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Production of betalains in plant cell and organ cultures: a review
Betalains are nitrogen-containing natural pigments that are water soluble and they comprise of the red-violet betacyanin and the yellow betaxanthin which are abundant in plants such as red/yellow beet, amaranth, prickly pear, pitaya, and others. They are widely used as food coloring agents for many centuries. Betalains are used in pharmaceuticals, functional foods, and cosmeceuticals, since they have tremendous potential to scavenge free radicals and prevent diseases, such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, cancer, neurological disorders, and vascular stenosis. Betalains are proven to be toxicologically safe and have health benefits, they have been approved as food additives in the United States of America, and European countries. Although betalains can be found in natural resources, there are differences in their composition, amounts, and seasonality. For this reason, researchers have developed alternative methods of producing these valuable compounds using cell and organ culture techniques. In several plants, cell and organ cultures are established, and bioreactor technologies have been used to produce betalains on a wide scale. In this review, we discuss the varied biotechnological methods and approaches applied for the biosynthesis of betalains including metabolic engineering approaches. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2024. -
Production of anthraquinones from cell and organ cultures of Morinda species
Abstract: Since ancient times, Morinda species, particularly Morinda citrifolia, have been used for their therapeutic benefits. Iridoids, anthraquinones, coumarins, flavonoids, lignans, phytosterols, and carotenoids are examples of natural substances with bioactivity. Anthraquinone derivatives are the most significant of these chemicals since they are utilized as natural coloring agents and have a wide range of medicinal functions. Utilizing cell and organ cultures of Morinda species, various biotechnological methods have been developed for the bioproduction of anthraquinone derivatives. The generation of anthraquinone derivatives in cell and organ cultures is summarized in this article. The methods used to produce these chemicals in bioreactor cultures have also been examined. Key points: This review investigates the potential of cell and organ cultures for anthraquinone synthesis. The overproduction of anthraquinones has been addressed using a variety of techniques. The use of bioreactor technologies for anthraquinone manufacturing is highlighted. 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature. -
Product specific determinants of electronic gadget purchase intention - a case of the purchase behaviour of Indian youth
This study investigated the impact of product specific features of electronic gadgets on the purchase intention on the Indian youth. The study was quantitative in nature and data was collected from 650 young electronic gadget consumers in Bengaluru, India using structured questionnaires. Descriptive statistics and structural equation modelling (SEM) were used for data analysis. Brand image, product design, and country of origin are referred as product evaluation attributes; and corporate identity were identified as the determinants of purchase intention. Respondents were neutral regarding the role of product evaluation attributes and corporate identity in their purchases, but acknowledged these factors' importance. Findings implied a positive and significant influence of product evaluation attributes on the corporate identity of companies, and purchase intention of the youth. However, corporate identity did not influence purchase intention, clearly indicating that only product specific features, such as brand, design and country of origin are considered when youngsters purchase gadgets. Copyright 2022 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd. -
Product knowledge attitude and motivation on purchase intention towards organic food products
India is credited to have the largest area under organic food cultivation. The size of the area earmarked with organic food cultivation is akin to countries like newlineArgentina, Brazil, China and Uruguay. newlineDelhi, Bangalore, Chennai and Pune are four cities in India that are experiencing increased consumer interest towards organic food products. This increased consumer interest has led to the emergence of many retailers to sell organic food products that have their presence across the above mentioned four cities. Conscious Foods, Eco Farms, Morarka Organic Foods, Navdanya, Organic India, Sresta etc are some of the retailers doing business in the organic food market segment. The consumer demand for food products that are cultivated organically in India for the period between 2012 and 2017 was predicted to increase at a CAGR of approximately 19%. In India, consumer demand for organically produced food products between the period 2015 and 2020 is expected to increase at a CAGR above 25% (India Organic Food market, 2020). Domestic demand towards organically produced food products for the Indian market presently is approximated at 40,000 million Indian Rupees. This figure is poised to increase by 100,000 million to 120,000 million Indian Rupees for the year 2020 with an identical increase in exports business towards organic food products ( Big Basket keen on collaborating with organic farmers in Karnataka, 2017). Although India is a developing economy, the market for organic food products is immature. Country specific research undertaken by AC Nielsen in the year 2006 revealed that despite Indians being one of the top ten buyers of food fortified with additives for general well-being; do not have access to organic food products. Poor infra-structure conditions in the country such as transportation facilities, storage, warehousing, etc leads to low volume of the newlineproducts for transaction which further increases selling price of organic food newlineproducts. -
Processor implemented method for watermarking and cyber protection of deep learning models /
Patent Number: 202141013761, Applicant: Dr. C Kailasanathan.
