloth sizes, segmenting them into manageable pieces, and orchestrating their arrangement into visually stunning quilt designs. This paper explores the methodology, algorithms, and intricate implementation details underpinning the Quilt Craft framework, supplemented by empirical evidence attesting to its remarkable effectiveness. Through the seamless transformation of childrens clothes into captivating works of art, QuiltCraft not only champions the cause of waste reduction but also catalyzes advancing sustainable practices within the fashion industry. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2026. -
COGNITIVE VS. BEHAVIORAL THERAPY IN ADHD: Executive Function Outcomes
This chapter explores the comparative effects of Cognitive Remediation Therapy (CRT) and Behavioral Therapy (BT) on executive functions (EFs)in children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Executive dysfunction, a key challenge in ADHD, impairs regulatory control, sustained attention, and task management. Using a quasi-experimental pre-test-post-test design, the study involved eight children aged 712 years diagnosed with ADHD. Participants were purposively sampled and randomly assigned to CRT or BT interventions, delivered thrice weekly over three months. EF was assessed pre-and post-intervention using the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF-2). Results indicated that both therapies significantly improved executive functioning, but in different domains. CRT was more effective in enhancing working memory and cognitive flexibility, while BT demonstrated greater improvements in inhibitory control and behavioral regulation. These findings emphasize the complementary roles of CRT and BT in targeting distinct executive deficits in ADHD. 2026 selection and editorial matter, K. Jayasankara Reddy; individual chapters, the contributors. All rights reserved. -
Advancing Climate Services in South Asia: The SARCI Framework for Actionable Climate Information and Regional Capacity Building
South Asia, home to over a quarter of the global population, faces escalating climate risks that demand scientifically credible and actionable information. However, existing global climate models exhibit persistent temperature and precipitation biasesvariables central to impact assessmentsreaching up to 25% and 100% of their mean values, respectively, over this region, thereby limiting their reliability for climate-informed long-term planning. To address these limitations, we introduce the South Asia Regional Climate Information (SARCI) frameworka regionally optimized framework designed to deliver credible, high-fidelity climate information for South Asia. The framework features a customized atmospheric model, based on NCAR CESM/ CAM, with targeted improvements in deep convection, landatmosphere interactions, and gravity wave dynamicsprocesses linked to major regional biases. These enhancements are guided by empirical understanding of regional climate behavior and refined through rigorous model tuning to achieve regional improvements without compromising global performance. The customized model substantially improves simulations of temperature and precipitation, along with a more realistic representation of regional circulation. The framework further incorporates a synthesized lower-boundary forcing component derived from skill-based CMIP models, adjusted to reduce biases in its low-frequency variability. A statistical downscaling module then refines the projections to a quarter-degree resolution, providing fine-scale, policy-relevant regional climate information. The SARCI framework demonstrates how regional optimization, coproduction, and institutional capacity building can deliver credible, policy-relevant climate information for South Asia, with broader relevance for other regions of the Global South facing similar challenges. 2026 American Meteorological Society. -
Facile synthesis of novel antimony selenide nanocrystals with hierarchical architecture by physical vapor deposition technique
Stoichiometric antimony selenide (Sb 2 Se 3 ) nanocrystals have been successfully engineered by a facile physical vapor deposition method, employing a single precursor of polycrystalline Sb 2 Se 3 charge in a closed quartz ampoule under high vacuum without any foreign seed or extraneous chemical elements. This work underscores the efficacy of the vapor deposition process and provides synthetic strategies to scale down bulk Sb 2 Se 3 into novel nanostructures. The morphological evolution of the tailored architecture was examined on micro and nano size scales by scanning electron microscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The intrinsic mechanism governing the nanostructure formation is revealed as layer-by-layer growth, related to the unique layered structure of Sb 2 Se 3 . The optical properties of the grown crystals were probed by UVvisNIR and photoluminescence tools. The band-gap values of the microfibers, nanorods, nanooctahedra and nanospheres estimated from UVvisNIR analysis are found to be 1.25, 1.47, 1.51 and 1.75 eV, respectively. Powder X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersive analysis by X-rays, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and photoluminescence studies confirmed the quality, phase purity and homogeneity of the as-grown nanostructures. The adopted physical vapor deposition method is thus shown to be a simple and elegant route which resulted in the enhancement of the band gap for the Sb 2 Se 3 samples compared with their counterparts grown by chemical methods. This approach has great potential for further applications in optoelectronics. International Union of Crystallography, 2019 -
Physical vapor deposition and enhancement of optoelectronic properties of SnSe2 platelets
