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Cinnamon A Competent Drug: A Review on Extraction, Analysis and Anticancer Action
Cinnamon, an Indigenous species, is extensively used as a folk medicine in India, China, and other parts of the world due to its therapeutic potential inherited via the latent chemical composition. The vital component presented is cinnamaldehyde, along with cinnamic acid and cinnamate, which contributes to being an anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, and anticancer agent together with the capability to control neurological syndromes like Alzheimer's and even Parkinson's diseases. Given the importance of the anticarcinogenic properties of cinnamon on various cell strains concerning the curable effect, this review focuses on evaluating different extraction methods like steam distillation, Soxhlet extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, and more, in addition to a summary of new technologies like gas chromatography, HPLC, DART-MS, and NMR, etc. which paved the way in characterizing the chemical composition of cinnamon. Cinnamaldehyde showed its apoptosis through various mechanistic pathways on an adequate number of cell lines and antineoplastic potential on specific multifaceted cancerous cells, which advocates for continued research and investment in this vital area of drug discovery and suggestions for future scope. 2024 Wiley-VCH GmbH. -
Polymer-Based Nanomaterial as a Bacteriostatic Agent on Gram-Positive Bacteria
The colonization of surfaces by bacteria is a widespread phenomenon that affects environmental processes and human health. Bacterial growth can also be found in materials used in the textile industries, food packaging, and wearable electronics. Moreover, the necessity for replacing traditional antibiotics is relevant due to the increased health risks of antimicrobial resistance from the excessive use of antibiotics. Recently, research is focused more on developing polymer-based antibacterial materials critical to preventing bacterial proliferation. The use of some nanomaterials appears to be very promising in this regard. This work reports the synthesis of a polymer-based nanomaterial derived from polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) via the hydrothermal method and studies its structural and optical properties. It is also observed that these nanoparticles (NPs) display the highest antibacterial potency against gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis) bacteria than their bulk counterpart. 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. -
Transparency in Translation: A Deep Dive into Explainable AI Techniques for Bias Mitigation
In an era dominated by artificial intelligence (AI), concerns about bias and discrimination loom large. The quest for fairness and equity in AI-driven decision-making has led to the exploration of Explainable AI (XAI) as a viable solution. This paper undertakes a thorough examination of the bias ingrained within AI systems and posits XAI as a potent antidote. Beginning with an exploration of the origins and aftermath of bias in AI, the analysis traverses the evolution of XAI techniques, including SHAP, LIME, and counterfactual explanations, clearly stating their advantages and drawbacks. With each XAI method thoroughly inspected, the study unravels their applicability across diverse AI models and domains. Furthermore, a compelling case study is presented, showcasing XAI's practical application in a language translation app, where it guarantees transparency and equity in the translation process. This tangible example serves as a testament to XAI's efficacy in mitigating bias within real-world applications. As the analysis concludes, it underscores the pivotal role XAI plays in fostering accountability and trustworthiness in AI systems. By shedding light on how XAI mitigates bias and offering concrete examples of its utility, the paper advocates for its widespread adoption as an imperative step towards the development of ethically robust AI systems. In a landscape filled with concerns about bias, XAI emerges as a beacon of hope, promising a future where AI decisions are transparent, fair, and equitable for all. 2024 IEEE. -
Green synthesis of modified ceria nanoparticles and their catalytic activity studies
Catalysis is a phenomenon where a reaction is taken through an alternative pathway involving lesser energy. Thus, it has an energy saving dimension implicit in its definition. This thesis involves the study of catalysts, synthesized by the solution combustion method. The fuel required for the newlinecombustion is aqueous extract obtained from the leaves of selected plants which gives added credence to the ecofriendly aspirations that dominated our work. A series of ceria based nano sized catalyst materials, pure and modified using rare earth metal oxides, transition metal oxides and a non-metallic substance have been synthesized by the above method. The catalysts have then been newlinecharacterized for their composition, crystallinity, morphology, surface properties, thermal stability etc. The prepared catalysts were subsequently evaluated for their catalytic and photocatalytic efficacy. The photocatalytic potential of the catalysts was evaluated on the degradation studies of two dyes Malachite Green (MG) and Congo Red (CR) under visible light and one antibiotic drug ciprofloxacin (CIP) under UV light. The catalysts were found to show good photocatalytic efficiency newlineon all the three substances mentioned