The present invention relates to processor implemented method for watermarking and cyber protection of deep learning models. The objective of the present invention is to solve the problems in the prior art related to technologies of cyber security in communication and processing of block chain data. -
Processor implemented method for watermarking and cyber protection of deep learning models /
Patent Number: 202141013761, Applicant: Dr. C Kailasanathan.
The present invention relates to processor implemented method for watermarking and cyber protection of deep learning models. The objective of the present invention is to solve the problems in the prior art related to technologies of cyber security in communication and processing of block chain data. -
Processor implemented method for watermarking and cyber protection of deep learning models /
Patent Number: 202141013761, Applicant: Dr. C Kailasanathan.
The present invention relates to processor implemented method for watermarking and cyber protection of deep learning models. The objective of the present invention is to solve the problems in the prior art related to technologies of cyber security in communication and processing of block chain data. -
Processing of nanoreinforced aluminium hybrid metal matrix composites and the effect of post-heat treatment: a review
The demand for cutting-edge materials with a high strength-to-weight ratio and economic considerations is steadily increasing. Lightweight materials such as aluminium (Al) and its alloys are attractive, but some properties such as low thermal stability and high wear rate limit the application of aluminium alloys (AA) to some extent. Many researchers have developed various composites to get around these restrictions and increase the performance of aluminium and its alloy. Metal matrix composites (MMCs) with nanoparticles have revealed greater mechanical and tribological properties compared with micron-sized reinforcements. Most engineering applications require materials with excellent multidimensional properties, which are difficult to achieve using single reinforced MMCs. Hybrid metal matrix composites (HMMCs) with superior properties are the latest trends in composite technology. The choice of reinforcement selection has a vibrant role in the manufacturing of hybrid metal matrix composites. Researchers face a major challenge in finding optimum reinforcement combinations and their corresponding concentrations. The manufacturing of nanocomposites is difficult due to their high surface area and energy. To determine the most effective reinforcement combinations for hybrid composites, this article addresses several nanoreinforcements, their effects, and the appropriate processing methods for aluminium and its alloys. Researchers have paid less attention to the impact of precipitation hardening in aluminium and its alloys; thus, this paper also considers the effect of post-heat treatment ofaluminium composites. 2022, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology. -
Processing low-cost feedstock's into high quality biodiesal with a novel chemical multi functional process intensifier method /
Patent Number: 202141060717, Applicant: Ravikumar R.
A method and apparatus for producing a cost-effectively purified biodiesel product from feedstocks are provided. It is possible to utilize both a crude feedstock pretreatment process and a free fatty acid refining process in certain implementations before transesterification and the creation of crude biodiesel and glycerin. When it comes to biodiesel refining, there are several options. As a result of these operations, a pure biodiesel product that meets various commercial requirements may be produced. -
Processing low-cost feedstock's into high quality biodiesal with a novel chemical multi functional process intensifier method /
Patent Number: 202141060717, Applicant: Ravikumar R.
A method and apparatus for producing a cost-effectively purified biodiesel product from feedstocks are provided. It is possible to utilize both a crude feedstock pretreatment process and a free fatty acid refining process in certain implementations before transesterification and the creation of crude biodiesel and glycerin. When it comes to biodiesel refining, there are several options. As a result of these operations, a pure biodiesel product that meets various commercial requirements may be produced. -
Processing low-cost feedstock's into high quality biodiesal with a novel chemical multi functional process intensifier method /
Patent Number: 202141060717, Applicant: Ravikumar R.
A method and apparatus for producing a cost-effectively purified biodiesel product from feedstocks are provided. It is possible to utilize both a crude feedstock pretreatment process and a free fatty acid refining process in certain implementations before transesterification and the creation of crude biodiesel and glycerin. When it comes to biodiesel refining, there are several options. As a result of these operations, a pure biodiesel product that meets various commercial requirements may be produced. -
Processing low-cost feedstock's into high quality biodiesal with a novel chemical multi functional process intensifier method /
Patent Number: 202141060717, Applicant: Ravikumar R.
