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International investments and environmental protection in India - Policy and implementation gaps in mitigating the carbon footprints
Introduction: While India's contribution and progress on environment protection has been applauded by global leaders, India continues to be one of the biggest carbon and greenhouse gas (GHG) emitter globally. Major sectors responsible for carbon emissions are also the major sectors attracting international investments. This paper intends review such investments and examine their impact on environment. Methodology: A comprehensive review of the existing literature to identify the prevailing laws and policies that apply to corporations to meeting environmental standards was undertaken. In addition, extensive search was undertaken on the internet for reports and database that monitor corporate behavior and report about their disclosures and efforts on addressing environmental concerns. A review of the investment agreements signed, adopted and in-force in India was also undertaken to understand if they meet the standards of environmental protection. Data collection was done between July 2022 to June 2023. Findings: The Constitution of India stipulates protection and improvement of public and environmental health of the country. Several laws and policies have been adopted to meet this constitutional standard in India, including The National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC). The 17 SDGs have direct and indirect linkages and impact on the environment. It is evident that all international investment agreements up to 2017 have no mention of environment exemption clause nor incorporates the GATT Article XX exceptions. However, the recent IIAs do mention environment as exception to expropriation. It is also seen that investments by big corporations have been responsible for huge deforestation, water pollution, and fossil fuel globally and most of them have their footprints in India and continue to contribute to the countries carbon footprint. India's commitment to renewable and non-conventional energy is the silver lining to meeting the SDG goals and the net zero emission targets. Meeting ESG standards and its disclosures by regulatory body is another positive step towards environmental protection from international investments. Conclusion: The biggest global contributors to GHG and carbon emissions have their presence in India and thus contribute to the overall carbon foot print of India. All international investments must be required to comply with the legal and policy regulations on public health and environment protection. In this regard, corporations should be mandated to follow ESG standards to meet the SDGs objectives. 2023 The Authors -
International Financial Reporting Standards and Their Impact on Financial Performance of Mindtree Ltd: A Case Study
Indian Journal of Social Science Research, Vol-1 (2), pp. 44-55. ISSN-2321-208X -
INTERFACING PRIMAL RELIGION OF THE HAMAI (ZELIANGRONG), CHRISTIANITY, HERAKA, AND TINGKAO RAGWANG CHAPRIAK
This chapter explores the intertwinement between four religious traditions, namely (1) Characheng (primal religion of the Hamai) and its offshoots, (2) Heraka, (3) Tingkao Ragwang Chapriak (TRC), and (4) Christianity in contemporary Hamai (Zeliangrong) communities. The influence of the primal Hamai religion on Christianity is unquestionable, and at the same time, these two traditions hold sway over Heraka and TRC in varying degrees. The impacts of the interaction are at the levels of consciousness, belief systems, practices, and values. The chapter brings out the asymmetric encounter between reformed religious traditions (Heraka) of the Hamai and the proselytisation of Christianity in the Hamai communities that had led to the extinction of the primal religion of the former. Remarkably, Heraka and TRC are counter-proselytising movements against Christianity based on the primal belief system and synthesis of Christian and Hindu belief systems. For this purpose, the research employs comparative and dialogical approaches to explore and analyse the interconnection among the above religions. It argues that the current forms of Christianity, Heraka, and TRC in Hamai tribes are unique in themselves, and at the same time, they are also cyclically inspired by one another in the process of their encounters. 2025 selection and editorial matter, Maguni Charan Behera; individual chapters, the contributors. -
Interepisodic functioning in patients with bipolar disorder in remission
Background and Objectives: Patients with bipolar disorder (BD), despite recovering symptomatically, suffer from several functional impairments even in remission. The actual causes of impaired functioning are less known. Materials and Methods: The study aimed to examine the clinical and psychosocial determinants of functioning in patients with BD in remission. A cross-sectional single-group design was adopted (n = 150). Participants meeting the study criteria were screened with Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview Scale. The selected participants were administered various tools to assess the level of functioning and the clinical, psychosocial determinants of functioning. Results: The clinical characteristics of the sample included early age of onset of illness, presence of precipitating factors, fewer episodes, minimal comorbidities, history of psychotic episodes, family history of mental illness, good medication adherence, and low depression and mania scores. Psychosocial factors included higher stress and moderate social support and self-esteem in the sample. Poor functioning patients had a history of longer hospital stay and had greater scores on depression, mania, stress, and maladaptive coping styles than better functioning patients. Conclusion: Higher depression, mania, stress, and maladaptive coping strategies were related to poor functioning, while higher medication adherence, self-esteem, and social support were related to better functioning. 2018 Indian Psychiatric Society - South Zonal Branch Published by Wolters Kluwer - Medknow. -