above. The catalytic efficiency was evaluated on two chemical reactions. One, the reduction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol and the other, the synthesis of compounds of Biginelli reaction. To achieve maximum reduction the experimental conditions for the catalyst were newlineoptimized. Biginelli reaction involves the condensation of ethyl acetoacetate, newlinebenzaldehyde and urea in presence of modified ceria catalysts to form dihydropyrimidines. The reaction was performed with different catalysts and the one which gave the best yield was selected for further optimization of other reaction conditions. Employing the optimized conditions, a set of different newlinedihydropyrimidinone derivatives were synthesized by varying the precursor newlinealdehydes and ketones. Reusability studies for the catalysts were conducted for all the reactions mentioned above. -
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An efficient hybrid approach for numerical study of two-dimensional time-fractional Cattaneo model with Riesz distributed-order space-fractional operator along with stability analysis
In this article, we study and analyze the two-dimensional time-fractional Cattaneo model with Riesz space distributed-order. To obtain approximate solutions of this type of fractional model the combined and effective numerical approach based on the ADI Galerkin method and the Legendre spectral method used the ADI Galerkin numerical method uses the finite difference approach. The ADI Galerkin numerical method is used to approximate the proposed model in terms of the time variable, and the Legendre spectral method is applied to discretize the fractional model with respect to the space variable. Also, the convergence analysis and stability of the proposed method are discussed and reviewed in this manuscript. In the end, some numerical examples are tested for the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed method. As well as, in the numerical examples section, the presented numerical approach is compared with two numerical methods and the results are reported in a table. 2024 IOP Publishing Ltd. All rights, including for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies, are reserved. -
Usage of online educational courses by undergraduate engineering students in Karnataka
Increasing availability of low-cost technology has enabled many students to use online courses to supplement their studies. The emergence of MOOCs (Massively Open Online Courses) has also brought about a great revolution in the teaching and learning methods. In case of Indian students, since most of the online courses available are not customized according to the syllabus, the students do not find them completely useful. In this case, Massively Empowered Classrooms (MEC) provides curriculum based video lectures and quizzes to students free of cost. The students are able to gain a good understanding of the subject and also score well in exams. This paper is based on an exploratory study conducted to analyze the usage of online courses and MEC by the undergraduate engineering students in Karnataka, India. The paper also describes some expectations from students and teachers to improve the reach and impact of online education. 2013 IEEE. -
FinTech: Answer for Financial Literacy and Financial Inclusion in India
In India, financial literacy and financial inclusion is the need of the hour. Though economic growth of the country is growing in positive direction, it derailed by many factors such as financial literacy, accountability, and stability of the common public. It could be due to the deprived accessibility to the financial services in India. This study addresses the two key elements in economic growth of the country namely financial literacy and financial inclusion and how it could be handled by financial technology. This study sets up the platform in which it is trying to include perception and attitude of both the provider and the user of the fintech services and compiling its impact on both financial literacy and financial inclusion. A sample size of 644 respondents have been selected using multi-stage sampling technique and distributed with structured questionnaire. The study result gives implication for fin-tech service providers in understanding the consumer perspectives and government for policy making. The Electrochemical Society -
Unveiling the potential: iodide-infused nickel-enhanced MXene composite for high-performance sodium ion hybrid capacitors
2D-MXenes have gained much popularity for energy storage applications such as hybrid capacitors, and they have shown very competitive performance, especially as electrode materials for sodium ion hybrid capacitors. However, they suffer from various problems, such as morphology distortion and fast capacity fading, which results in the poor performance of the battery. As a result, researchers have focused more on MXene-based composite materials to address these issues. In this work, we report a sodium iodide and nickel-decorated MXene-based composite (Ti2C/Ni/NaI) material as an electrode for a sodium ion hybrid capacitor. Ti2C MXene and Ni were able to provide physical and mechanical strength, and iodine was able to produce redox activity. The composite had a rough surface with readily aggregated 2D-MXene sheets and was uniformly covered with Ni, Na, and I atoms. Several vibrational bands and peaks associated with Ti, Ni, Na, C and O in the Raman while XPS spectra confirmed the effective incorporation of dopants into the MXene sheets and successful synthesis of the Ti2C/Ni/NaI composite. The fabricated hybrid capacitor exhibited good capacity retention of 59% after 10,000 cycles at a current density of 0.5 mA g?1; thus, the Ti2C/Ni/NaI composite can be a promising electrode material for sodium-based hybrid capacitors. 2025 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd. -