A method and apparatus for producing a cost-effectively purified biodiesel product from feedstocks are provided. It is possible to utilize both a crude feedstock pretreatment process and a free fatty acid refining process in certain implementations before transesterification and the creation of crude biodiesel and glycerin. When it comes to biodiesel refining, there are several options. As a result of these operations, a pure biodiesel product that meets various commercial requirements may be produced. -
Processing low-cost feedstock's into high quality biodiesal with a novel chemical multi functional process intensifier method /
Patent Number: 202141060717, Applicant: Ravikumar R.
A method and apparatus for producing a cost-effectively purified biodiesel product from feedstocks are provided. It is possible to utilize both a crude feedstock pretreatment process and a free fatty acid refining process in certain implementations before transesterification and the creation of crude biodiesel and glycerin. When it comes to biodiesel refining, there are several options. As a result of these operations, a pure biodiesel product that meets various commercial requirements may be produced. -
Processing low-cost feedstock's into high quality biodiesal with a novel chemical multi functional process intensifier method /
Patent Number: 202141060717, Applicant: Ravikumar R.
A method and apparatus for producing a cost-effectively purified biodiesel product from feedstocks are provided. It is possible to utilize both a crude feedstock pretreatment process and a free fatty acid refining process in certain implementations before transesterification and the creation of crude biodiesel and glycerin. When it comes to biodiesel refining, there are several options. As a result of these operations, a pure biodiesel product that meets various commercial requirements may be produced. -
Processing low-cost feedstock's into high quality biodiesal with a novel chemical multi functional process intensifier method /
Patent Number: 202141060717, Applicant: Ravikumar R.
A method and apparatus for producing a cost-effectively purified biodiesel product from feedstocks are provided. It is possible to utilize both a crude feedstock pretreatment process and a free fatty acid refining process in certain implementations before transesterification and the creation of crude biodiesel and glycerin. When it comes to biodiesel refining, there are several options. As a result of these operations, a pure biodiesel product that meets various commercial requirements may be produced. -
Process scheduling in heterogeneous multicore system using agent based graph coloring algorithm
In any heterogeneous multicore system, there are numerous amount of processors with different platform and all the processing units are fabricated on a common single unit preferably on a System on Chip. As there is a tremendous amount of parallelism encompassed in a multicore system, proper utilization of the cores is a big challenge in the current era. Hence a more automated software approach is required like an agent based graph coloring algorithm to find the free processor and schedule the tasks on the respective cores. Predominantly the entire process of scheduling the tasks on multicore system is based on arrival time of process. This paper incorporates the scheduling on the linux 2.6.11 kernel and GEMS simulator for multicore implementation. The core utilization in this type of agent scheduling is 50% more than the existing scheduling mechanism. BEIESP. -
Process Optimization Using Value Stream Mapping in PCB Manufacturing
PCB Manufacturing process is a complex process and has several processes and sub-processes. Adopting a lean manufacturing system will help to increase the efficiency of the system. This study aims to optimize the process for PCB manufacturing using value stream mapping. Observation method has been used to collect the cycle time of different processes from a PCB manufacturing plant in India. Pareto charts, why-why analysis and Ishikawa diagrams have been used to do the analysis and optimize the process and create a value stream mapping for the entire process. Standard Operating Procedures have been framed and solutions to increase the efficiency has been proposed. 2022 IEEE. -
Process of identity development and psychological functioning: A critical narrative review for the Indian context
