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Microbial fuel cells for electricity generation and environmental bioremediation
The environmental impact on the use of fossil fuels and their unsustainable nature has led to the development of techniques using renewable energy and fuel cells. The recent decade has captured the attention of scientists towards the importance of microbial fuel cells (MFCs) with the role of microbial ability in converting organic wastes directly to electricity through microbially catalyzed anodic reactions along with microbial/enzymatic cathodic electrochemical reactions. MFC represents an environmental friendly approach for the use of generating electricity using wastewater, thus ensuring a bioremedial approach for effluent treatment with the achievement of chemical oxygen demand (COD) of about 50% chemical oxygen demand and power densities. This MFC utilises microbial metabolism for electricity generation. The overall performance of electricigens or MFC is based on the reactor design, operating conditions, electrode material used, types of substrates, and microorganisms involved. The optimization parameters studies for commercial production and their applications for MFC need to be intensified. Microbes have applications as biopolymer electrolytes that can be variously used in the applications of batteries, fuel cells and dye-sensitized solar cells. The use of MFCs has many advantages as they are eco-friendly, they have high performance abilities and they are costeffective and therefore can be used for modern applications. 2022 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. -
Microbial Enzymes for Synthesis of Chiral Drug Intermediates
Microbes or microbial enzymes can catalyze the synthesis of bioorganic compounds, and this process is defined as biocatalysis. Biocatalysis has become an essential technique in organic biotransformation, typically applied in chemical industries. Biocatalysts generally show high activity and excellent enantio, stereo, regio, and chemo-selectivity. They offer practical and cost-effective ways to synthesize semi-synthetic analogues and novel drug molecules. Many bacteria and fungi-derived enzymes could catalyze highly specific hydroxylations of various substrates that are highly complex to synthesize by chemical methods. This chapter details and discusses different biocatalytic microbial platforms that permit to produce the chiral drug intermediates. 2023 selection and editorial matter, Ranjna Sirohi, Amit Kumar Rai, Luciana Porto de Souza Vandenberghe, and Binod Parameswaran; individual chapters, the contributors -
Microbial engineering strategies for synthetic microplastics clean up: A review on recent approaches
Microplastics are the small fragments of the plastic molecules which find their applications in various routine products such as beauty products. Later, it was realized that it has several toxic effects on marine and terrestrial organisms. This review is an approach in understanding the microplastics, their origin, dispersal in the aquatic system, their biodegradation and factors affecting biodegradation. In addition, the paper discusses the major engineering approaches applied in microbial biotechnology. Specifically, it reviews microbial genetic engineering, such as PET-ase engineering, MHET-ase engineering, and immobilization approaches. Moreover, the major challenges associated with the plastic removal are presented by evaluating the recent reports available. 2022 Elsevier B.V. -
Microbial Decomposition of Feather Waste
Keratin is generally found as an ?-keratin helix form in hair, nails, horns and ?-keratin sheet form found in feathers, scales, beaks and claws. ?-keratin contains a domain rich in residues favoring to form ?-sheet structures associated with the filament framework. 'N' and 'C' terminal domains are associated with the matrix and forms cross-linking via disulfide bonds. Several million tons of feather waste are generated by poultry industries each year. Since this waste is rich in protein, it contains excellent potential as a protein source for animal feed and other applications.Bacterial and fungal strains used in microbial degradation of feathers are summarized. Various species from the bacterium genus are involved in keratin degradation including Bacillus, Stenotrophomonas, Pseudomonas, Brevibacillus, Fusarium, Geobacillus, Chryseobacterium, Xanthomonas and Serratia which are some keratin degrading bacteria. Actinomycetes and fungi also contribute to feather degradation by the enzyme activity of keratinases. 2022 World Research Association. All rights reserved. -
Microalgae: a promising tool for plastic degradation