Stoichiometric tin diselenide (SnSe2) platelet crystals have been prepared by physical vapor deposition (PVD) method under high vacuum (~ 106mbar) using a homemade dual-zone furnace. The driving force for growth was optimized in terms of temperature difference (?T = 270 to 420C) of nutrient and growth zones. Good quality platelets, devoid of any screw dislocations, hillocks, defects etc. were crystallized at ?T = 400C by layer growth mode as per the 3D optical profiler and electron microscopic images. Rietveld refinement of the PXRD data using FullProf suite software justified hexagonal crystal structure with a = 3.811 c = 6.137and the computed density (5.967g/cm3) is in agreement with that obtained based on Archimedes principle. Chemical homogeneity of these samples was probed by EDAX, XPS and Raman analysis. The thermal and mechanical behavior was investigated by TGA as well as Vickers microhardness experiments. The values of optical band gap (1.20eV), absorption coefficient (7.25 105cm?1), resistivity (2.70 ? cm), mobility (32.70 cm2V?1s?1) and carrier concentration (3.08 1016cm?3) have been evaluated using UVVis-NIR, photoluminescence, and Hall effect measurements. The enhancement of optoelectronic parameters of the as-grown SnSe2 platelets free of polytypism, throws light on their potential for photovoltaic applications. 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature. -
Vapor growth and optimization of supersaturation for tailoring the physical properties of stoichiometric Sb2Se3 crystalline habits
The evolution of different morphologies (fibers, whiskers, needles, and spherulites) of antimony selenide (Sb2Se3), devoid of foreign chemical elements, was explored by the physical vapor deposition (PVD) method, employing an indigenously assembled tubular furnace, which showed layer growth mode as per the metallurgical and scanning electron micrographs. Supersaturation for crystallization was optimized by precisely controlling the difference in temperatures of nutrient and growth zones, ?T = TN ? TG, where ?T = 125 to 350C. The strain and dislocation density of the crystals were evaluated from the crystallographic data. Monophase nature has been confirmed by Rietveld refinement analysis of the PXRD findings, using Full Proof software. UVVis-NIR and PL spectra of the morphologies revealed band gap, Eg in the range, 1.151.18eV. Among these habits, good-quality whiskers bearing flat faces of appreciable crystallinity, stoichiometry, thermal stability and mechanical strength were produced due to the periodic deposition of atoms associated with the progression of smooth vaporsolid (v?) interface as evident from PXRD, EDAX, XPS, TGA and microindentation analyses. Hall effect measurements resulted in obtaining appreciable values of electrical parameters, ? = 145.36 ? cm and n = 7.39 1018cm?3 for PV applications. Moreover, optical studies justified direct transition with adequate photon absorption which promises the suitability of whiskers as absorbers in the energy conversion process. 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature. -
Comprehensive Review on CdTe Crystals: Growth, Properties, and Photovoltaic Application
Abstract: Despite the deep interest of materials scientists in cadmium telluride (CdTe) crystal growth, there is no single source to which the researchers can turn towards for comprehensive knowledge of CdTe compound semiconductor synthesis protocols, physical properties and performance. Considering this, the present review work focuses to bridge this shortcoming. The direct band gap (Eg) CdTe crystals have been in limelight in photovoltaic application (PV) since the optoelectronic properties such as Eg (1.49 eV), absorption coefficient (~105 cm1), p-type conductivity, carrier concentration (6 1016 cm3) and mobility (1040 cm2/(V s)) at the room temperature are reported that optimum for solar cells. Additionally, Cd-based compounds such as CdTe and CdZnTe have also been widely studied in the field of ? and ?-ray radiation detector, because of their extraordinary advantages like large atomic number, low weight, high mechanical hardness, flexibility, and the availability of the constituent materials. CdTe has demerits like toxicity and high melting temperature, which will complicate the growth of stoichiometric cadmium telluride crystals at high temperatures. In this regard, the review work focused the periodic evolution of the growth protocols until now. The different synthesis methods, characterization, and recent progress in the field of crystalline CdTe were discussed briefly. Important optical and electrical characteristics are presented in the tables and remaining issues have discussed, this could be looked into for further research. The applications of CdTe crystals for photovoltaic fields are also discussed in this review paper. Pleiades Publishing, Ltd. 2023. ISSN 0031-918X, Physics of Metals and Metallography, 2023, Vol. 124, No. 14, pp. 17951812. Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2023. ISSN 0031-918X, Physics of Metals and Metallography, 2023. Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2023. -
Forensic applications of graphene oxide
Forensic analysis is an enormous field comprising the detection of various types of samples. The objective of forensic evidence examination is to provide a cohesive, transparent, and unbiased judgment of the evidence's significance to the investigators. Graphene oxide (GO) is an abundant substance that comprises carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a single layer making it highly economical. Therefore, the utilization of GO is highly considered for achieving the detection and analysis of various substrates. This can be justified by its facile and economical preparation that contributes to improving its significance and applicability. Forensic samples include trace elements that can be pre-concentrated with the help of a sustainable medium provided by GO. This book chapter aims to provide exciting insights into the synthesis, properties, and applications of GO in the detection of various forensic samples of GO. 2024 -