Electrochemical sensor based on PVP coated cobalt ferrite/graphite/PANI nanocomposite for the detection of hydrazine
In this study, we developed a multi-layered electrode as an efficient nanocomposite electrochemical sensor for detecting carcinogenic hydrazine in water. Nano-cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) was prepared using poly (vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP), mixed with an optimum quantity of graphite and pasted on a stainless-steel current collector. The nanocomposite was further hybridised by electrodepositing with polyaniline (PANI). The obtained composite was characterized using XRD, FTIR, SEM, and electrochemical techniques. XRD analysis shows the successful formation of composite from individual precursors. According to SEM, wrinkled and layered morphology for graphite and aggregate clusters for cobalt with spike or tubular structure for polyaniline were observed. When subjected to amperometry current, the prepared electrode showed different peaks for different concentrations of hydrazine, such as 1 ?M to 100 ?M. Cyclic voltammetry studies showed an increase in oxidation and reduction peaks. These studies will lead to a new platform for their potential applications in detecting toxic materials in real samples such as water, plastic bottle, water etc., 2023 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd. -
A Revitalising Approach towards Aging: Unveiling the Potential Use of Probiotics for Wellness in Elderly Populations
Probiotics have emerged as a potential alternative for treating various diseases affecting general population. Mounting data suggests that probiotics can be beneficial for older individuals, who often have weakened immune systems and are more susceptible to illnesses. Dysbiosis commonly occurs in elderly individuals, which is implicated as a major reason for various diseases. The effectiveness of probiotics is influenced by the specific strain and the dosage administered. Extensive studies have shown how probiotics affect prevalent issues, such as functional bowel diseases and other gastrointestinal disorders. Probiotics exert their effects by synthesizing different microbial peptides, such as bacteriocins, antibiotics, lipopolysaccharides, short-chain fatty acids, butyric acid, propionic acid and other specific secretory metabolites. The common probiotics that are found to benefit the health of elderly populations include Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium lactis, Bacillus subtilis, Bifidobacterium longum and Bifidobacterium breve Further research is necessary to delve into the mechanism of action for both existing and novel probiotic strains for use in combating or aiding in diseases. Genetically, modified probiotics can be potentially used in the future to deliver immunity-restoring genes and as oral mode of vaccination in humans. Fecal microbiota transplantation has been gaining interest, used to restore gut conditions, and has also been linked to alleviating neurodegenerative diseases. The focus of this review was to present the available evidence on the immunomodulatory effects of probiotics in the elderly population; aiming to gain a better understanding of their mechanism of action and to assess the progress made in utilizing probiotics as therapeutic interventions. 2023 JHSMR. Hosted by Prince of Songkla University. All rights reserved. -
Process Optimization Using Value Stream Mapping in PCB Manufacturing
PCB Manufacturing process is a complex process and has several processes and sub-processes. Adopting a lean manufacturing system will help to increase the efficiency of the system. This study aims to optimize the process for PCB manufacturing using value stream mapping. Observation method has been used to collect the cycle time of different processes from a PCB manufacturing plant in India. Pareto charts, why-why analysis and Ishikawa diagrams have been used to do the analysis and optimize the process and create a value stream mapping for the entire process. Standard Operating Procedures have been framed and solutions to increase the efficiency has been proposed. 2022 IEEE. -
Primary mirror active control system simulation of Prototype Segmented Mirror Telescope
The upcoming large astronomical telescopes are trending towards the Segmented Mirror Telescope (SMT) technology, initially developed at the W M Keck Observatory in Hawaii, where two largest SMTs in the world are in use. SMT uses large number of smaller hexagonal mirror segments aligned and positioned by the use of three position/force actuators and six intersegment edge sensors. This positioning needs to be done within nanometer range to make them act like a monolithic primary mirror in the presence of different disturbances like wind, vibration & thermal effects. The primary mirror active control system of SMT does this important task at two levels. First at a global scale, by measuring edge sensor information continuously and commanding actuators to correct for any departure from the reference surface. And second at local actuator level, where all the actuators maintain their position to the reference control inputs. The