Browse Items (11810 total)
Sort by:
-
Fabrication of silver nanoparticle decorated graphene oxide membranes for water purification, antifouling and antibacterial applications
The quality of portable water is adversely affected by inadequate wastewater treatment, increase in domestic & industrial waste, and microbial contamination of surface water sources. Purification techniques such as sedimentation, precipitation, filtration, and ion exchange can be employed to recover clean water from various impurities. Among these, membrane-based purification methods have become more appealing in recent years due to its cost-effective and energy-saving features. However, fouling is a ubiquitous problem in membrane-based purification technologies, which leads to reduced water permeation and quality. Present study embodies the development of silver decorated graphene oxide coated nylon membrane with remarkable antibacterial and antifouling properties. Antibacterial analysis of bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, validates that higher concentration of silver in GO (GO A500) composites hinder the growth of bacteria. The antifouling properties of GO A500 membrane showed flux recovery ratio of 96 % with irreversible fouling ratio of 3 % during the filtration of BSA (Bovine serum albumin) protein. Further fabricated composite membrane exhibited pure water flux of 46.7 L m?2 h?1 with dye removal rate of 95 %, 88 % and 85 % for Congo red, Rhodamine-B and Methylene blue respectively. Catalytic studies conducted on GO A500 membrane demonstrated the efficacy of their antifouling properties. The investigations revealed that the composite (GO A500) membrane has excellent antibacterial and antifouling properties, making it a suitable option for wastewater treatment applications. 2023 Elsevier B.V. -
-
Fabrication of Robust Wettability Gradients on Soft Surfaces Through Physicochemical Modulations
The creation of robust surface gradients on soft materials is an emerging area of research in materials chemistry. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), an elastomeric soft material, is widely employed in diverse research fields due to its exceptional properties including ease of processability, newlinebiocompatibility, and transparency. These properties make it an ideal choice for applications in microfluidics, soft robotics, and biomedical devices. Creating surface gradients on soft surfaces can be challenging, requiring expensive chemicals, sophisticated instrumentation, time, and complex experimental setups. This study presents simple and cost-effective methods newlinefor creating chemical (wettability) and physical (morphological) gradients on newlinePDMS surfaces. The methods we developed to create wettability gradients involves (i) newlinecreation of a gradient of crosslinking density on the PDMS surface by using newlinea differential curing method and (ii) selective inhibition of normal curing newlineusing an inhibitor. Contact angle measurements confirm the successful newlinecreation of both radial and linear gradient of surface wettability using both these methods with regions of higher crosslinking density exhibiting higher hydrophobicity. We have also devised an innovative technique for fabricating morphological gradients on soft surfaces. The method makes use of newlinedifferential curing and buckling instability to create hierarchical wrinkled patterns on the PDMS surface. Optical microscopy and profilometry confirm the uniformity, reproducibility, and controlled optical properties of the wrinkled surface patterns. newlineGradients we prepared demonstrated excellent performance in various applications, including water collection, cell adhesion, and triboelectric charge generation. They can be utilized in microfluidics, sensors, and newlinebiomedical devices due to their structural consistency, controllable physical newlineresponses, and reproducibility of the performances. -
Fabrication of NiO nanoparticles modified with carboxymethyl cellulose and D-carvone for enhanced antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-cancer activities
Colon cancer is a deadly disease while pathogens such as Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae), Shigella dysenteriae (S. dysenteriae), Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), and Candida albicans (C. albicans) are serious threat to the human health due to their persistent nature and resistant to conventional drugs. This study aims to develop NiO nanoparticles via single one pot chemical approach and to modifying them with natural molecules carboxymethyl cellulose and D-carvone to enhance antioxidant, anticancer and antibacterial activity. The NiO and NiO-CMC-Dcar exhibit fcc structure confirmed by XRD. The band gap values were found be 4.15 eV for NiO and 4.23 eV for NiO-CMC-Dcar nanocomposite. DLS study confirmed that the mean particles diameter of NiO and NiO-CMC-Dcar were 154.1 nm and 130.3 nm respectively. The TEM and SEM analysis confirmed that both NiO and NiO-CMC-Dcar samples were roughly spherical. PL emission spectra of NiO-CMC- Dcar nanoparticles at 426 nm and 506 nm indicate the electronic structural modification due to incorporation of CMC and Dcar molecules in to NiO materials. The green emission observed at 506 nm is due to oxygen vacancy that can be correlated to production of more reactive oxygen species (ROS) to kill microorganism. The experimental results show that the NiO-CMC- Dcar nanoparticles exhibit enhanced antimicrobial, anticancer and antioxidant activity when compared to NiO alone. 2024 Elsevier B.V. -
-
Fabrication of Molecularly Imprinted Electrochemical Sensors for Food Additives
Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) have emerged as a promising technique for the newlinepreparation of synthetic polymers with specific binding sites for target molecules. These polymers have found applications in various fields, including sensing, where they serve as a recognition element for the detection and quantification of analytes in chemical and biological environments. In recent years, MIPs have been utilized as sensing materials for biomolecules, food additives, pesticides, metal ions, and other target species. This work presents the development of MIP-based electrochemical sensors for the selective and rapid detection of food additives, namely tartrazine, 4-hexylresorcinol, butylated hydroxy anisole, and brilliant blue FCF. Conducting polymers, metal nanoparticles and 2D material-based electrode modifications have been employed in newlinethe preparation of MIPs for electrochemical sensing applications. Investigations reveal newlinea significant enhancement in the electrochemical oxidation/reduction current of the analytes upon the surface modifications applied to the Carbon Fibre Paper (CFP) substrate. The surface morphology of the modified electrodes was characterized using techniques such as Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Electron Diffraction X-ray (EDX), X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Optical newlineProfilometry, and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Nyquist plots newlinedemonstrated the lowest charge transfer resistance at the finally modified working newlineelectrodes compared to other control electrodes. Optimization of experimental newlineconditions, including pH effects, investigation of reaction mechanisms through scan rate variations, determination of the number of cycles required for film newlineelectrodeposition to achieve maximum current response, and determination of the potential window, was carried out using cyclic voltammetry (CV). The quantification newlineof analytes was performed using Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV). -
Fabrication of heteroatom doped, activated graphine-based architecture derived from coke as supercapacitor electrode material /
Patent Number: 202241051518, Applicant: Riya Thomas.