Interconnections of yogic practices with mental health
Yoga, an ancient practise of humankind, attempts to promote a lifestyle that is free of maliciousness with emphasis on inculcating qualities that would aid the individual in living a life that is truly actualizing. Practise of yoga is not limited to holding specific asanas but various components of yoga such as pranayama, pratyahara, etc.; all attempt to enhance an individual's wellbeing. The chapter has contextualized yoga therapy including pranayama, mudras, and chakras to biopsychosocial models, and attempted to identify yogic practises that bring holistic enhancement. Yoga, being cost-effective, and having no side effects, unlike pharmacological treatments, can be used as an adjunctive therapeutic agent in improving symptoms or improving mood and reducing stress. However, it is important to note the feasibility and limitations of yoga interventions, like proper trained professionals to minimize any ill effects. The chapter attempted to promote the practise of yoga as an adjunctive form of treatment which would thereby aid in improving biopsychosocial wellbeing. 2024, IGI Global. All rights reserved. -
Interconnected Dynamics of Gold, Nifty, Crude Oil, and USD/INR: Insights from a Panel Data VAR Analysis
This study utilizes a panel data vector autoregression (PVAR) model to examine the relationships between Gold, Nifty, Crude Oil, and USD/INR, drawing from 3105 observations sourced from Yahoo Finance. Descriptive statistics reveal notable volatility, particularly in Gold and Crude Oil. Unit root tests confirm stationarity, crucial for time series analysis. Optimal lag selection recommends a lag order of 2, balancing model accuracy and complexity. Granger causality tests indicate limited predictive power, with gold influencing USD/INR unidirectionally. Impulse response function analysis and variance decomposition underscore Golds relative independence. Robustness tests affirm stability, highlighting USD/INRs endogeneity. This study enhances understanding of financial dynamics, offering insights for risk management, portfolio diversification, and monetary policy. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025. -
Interactions of Environmental Pollutant Aromatic Amines With Photo Excited States of Thiophene Substituted 1,3,4-Oxadiazole Derivative: Fluorescence Quenching Studies
In the present work, the fluorescence quenching of novel thiophene substituted1,3,4-oxadiazole derivative 2-(4-(4-vinylphenyl) phenyl)-5-(5-(4-vinylphenyl)thiophen-2-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (TSO) by five different environmental pollutant aromatic amine derivatives like 2,4-dimethylaniline, 3-chloroaniline, 4-chloroaniline, o-anisidine, and m-toluidine has been studied at room temperature through steady-state and time-resolved methods. It is observed that, the quenching efficiency is highest in the case of o-anisidine and least in the case of 3-chloroaniline. The fluorescence quenching mechanism between TSO and aromatic amines is analysed through different quenching models. The results suggest that, the fluorescence quenching is due to diffusion assisted dynamic or collisional quenching according to the sphere of action static quenching model and according to the finite sink approximation model, the bimolecular quenching reactions are due to the collective effect of dynamic and static quenching. Further, cyclic voltammetry and DFT studies suggest that the fluorescence quenching is due to electron transfer. Binding equilibria analysis confirms the 1:1 stoichiometric ratio between fluorophore and the quencher. 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature. -
Interactions between emotional and spiritual intelligence and their effects on employee performance
The association among worker behavior, spiritual intelligence, emotional intelligence, and system effectiveness is explained by this study. Understanding how others communicate and being aware of how one's own emotions affect others around you are all characteristics of emotional intelligence. Spiritual intelligence, which is a higher level of intelligence, reveals one's actual attributes and abilities. As company's most asset, the effectiveness of employee behavior has a significant impact on the company's ability to survive and thrive. In contrast to other facets of human conduct, employee conduct is distinguished by more formal behavior. This study aims to determine whether those with emotional and spiritual intelligence perform well at work. This research also aims to comprehend the behavior of emotionally intelligent and spiritually inclined people at work. Attempts are made in this study to ascertain whether higher levels of spiritual and emotional intelligence might boost the efficacy of these abilities. In this study, productivity at work is the dependent variable, whereas emotional intelligence and spiritual intelligence are independent variables. The parameters that can assess the variables were established using a literature review and a few common surveys. An organized survey that considers the variables is developed to gather information from the working class. To determine the link between the variables chosen for this study, the gathered data was analyzed using statistical approaches such as partial correlation and correlation. 2024 Author(s). -
Interaction of Nanomaterials with Plant Macromolecules: Nucleic Acid, Proteins and Hormones