paper describes our novel approach of primary mirror active control simulation of Prototype Segmented Mirror Telescope (PSMT) under design and development at Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA), Bangalore. The PSMT is a 1.5m segmented mirror telescope with seven hexagonal segments, 24 inductive edge sensors, and 21 soft actuators. The state space model of the soft actuator with Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) capability is developed to incorporate dynamic wind disturbances. Further, a segment model was developed using three such actuators which accept actuator position commands from the global controller and telescope control system and yields tip-tilt-piston (TTP) of a single segment. A dynamic wind disturbance model is developed and used to disturb the mirror in a more realistic way. A feed forward PID controller is implemented, and gains are appropriately tuned to get the good wind rejection. In the last phase, a global controller is implemented based on SVD algorithm to command all the actuators of seven segments combined to act as a single monolithic mirror telescope. In this paper, we present the progress of PSMT active control system simulation along with the simulation results. 2017 IEEE. -
Design and Simulation of 6.2m Wide-Field Telescope for Spectroscopic Survey
The upcoming large astronomical telescopes are trending towards the Segmented Primary Mirror due to technological advancements & manufacturing feasibility. We have designed a wide-field optical IR spectroscopic survey telescope that can deliver spectra of several millions of astronomical sources. The baseline design of this telescope is a 6.2 m segmented primary mirror with hexagonal mirror segments of 1.44m size, intersegment Edge sensors, and soft positioning actuators. The telescope is designed to provide a 2.5deg FOV achieved through a system of wide field corrector lenses with a design residual ~0.2". Also, it delivers an f/3.61 beam suitable for directly feeding optical fibres. A mechanical concept of the telescope is designed with a truss-based mirror cell to support the segmented primary mirror and keep the deformation to a minimum. As the primary mirror is segmented, the deformation due to different disturbances like wind, vibration and thermal effects must be corrected to a nanometer accuracy to make it act like a monolithic primary mirror. This is achieved through an active control system using three actuators and six inter-segment edge sensors. A simulation tool, codeSMT, is built based on the state-space model of a soft actuator with Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) capability to incorporate dynamic wind disturbance from the IAO Hanle site and vibration effects. A detailed error multiplier analysis is performed numerically using this tool and is in good agreement with analytical calculations. A parameter sensitivity analysis is performed to fine-tune the primary mirror control system variables. This paper presents the Optical, Mechanical and Active Control system design approach of a 6.2m wide-field telescope currently under conceptual design. 2024 SPIE. -
Taxonomic studies in the genus Haplanthodes (Acanthaceae)
The endemic Indian genus Haplanthodes (Acanthaceae) is revised. Four species, viz. H. neilgherryensis, H. plumosa, H. tentaculata and H. verticillata and a new variety, H. neilgherryensis var. toranganensis are recognized. Lectotype is designated for Haplanthodes, Haplanthus plumosus and H. verticillaris. The nomenclature of the Linnaean name Ruellia tentaculata is also discussed. Micromorphology of seed using light microscope (LM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) is observed for the first time, and two types, reticulate and micro papillate, have been recognized based on surface sculpturing pattern. The genus differs from the related genera Andrographis and Haplanthus by distinctly two grooved seeds with hygroscopic hairs. Pollen grains of the genus are oblate or prolate spheroidal, distinctly triangular, trizonocolporate with reticulate exine ornamentation. Copyright 2021 Magnolia Press -
Exploring Ethical Considerations: Privacy and Accountability in Conversational Agents like ChatGPT
In recent years, advances in artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning have transformed the landscape of scientific study. Out of all of these, chatbot technology has come a long way in the last few years, especially since ChatGPT became a well-known artificial intelligence language model. This comprehensive review investigates ChatGPT's background, applications, primary challenges, and possible future advancements. We first look at its history, progress, and fundamental technology before delving into its many applications in customer service, health care, and education. We also discuss potential countermeasures and highlight the major challenges that ChatGPT faces, including data biases, moral dilemmas, and security threats. Finally, we go over our plans for ChatGPT's future, outlining areas that need further research and development, improved human-AI communication, closing the digital gap, and ChatGPT integration with other technologies. This study offers useful information for scholars, developers, and stakeholders interested in the rapidly evolving subject of artificial intelligence-powered conversational bots. This study looks at the ways that ChatGPT has changed scientific research in several domains, such as data processing, developing hypotheses, collaboration, and public outreach. In addition, the paper examines potential limitations and ethical quandaries associated with the use of ChatGPT in research, highlighting the importance of striking a balance between human expertise and AI-assisted innovation. The paper addresses multiple ethical issues with the state of computers today and how ChatGPT can cause people to oppose this notion. This study also has a number of ChatGPT biases and restrictions. It is noteworthy that in a very short period, ChatGPT has garnered significant interest from academics, research, and enterprises, notwithstanding several challenges and ethical issues. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2024. -