The use of plastics in the present-day routine is an unavoidable part of human life. It is posing a global environmental threat due to its never-ending accumulation. Complete disposal of plastics is a major problem, and for their complete degradation an effective solution or method has not been discovered yet. However, in order to turn to a biological approach for coping with the ever-increasing fear of plastic aggregation and decay, the development of a methodology would be useful for posterity. To eliminate plastic wastes, two scenarios exist: produce biodegradable plastics from renewable materials or fossil fuels as building blocks, such as hydrobiodegradable/oxo-biodegradable; or find appropriate microalgae and their toxins for the development of a protocol to effectively biodegrade the plastics. Just as biodegradation of plastics is a constructive option, as they are eco-friendly with not much harm done to the environment, the development of biodegradable plastic is also equally effective. Some of the algae that are isolated from the plastic wastes are green-algae, blue-green algae, diatoms, etc. Polyethylene is basically carbon and hydrogen polymer, which is exceptionally resistant to biodegradation (less than 0.5% over 100 years), whose degradation is dependent mainly on moisture, light, and temperature. The most used types of plastics like polyethylene terephthalate and polypropylene are a major threat as they are used in the manufacture of bottles, fibers, packing materials, etc. The degradation or disposal of these plastics is leading to their conversion into microsized particles which is further leading to harm to the environment, mainly when these microplastics interact with microalgae like Spirulina. However, landfill, incineration, and chemical methods are some of the conventional methods for polyethylene disposal that are fatal to the environment as they cause hazardous effects on flora and fauna. 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. -
Micro grid Communication Technologies: An Overview
Micro grid is a small-scale power supply network designed to provide electricity to small community with integrated renewable energy sources. A micro grid can be integrated to the utility grid. Due to lack of computerized analysis, mechanical switches causing slow response time, poor visibility and situational awareness blackouts are caused due to cascading of faults. This paper presents a brief survey on communication technologies used in smart grid and its extension to micro grid. By integration of communication network, device control, information collection and remote management an intelligent power management system can be achieved 2022 IEEE. -
Micro Borrowing an Amalgam of Structure and Strategy: Evidence from India
Micro borrowing was either an outcome of structure in the credit environment (termed the outreach stream), or a strategic response of the borrowers (termed the sustainability stream). Furthermore, borrower personal effects drove borrowing behaviour. This study draws variables from both the streams of literature and tests them against the amount borrowed and purposes loans are borrowed for. Results show how borrowing behaviour is neither an outcome of pure structure nor pure strategy, but rather, is an interplay of both, and further influenced by personal effects. The survey data (consisting of 839 rural borrower responses, from four districts of erstwhile Andhra Pradesh in South India) was subjected to a rigorous statistical analysis. Results show how a larger number of banks in the villages (a structural constraint), enabled the borrowers to receive larger loans, who defaulted more (a strategic response). Men borrowed larger sums (a personal effect). A similar amalgam of structure, strategy and personal effects drive borrowing behaviour even after controlling for loan purpose and district fixed effects. Yet, when district effects are introduced, amount borrowed is agnostic to personal effects, and is driven purely by structure and strategy. JEL Classifications: C25, C83, G51, Z13 2022 SAGE Publications India Pvt. Ltd. -
Micro and nano Bi2O3 filled epoxy composites: Thermal, mechanical and ?-ray attenuation properties
Polymer composites have attracted considerable attention as potential light-weight and cost-effective materials for radiation shielding and protection. In view of this, the present work focusses on development of lead-free composites of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) epoxy resin with micro (~ 10 ?m) and nano (~ 20 nm) bismuth (III) oxide (Bi2O3) fillers, using solution casting technique. Thermal, mechanical and ?-ray attenuation properties of the composites were studied by varying the filler loading. Inclusion of the fillers into epoxy matrix was confirmed both structurally and morphologically by XRD and SEM, respectively. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed the thermal stability of composites to be as high as 400 C. The nanocomposites exhibited relatively higher thermal stability than their micro counterparts. Among the composites, 14 wt% nano-Bi2O3/epoxy composites showed highest tensile strength of 326 MPa, which is about 38% higher than 30 wt% micro Bi2O3/epoxy composites. Mass attenuation coefficients (?/?) of the composites were evaluated at ?-ray energies ranging from 0.356 to 1.332 MeV. Nanocomposites showed better ?-ray shielding at all energies (0.356, 0.511, 0.662, 1.173, 1.280 and 1.332 MeV) than micro composites with same filler loading. These studies revealed the significance of nano-sized fillers in enhancing overall performance of the composites. 2021 Elsevier Ltd -