Experimental investigation of a biomass-derived nanofluid with enhanced thermal conductivity as a green, sustainable heat-transfer medium and qualitative comparison via mathematical modelling
In this study, bio-based carbon nanospheres (CNSs) were synthesized from lignocellulosic-rich groundnut skin (Arachis hypogaea) and tested for their practical application in nanofluids (NFs) for enhanced heat transfer. The CNSs were characterized using various techniques, including FESEM, EDS, XRD, Raman spectroscopy, zeta potential analysis, and FTIR. Thermal conductivity (TC) and viscosity measurements were conducted using transient plane source (TPS) technique with a Hot Disk thermal analyser and discovery hybrid rheometer, respectively. The nanoparticles (NPs) were dispersed in two base fluids: ethylene glycol (EG) and a 60 : 40 mixture of deionized water (DI) and EG. Optimization studies were performed by varying the stirring and measurement times to improve TC values. The results showed that when a power source of 40 mW was applied at a high concentration of nanoparticles (i.e., 0.1 wt%), there was a 91.9% increment in thermal conductivity (TC) compared to the base fluid EG. DI-EG-based nanofluids (NFs) exhibited enhancements of up to 45% compared to the base fluid DI-EG (60 : 40), with a heating power of 80 mW and concentration of 0.1 wt%. These results demonstrated significant TC improvements with NP incorporation. Further experiments were performed by varying the temperature in the range of 30-80 C with readings taken for every 10 C increase, which showed a direct relation with the TC values. At 80 C, EG-based NFs showed increments of 77%, 111.49%, 139.67% and 175% at 0.01, 0.02, 0.05 and 0.1 wt% concentrations of NPs, respectively. It was also found that with the increase in the concentration of NPs, viscosity increased, whereas an increase in the temperature led to a decrease in viscosity. The CNS nanofluid exhibited a Newtonian behaviour with the nanoparticle concentration and temperature, resulting in an approximately 114% enhancement compared to the base fluid when the concentration of CNSs was 0.1 wt% at 30 C but decreased by up to 18% when the temperature was increased to 90 C. Using appropriate mathematical models for assessing thermophysical quantities, it was discovered that the model values and experimental values correspond reasonably well. Our method thus validates our experimental results and deepens the understanding of the mechanisms behind enhancing thermal conductivity in biomass-derived nanofluids. In summary, our work advances sustainable nanomaterial synthesis, providing a new solution for boosting thermal conductivity while maintaining environmental integrity, thereby inspiring further research and innovation in this field. 2024 RSC. -
Recent Trends and Progress in Corrosion Inhibitors and Electrochemical Evaluation
Science and engineering research studies are currently concentrating on synthesizing, designing, producing, and consuming ecologically benign chemical species to replace harmful chemicals. This is due to the increasing demands of conservation knowledge and strict ecological regulations. Numerous environmentally friendly substitutes produced from natural resources, including biopolymers, plant extracts, chemical pharmaceuticals (drugs), and so on, are now frequently used as inhibitors to replace dangerous corrosion inhibitors. Many compounds have been extensively used. A range of methods, including physisorption, chemisorption, barrier protection, thin-film growth, and electrochemical procedures, will be used to provide corrosion resistance. The various kinds of corrosion inhibitors (CIs), the mechanisms underlying inhibition, and the evaluation procedures have all been covered in-depth. This review provides an overview of the relevant literature in which researchers and scientists used different types of CIs, the effect of CIs on metals, and information about designs and mechanisms used to minimize corrosion in a variety of equipment composed of alloys or metals, along with electrochemical evaluation studies. This review will provide scholars with fresh insights to advance the discipline. 2023 by the authors. -
Nanotechnology in the Food Industry
Food nanotechnology is a growing field that brings exciting new possibilities to the food industry, offering many opportunities for innovation. It can improve foods taste, health benefits, and nutritional value while leading to innovative products, packaging, and storage methods. Nanotechnology offers transformative potential in the food industry by designing nutrient delivery systems, nano-formulated agrochemicals, enhanced nutritional value, and novel bioactive encapsulation techniques. The food industry demands innovative technologies to maintain market leadership by producing fresh, authentic, convenient, and flavorful products. This chapter examines nanotechnologys role in food processing and packaging, emphasizing its potential for nanoscale control, personalized nutrition, enhanced product quality, and extended shelf life. It also provides insights into recent advances in industry-related R&D in food processing, focusing on innovations that improve efficiency and sustainability. This chapter further addresses food safety considerations and the regulatory measures necessary to manage health risks, such as nanoparticle accumulation and translocation in the body. 2026 selection and editorial matter, Reddicherla Umapathi, Naveen Kumar, and Rajat Singh; individual chapters, the contributors.