Remote Diabetic Retinopathy Screening with IoT and Machine Learning on Edge Devices
This study presents a novel method of screening for diabetic retinopathy using edge devices the Internet of Things and machine learning. The developed remote screening system ensures broad accessibility as well as affordability by overcoming geographical barriers. While edge computing maximizes real-time analysis, the integration of sophisticated machine learning algorithms improves diagnostic accuracy. The investigation of socio-technical subtleties is guided by the interpretivist philosophy. The outcomes show a strong architecture, effective models, as well as revolutionary effects on accessibility. A critical assessment finds the good points and continuous improvements. Suggestions place a strong emphasis on scaling issues and the ongoing improvement of machine learning models. In order to secure data management and keep up with changing healthcare needs, future research suggests combining blockchain technology with sophisticated imaging modalities. This study advances early detection, enhances accessibility to healthcare, and advances remote screening technologies. 2023 IEEE. -
On an anti-torqued vector field on riemannian manifolds
A torqued vector field ? is a torse-forming vector field on a Riemannian manifold that is orthogonal to the dual vector field of the 1-form in the definition of torse-forming vector field. In this paper, we introduce an anti-torqued vector field which is opposite to torqued vector field in the sense it is parallel to the dual vector field to the 1-form in the definition of torse-forming vector fields. It is interesting to note that anti-torqued vector fields do not reduce to concircular vector fields nor to Killing vector fields and thus, give a unique class among the classes of special vector fields on Riemannian manifolds. These vector fields do not exist on compact and simply connected Riemannian manifolds. We use anti-torqued vector fields to find two characterizations of Euclidean spaces. Furthermore, a characterization of an Einstein manifold is obtained using the combination of a torqued vector field and FischerMarsden equation. We also find a condition under which the scalar curvature of a compact Riemannian manifold admitting an anti-torqued vector field is strictly negative. 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. -
Content-Restricted Boltzmann Machines for Diet Recommendation
Nowadays, society is leading towards an unhealthy and inactive and lifestyle. Recent studies show the rapid growth of people suffering from diseases caused due to unhealthy lifestyles and diet. Considering this, recognizing the right type and amount of food to eat with a suitable exercise set is essential to obtain good health. The proposed work develops a framework to recommend the proper diet plans for thyroid patients, and medical experts validate results. The experiments results illustrate that the proposed Content-Restricted Boltzmann Machines (Content-RBM) produces more relevant recommendations with content-based information. 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. -
Sentencing Framework in the Administration of Criminal Justice in India :
This Thesis aims at having uniformity while sentencing the accused in respect of similar newlineoffences by various criminal courts. It is submitted that, in India, there is no separate sentencing Act which provides for the sentencing of the accused. It is submitted that the present thesis also recommends for the post sentencing/research process and administration of Criminal Justice through courts and supervisory power of the court over the executive after newlinethe conviction of the accused and during the pre-trial detention. Emphasis is also laid on newlineBails Act which is required to be legislated in the administration of Criminal Justice in India. The said Bails Act and Sentencing Act are very much in force in different common law countries such as New Zealand, UK, and USA. Similar legislations are the need of hour in the present day for administration of Criminal justice in India. The thesis also aims at highlighting the disparity of Sentencing by the different Criminal Courts in India. There are instances where length of detention itself is held to be sufficient, mitigating grounds are taken into consideration, and the accused is being given set-off for the period that he has already newlineundergone. The administration of post-sentencing process, more particularly probation is also being highlighted. The need for probation is also being highlighted, so also the requirement of plea bargaining being more popularised. The grant of parole by the executive in ignorance of conviction order is also critically analysed. Reforms are suggested for the better administration of criminal justice with special reference to sentencing.