Nanotechnology has the ability to change a wide range of industrial and agricultural operations. To harness these possibilities, it is essential to construct nano-materials that have minimum impact on the human body, plant systems as well as the environment. Using different materials can up-or down-regulate diverse genes of plants, create stimulating or stressful conditions and even cause production of metabolites that affect plant-associated microbes. The same nanoparticle can promote one plant species growth and be toxic to another. A small change in the concen-trations could cause either flourishment or senescence. It is crucial to understand how nanomaterials interact with nucleic acids, the most fundamental plant macro-molecule, as well as with the proteins and hormones made by biochemical processes. This chapter explores the basics of nanotechnology, with a brief classification and notes on some of the most recently used nanomaterials in agriculture such as metals and their oxides, quantum dots, graphene, arabinoxylan and chitosan nanoparticles, single and multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Interactions with these above-mentioned macromolecules are explored, along with futuristic applications in plants that are currently being tested, like nanocarriers and nanovalves. Through this work, it is hoped that the field will further be extended through proper understanding of the environmental implications of nanomaterials, and that green technology will become the norm. The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023. -
Interaction of Generational Differences with Gender and Residential Nature in Attitudes Toward Interfaith Marriages
The present study examined the interaction effects of generations, gender, and residential nature on attitudes toward interfaith marriage in a sample of 1190 Indian participants from iGen, Xennials and Millennials, and Baby Boomers generations. Data were collected using a socio-demographic response sheet and the Attitude Scale, with lower ratings indicating positive attitudes and higher ratings indicating negative attitudes. The results of this study demonstrated that generational differences are significantly associated with gender and residential nature. There was a significant interaction between generation and gender and generation and residential nature on attitudes toward interfaith marriages. 2024 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. -
Interacting Dark Energy and Its Implications for Unified Dark Sector
Alternative dark energy models were proposed to address the limitation of the standard concordance model. Though different phenomenological considerations of such models are widely studied, scenarios where they interact with each other remain unexplored. In this context, we study interacting dark energy scenarios (IDEs), incorporating alternative dark energy models. The three models that are considered in this study are time-varying ?, Generalized Chaplygin Gas (GCG), and K-essence. Each model includes an interaction rate ? to quantify energy density transfer between dark energy and matter. Among them, GCG coupled with an interaction term shows promising agreement with the observed TT power spectrum, particularly for ?<70, when ? falls within a specific range. The K-essence model (??0.1) is more sensitive to ? due to its non-canonical kinetic term, while GCG (??1.02) and the time-varying ? (??0.01) models are less sensitive, as they involve different parameterizations. We then derive a general condition when the non-canonical scalar field ? (with a kinetic term Xn) interacts with GCG. This has not been investigated in general form before. We find that current observational constraints on IDEs suggest a unified scalar field with a balanced regime, where it mimics quintessence behavior at n<1 and phantom behavior at n>1. We outline a strong need to consider alternative explanations and fewer parameter dependencies while addressing potential interactions in the dark sector. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2024. -
Inter-State Migration, Footloose Labour and Accessibility to Health Care: An Exploration among Metro Workers of a Camp in Bengaluru
The neoliberal political economy that India adopted in 1991 has brought in huge Foreign Direct Investments, which has led to a perceptible increase in the number of migrants in the major cities of India due to various structural reasons in their place of origin and rapid developmental activities in the cities. Bengaluru has the second largest migrant population after Mumbai, and as per the labour department of the government of Karnataka; there are more than 65 lakh migrant workers in Karnataka, who are involved in various developmental projects, including the metro railway project in Bangalore. Even though the Karnataka Building and Other Construction Workers Welfare Board (KBOCWWB) offers certain social security, including health care for registered migrants, they must wait more than a year to get these benefits. With privatisation and increased out-of-pocket expenditure for health related issues, the migrants face a major hurdle in surviving at the migrated workplaces. Many of them are unaware of welfare boards, and the number of migrants who are registered with them is very small. This paper aims to understand the accessibility of health facilities for migrant workers working in the Bengaluru Metro Project. This research will understand the legal, economic and psychological aspects related to the health status of migrant workers through qualitative study. The study used in-depth interviews to elicit responses from selected inter-state migrant workers to understand their access towards health facilities. The thematic analysis of the interview transcripts revealed a substantive gap in workers access to health facilities. The unregulated working conditions have added more stress to the workers, and due to poverty and unemployment back home, these hurdles are not forcing them to go back. More awareness creating interventions from the government can transform their lives. (2024), (University of Duisburg). All rights reserved. -