MHD nanofluid flow through Darcy medium with thermal radiation and heat source
In this analysis, we have considered heat transmission in two-dimensional steady laminar nanouid ow past a wedge. Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD), Brownian motion, viscous dissipation and thermophoresis eects are considered over the porous surface. Similarity transformations have been used to change the governing partial dierential equations (PDEs) into nonlinear higher-order ordinary dierential equations (ODEs). Governing ODEs with boundary conditions are then converted to the system of first-order initial value problem. After that the modeled system is solved numerically by RK4 technique. Impact of the magnetic number, Eckert number, Prandtl number, Lewis number, Brownian motion, thermophoresis and permeability parameters on the ow domain is analyzed graphically as well as in tabular form. It is noted that magnitude of Nusselt number for the ow regime increases with the increase of nondimensional parameter Pr; Nb; Nt while opposite behavior is observed in case of R. World Scientific Publishing Company. -
MHD nanofluid flow past a rotating disk with thermal radiation in the presence of aluminum and titanium alloy nanoparticles
The effects of thermal and exponential space dependent heat sources (THS and ESHS) on magneto-nanoliquid flow across a rotating disk with uniform stretching rate along radial direction are scrutinized in this communication. H2O based nanoliquids containing aluminium (AA 7075) and titanium (Ti6Al4V) alloy nanoparticles are considered. The AA7075 is made up of 90% Al, 5-6% Zn, 2-3% Mg, 1-2% Cu with additives such as Fe, Mn and Si etc. The flow is driven due to rotating disk with uniform stretching of the disk. Impacts of Joule and viscous heating are also deployed. The multidegree ordinary differential equations are formed via Von Karman transformations. The obtained non-linear BVP is solved by Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg based shooting approach (RKFS). Graphical illustrations depict the impacts of influential parameters on flow fields. The skin friction and Nusselt number are also calculated. Results pointed out that the thermal boundary layer growth stabilizes due to the influence of ESHS aspect. Velocities of AA7075 H2O nanofluid are superior than that of Ti6 Al4V H2O nanoliquid. Furthermore, the thermal performance of base liquid is outstanding when we added titanium alloy nanoparticles in comparison with aluminium alloy nanoparticles. 2018 Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland. -
MHD flow of SWCNT and MWCNT nanoliquids past a rotating stretchable disk with thermal and exponential space dependent heat source
The main purpose of this investigation is to analyze the impacts of a novel exponential space dependent heat source on MHD slip flow of carbon nanoliquids past a stretchable rotating disk. The flow is created due to rotation and stretching of the disk. Aspects of the convective condition and cross-diffusion (Soret and Dufour effects) are also accounted. A comparative study of nanofluids made up of SWCNTs (single-walled carbon nanotube) and MWCNTs (multi-walled carbon nanotube) is presented. The governing partial differential equations system is reduced to nonlinear ordinary boundary value problem. The RungeKuttaFehlberg is utilized for numerical simulations. Embedded dimensionless parameters on the flow fields are examined via graphical illustrations. The rate of heat mass transfer can be controlled by cross-diffusion, exponential space-based heat source and thermal-based heat source effects. It is also proved that q( ) (? ) x q x SWCNT nanoliquid MWCNT nanoliquid -. A novel idea of the exponential space dependent heat source is implemented in the investigation of the slip flow over a rotating deformable disk under the effects of cross-diffusion, temperature based heat source and magnetic field for the first time. A comparison between two different fluids namely SWCNT-H2O nanoliquid and MWCNT-H2O nanoliquid are studied. 2019 IOP Publishing Ltd Printed in the UK. -
MHD flow and nonlinear thermal radiative heat transfer of dusty prandtl fluid over a stretching sheet
Boundary layer flows and melting heat transfer of a Prandtl fluid over a stretching surface in the presence of fluid particle suspensions has been investigated. The converted set of boundary layer equations are solved numerically by RKF-45 method. Obtained numerical results for flow and heat transfer characteristics are deliberated for various physical parameters. Furthermore, the skin friction coefficient and Nusselt number are also presented in Tabs. 2 and 3. It is found that the heat transfer rates are advanced in occurrence of nonlinear radiation compered to linear radiation. Also, it is noticed that velocity and temperature profile increases by increasing Prandtl parameter. 2020 Tech Science Press. -
Methods and model for worklife balance of women entrpreneurs /
Patent Number: 202011039249, Applicant: Dr. Purvi Pareek.