Background: Identity is a crucial milestone achievement for adolescents to become contributing adult members in society. This narrative research focused on exploring the link between identity development and psychological functioning and understanding the process of Indian adolescents' and adults' identity development and psychological functioning. Often, the Indian identity researchers use the theories of identity development conceptualized by Erikson, James Marcia and Michael Berzonsky which have been primarily conceptualized to understand the process of individual's identity development in the western individualistic cultural context. These theorists based their theories on certain essential contextual conditions, for the individuals' identity development. This review article critically explored the availability and applicability of those contextual conditions for Indian adolescents' and adults' identity development. Methods: The articles for the review were mainly collected from the online databases such as PROQUEST Research Library, Taylor and Francis, the archives of the Indian Journal of Social Psychiatry, the archives of the Indian Journal of Psychiatry, EBSCO, and Google. A narrative review method was used to examine various elements of the process of identity development conceptualized by the mainstream identity development theorists Erikson, James Marcia, and Michael Berzonsky and their applicability to the process of Indian adolescents' and adults' identity development. Results: The review found that the processes of mainstream identity development theories have some serious limitations in their applicability to the Indian context. Conclusions: This article identified alternative identity development processes and interventions that could be used to enhance Indian adolescents' and adults' identity development. 2022 The Author(s). -
Process of Emotion Regulation in Relation to Attachment and Mindfulness Traits During Gottman's Dreams-WIthin-Conflict Intervention
Gottman Couple Therapy (GCT) promotes process research to comprehend how interventions function. A GCT intervention called Dreams-within-Conflict (DWC) encourages healthy emotional regulation techniques including expression and experiencing to diffuse impasses. The purpose of this study is to examine emotion regulation and experiencing changes during a single DWC session using convergent mixed methods on N=30 individuals (15 couples). The techniques for controlling emotions (Extrinsic/Intrinsic affect Worsening/Improving strategies EW, IW, EI, II) and experiencing mode/peak scores (ESM & ESP) were measured using self- assessments, observation rating and coding of video recordings, interviews, and feedback reports in relation to individual traits of emotion regulation (cognitive reappraisal & suppression), beliefs, attachment (avoidance & anxiety), and mindfulness. Paired-samples t-test revealed that DWC significantly reduced partners' EW and boosted partners' EI and II. Both ESM and ESP significantly improved. Results from hierarchical linear modelling showed that before-DWC EI, gender, cognitive reappraisal, and suppression predicted EI and before-DWC II and avoidance predicted II. None of the variables predicted EW or IW. Gender predicted ESM. The emotional regulation strategies, experiencing and preferences for expression (over suppression) shared by Indian couples were examined using thematic analysis. Avoidance, conflict behaviours, and prioritising parents' emotions over partners' (in men) were most used strategies. Experiencing levels 1-3 used before-DWC changed to 3-4 during-DWC. Expression was unanimously preferred by Indian couples. -
Process of Emotion Regulation in Indian Couples During Gottmans Dreams-Within-Conflict Intervention: A Mixed-Methods Design Study
Gottman Couple Therapy (GCT) is based on 40 + years of empirical findings and advocates process research, enabling an understanding of how an intervention works. Dreams-within-Conflict (DWC) is a GCT technique that softens the stand on unresolvable issues by facilitating positive emotion regulation strategies such as expressing vulnerabilities, understanding, and soothing in place of destructive strategiessuch as criticism and defensiveness. The aim of the study is to understand the emotion regulation process during a one-session DWC intervention using a convergent parallel mixed-methods design examining N = 30 individuals (15 couples) during the DWC intervention. The changes in emotion regulation strategies (Extrinsic/Intrinsic affect Worsening/Improving strategiesEW, IW, EI, II) in partners were examined in the presence of individual characteristics of emotion regulation traits (cognitive-reappraisal and suppression) and beliefs using self-assessment questionnaires, feedback reports, thematic coding of video recordings, and a semi-structured interview. Paired-samplest-test results showed that DWC fosters emotion regulation strategies by significantly decreasing partners EW and increasing EI and II strategies. Though IW strategies declined during-DWC, the changes were not significant. Hierarchical linear modeling findings showed that before-DWC emotion regulation strategies, gender, and individual emotion regulation traits of cognitive-reappraisal and suppression predicted EI, and before-DWC strategies predicted II, but none of the variables predicted EW and IW during-DWC. To further understand the interventional implications, the emotional regulation strategies and preferences for expression (over suppression) shared by the Indian couples were examined using thematic analysis. The results show that avoidance, conflict behaviors, and prioritizing parents emotions over partners (in men) were the most often employed regulatory strategies. Simultaneously, Indian couples unanimously agreed that expression of emotions was a crucial factor for marital satisfaction. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2023.