Inter-relational dynamics of factors affecting the emergence of orphan drugs; [Dynamique interrelationnelle des facteurs influennt lergence des micaments orphelins]
Orphan drugs are medications that are produced for the treatment of rare diseases. As there is less number of patients, the drug manufacturing companies are not keen in producing these drugs. Due to high costs of research and development and low profitability, companies do not want to invest in manufacturing of orphan drugs. Several laws have been passed by Governments of different nations to encourage the development of orphan drugs and make it available to patients. This study explores the interrelation dynamics of factors that has resulted in the greater availability of orphan drugs in recent times. Ten factors: internet technology, legislation, online patient support groups, government subsidiary, biotechnological advancements, corporate social responsibility, awareness and diagnosis of rare diseases and exclusive budgeting by pharmaceutical industries for orphan drugs related research and development and production were taken for the study. With a sample size of 38 experts, the technique of decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) was used for the study. It was found that information technology, legislation, support groups, and budget were the causes and the factors awareness, diagnosis, medicine availability, subsidiary, CSR and biotechnology emerged to be the effect. 2024 Acadie Nationale de Pharmacie -
Inter Frame Statistical Feature Fusion for Human Gait Recognition
Researches showed that gait is unique for individuals and human gait recognition gained much attention nowadays. The sequence of gait silhouettes extracted from the video sequences has its own significance for gait recognition performance. In this paper, a novel inter frame feature discriminating the individual gait characteristics is proposed. Consecutive frames within a gait cycle are divided into equal number of blocks and corresponding block differences are calculated. It can preserve the minute temporal variations of the different body parts within each block and the cumulative difference provide a unique feature capable of discriminating individuals. To avoid synchronization problems, secondary statistical features are extracted from the primary inter frame variations. Finally, feature level fusion schemes are applied on these statistical features with existing features extracted from CEI representation. The efficiency of the proposed feature is evaluated on widely adopted CASIA gait dataset B using subspace discriminant analysis. The experimental results show that our proposed feature has better recognition accuracy in comparison with existing features. 2019 IEEE. -
Intentions to adopt the blockchain: investigation of the retail supply chain
Purpose: Blockchain can track the material from the manufacturer to the end customers. Therefore, it can ensure the product's authenticity, transparency and trust in the retail supply chain (SC). There is a need to trace and track the retail products before it reaches the customers to check the quality of the products so that expired products can be recycled and reused, which in turn will help gain customers' trust. This research aims to investigate retail employees' behavioural intention to adopt blockchain in the retail SC. Design/methodology/approach: To examine the behavioural intention of employees in the retail SC, the research uses three theories the technology acceptance model; the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology; and the theory of planned behaviour. The technology acceptance model measures the employee's acceptance of blockchain in the retail SC. The unified theory of acceptance is used in this research to measure how blockchain adoption will improve the performance of the employees. The theory of planned behaviour is used in this research to measure whether the employees intend to adopt blockchain. A survey was carried out in the retail stores of India. Exploratory factor analysis and structural equation modelling were used for data analysis. Findings: This study found that the employees of the retail stores have a positive intention and attitude to adopt blockchain technology. Further, it was found that perceived behavioural control and effort expectancy was not promoting blockchain adoption in the retail sector. Practical implications: This study will help the retail stores' employees understand the blockchain in their operations and will motivate the top management of the retail companies to adopt this technology. The study is limited to the retail SC in India only. Originality/value: This study uses three theories technology acceptance model; the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology; and the theory of planned behaviour, which were not used in earlier studies of blockchain adoption in the retail SC. 2023, Emerald Publishing Limited. -
Intention to use fintech services: An investigation into the moderation effects of quality of internet access and digital skills
This paper aims to investigate the moderating influence of the quality of access to internet and digital skills on the factors that influence the intention to use fintech services among the young working population in India. We use the Theory of Planned Behavior to examine the intention to adopt financial technology in a rapidly technologically transformative Indian landscape. We conducted an empirical investigation on 324 young workers in India using the survey method. The TPB model's relevance in an Indian context is validated. Attitude, perceived behavioral control, and subjective norms together accounted for 48.7% of the variation in the intention to use fintech services. The quality of internet access significantly moderated the positive effect of young workers' attitudes on their intention to use fintech. Digital skills significantly moderated the positive effects of attitude and