The increase in the rate of capital formation is an integral part of the economic development of a country. An women entrepreneur stimulates the economic forces in capital formation through his undertakings. When there is industrial development by means of establishing new industries at different locations, employment is generated, regional disparity is reduced and the better standard of living is achieved. -
Methodologies and Applications of Computational Statistics for Machine Intelligence
With the field of computational statistics growing rapidly, there is a need for capturing the advances and assessing their impact. Advances in simulation and graphical analysis also add to the pace of the statistical analytics field. Computational statistics play a key role in financial applications, particularly risk management and derivative pricing, biological applications including bioinformatics and computational biology, and computer network security applications that touch the lives of people. With high impacting areas such as these, it becomes important to dig deeper into the subject and explore the key areas and their progress in the recent past. Methodologies and Applications of Computational Statistics for Machine Intelligence serves as a guide to the applications of new advances in computational statistics. This text holds an accumulation of the thoughts of multiple experts together, keeping the focus on core computational statistics that apply to all domains. Covering topics including artificial intelligence, deep learning, and trend analysis, this book is an ideal resource for statisticians, computer scientists, mathematicians, lecturers, tutors, researchers, academic and corporate libraries, practitioners, professionals, students, and academicians. 2021, IGI Global. All rights reserved. -
Methodical investigation of filtering algorithms for human brain MRI
Retrieving useful information from the given data through a systematic and organized way can help to learn more about the data in a much better and clear way. Information is hidden in medical images. The medical images like Magnetic Resonance Images (MRI), Computed Tomography (CT), ultrasound, X-ray are suggested by the physicians depending upon the available symptoms of the disease. These medical images contain valuable information about a particular disease in hidden format. Identification of that potentially useful information is crucial in further treatments of a particular disease. In image mining the images are processed and extraction or mining of knowledge is done, to get original, valid, potentially useful, and understandable patterns from the available images. The obtained patterns are a good source for further research work. This research work uses brain Magnetic Resonance Images (MRI) of human beings. Different image filtering algorithms were used to retrieve noise free images. International Science Press. -
Method of preparing a document for survey instrument validation by experts
Validation of a survey instrument is an important activity in the research process. Face validity and content validity, though being qualitative methods, are essential steps in validating how far the survey instrument can measure what it is intended for. These techniques are used in both scale development processes and a questionnaire that may contain multiple scales. In the face and content validation, a survey instrument is usually validated by experts from academics and practitioners from field or industry. Researchers face challenges in conducting a proper validation because of the lack of an appropriate method for communicating the requirement and receiving the feedback. In this Paper, the authors develop a template that could be used for the validation of survey instrument. In instrument development process, after the item pool is generated, the template is completed and sent to the reviewer. The reviewer will be able to give the necessary feedback through the template that will be helpful to the researcher in improving the instrument. 2021 The Author(s) -
Method of enhancing quality of services in cloud computing environment using load balancer /
Patent Number: 202211006218, Applicant: Dr. Pratibha Giri. -
Method of enhancing quality of services in cloud computing environment using load balancer /
Patent Number: 202211006218, Applicant: Dr. Pratibha Giri. -
Method of enhancing quality of services in cloud computing environment using load balancer /
Patent Number: 202211006218, Applicant: Dr. Pratibha Giri. -
Method of enhancing quality of services in cloud computing environment using load balancer /
Patent Number: 202211006218, Applicant: Dr. Pratibha Giri.