perceived behavioral control on intentions to use fintech services. India is considered a very fast adopter of digital technology. In India, the use of electronic channels in financial service delivery is on the rise. With the wide geographic dispersion and huge population, the quality of internet access and digital skills can influence the intention to use fintech services. There can be vast differences in the behavioral mindset of people in a developing country like India compared to that of a developed one regarding the use and adoption of digital platforms for accessing financial services. Developers and regulators must adopt approaches and policies that consider these behavioral factors. This paper examines the Theory of Planned Behaviour in the context of a rapidly transforming behavioural context in India with the adoption of technology-based financial services. The importance of quality internet access and digital skills as factors moderating the adoption of technology is examined in this paper, unlike many previous studies. 2024 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. -
Intention to Stay in Relation to Organisational Socialisation Processes
Attrition is significant in an organisation as replacing human capital bears a significant cost. This study focuses on the effect of organisational socialisation processes, followed in Indian and Multinational BPO organisations on an employees intention to stay within that organisation. A field research with 395 samples was steered using a standardised 21 item questionnaire, to capture the four constructs of Organisational Socialisation and Intention to stay. Results show that there a significant relationship is prevalent between Intention to Stay and Organisational Socialisation in BPOs. Also, amongst the dimensions of organisational socialisation, future prospects and understanding of the role were associated significantly with intention to stay. It is acknowledged that higher organisational socialisation leads to greater intention to stay among employees. The critical purpose in employee retention includes keeping the organisation relevant to the employees by carefully creating their career development plans, helping them manage their work-life balance, and providing timely recognition of talent and then rewarding them. This is imperative to the HR Management as a remedy to soaring attrition rates which is also due to Future prospects and Understanding of the role, as per the findings. Keywords: organisational socialisation, intention to stay, business process outsourcing, attrition, turnover intention -
Intention to Stay as a Moderator on Employee Job Satisfaction and Organizational Citizenship Behavior
International Journal of Management Studies, Statistics & Applied Economics, Vol-2 (2), pp. 65-74. ISSN-2250-0367 -
Intensity of hospital waste generation and disposal in the selected hospitals in Kerala, India: an analysis based on hospital ownership
Management of hospital wastes has been considered as an integral part of hospital hygiene and infection control, which in turn depends on the intensity of waste generation and disposal. This study analyses the ownership-wise intensities of hospital waste generated, treated and disposed in the selected hospitals in the state of Kerala, India. These intensities are examined using secondary data collected from four districts of Kerala for the period from 2010 to 2014. The intensity of hospital waste generation is measured on the basis of per bed per kilogram per day and also per patient per kilogram per day basis. The study shows that private hospitals are producing significantly higher amount of waste than government and co-operative hospitals. However, private hospitals are found to be more efficient compared to government hospitals in treating and disposing the hospital waste. It is also found that the co-operative hospitals are well-organized in treating and disposing the liquid waste compared with other hospitals in Kerala. 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Japan KK, part of Springer Nature. -
Intensifying the social performance and sustainability of microfinance institutions to address the social challenge of sanitation: An Indian case study
The microfinance model has helped to address the world's social challenges to some extent. Sanitation is one of the world's social challenges and microfinance can be used as an intervention tool to address this. Worldwide 1.04 billion people still practise open defecation, accounting for 15 per cent of the world population, and of which 594 million are Indians. To address this sanitation problem, Bharathi Women Development Centre (Bharathi), a Tamil Nadu-based non-government organization, used its microfinance programme and group network to educate about the need for toilets, and provided the resources and technical know - how to construct latrines in individual households. So far they have successfully constructed 14,609 toilets by providing microcredit and have experienced no difficulties in repayments of loans, by which it is proved to be a sustainable programme. Bharathi has faced many challenges while implementing this project, such as raising debt fund for on-lending to its sanitation portfolio; shifting the culture of open defecation after construction of toilets, especially with male members of the family; establishing a technical know - how workforce to construct the toilets in rural areas; helping the poorest of the poor to not be burdened by the sanitation loan because of its non-income generating nature; and maintaining the low-cost construction of toilets. This study illustrates how a relatively small NGO microfinance institution was able to create a niche market and implement a sustainable sanitation programme along with its routine microfinance programme by providing awareness, technical assistance, and credit to construct toilets. Practical Action Publishing, 2015.