The present disclosure pertains to preparing a heteroatom doped, activated graphene-based electrode material for the fabrication of high-performance supercapacitor utilizing a low-cost and naturally formed graphite-like precursor, coke. The simultaneous heteroatom doping, as well as activation, was achieved via thermal annealing of the coke-derived oxidized graphene-based architecture along with nitrogen and phosphorus precursors, such as ethylenediamine and phosphoric acid, respectively. -
Fabrication of electrochemical sensors for pharmaceuticals and biologically significant molecules
Newer properties of electrochemical sensors for various target molecules are being developed in continuum. Such sensors have attracted a lot of attention due to their simplicity, high sensitivity and trace-level detection of analytes in real samples. Sensor is a system that on stimulation by any form of energy undergoes change in its own state which helps to analyze the stimulant qualitatively and quantitatively. In the thesis studies presented, we have also described the development of electrochemical sensors for the determination of pharmaceuticals and biologically significant molecules. This can be achieved by modifying newlineelectrodes by electrochemical method. Electrode modifiers like metal nanoparticles dispersed on conducting polymers and carbon nanospheres were employed for modification of carbon fiber paper working electrode substrate. These modified electrodes were physicochemically characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field emission scanning newlineelectron microscopy (FESEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron newlinespectroscopy (XPS) and electrochemically characterized using Cyclic voltammetry and Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). newlineThe modified electrodes have exhibited remarkable electrocatalytic behaviour towards oxidation or reduction of chosen analytes. These modified electrodes were used as electrochemical sensors after optimization of experimental conditions. Under optimal conditions, the sensors have displayed significantly an ultra-low level detection limit with wide linear response and high selectivity towards analyte in the newlinepresence of other interfering substances. newlineThe ultrasensitivity and reliability of the fabricated sensors towards analyte of interest were effectively determined in real samples. -
Fabrication of disposable sensor strips for point-of-care testing of environmental pollutants
Biosensors are potentially used in detection of trace amount of environmental pollutants. Nanostructured materials are being widely explored for its application in the field of biosensors for monitoring environmental pollutants. Advances in biosensor technology with the use of micro-/nanomaterials can detect and analyze living and chemical matter with high specificity, which is relatively fast, sensitive, accurate, and inexpensive for the determination of chemical and biological contaminants. Recent finding shows that carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and nanomaterial-based biosensors utilizing the electrochemical and optical properties are being used for the analysis of contaminants at an incredible sensitivity and accuracy. In this chapter, the application of CNT-based biosensors and the fabrication of paper-based sensors in monitoring hazardous environmental pollutants are discussed. 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. -
Fabrication of Didactic Model to Demonstrate Bottle Filling System Using Programmable Logic Controller
Automation is the evolution of manufacturing process which will ideally lead to e-governance. It helps humans and machines to be connected at the hip, blending the cerebral aptitudes of human and specialized abilities of automated bots to immune the workspace. Automated system has enhanced the modern day market by increasing the quality of the product as well as making the fabricating process time efficient. Lights out technology in industry promotes the robots to do work even after working hours when the lights are shut down in industry. In this research paper, a unique approach is used to fabricate a didactic model which demonstrates the working of a bottling plant which may be preferred for medium and small scale industries. To implement the process, CODESYS is used to program CPX-CEC-C1 PLC, a digital computerized system which performs logical decisions and provides outputs based on sensor inputs. The main focus is towards interfacing pneumatics and hydraulic components with PLC. 2021, Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. -
Fabrication of cobalt oxide@cellulose/nitrogen doped carbon nanotubes decorated metal organic frameworks composite for symmetric supercapacitor applications
The two main issues facing the world's population now are energy storage needs and environmental protection. A lot of work has gone into creating electrochemical energy storage using chemical processes and a variety of possible electrode active materials. Supercapacitors, which are energy storage devices with a unique structure and morphology of cellulose materials for green energy resource. In this regard, solid state hydrothermal process is used to fabricate Co3O4@Cellulose (CE), Co3O4@CE/N-MWCNT, and Co3O4@CE/N-MWCNT/ZIF-67 composite materials. XRD, XPS, BET, and HR-TEM analyses verified the structural, surface, and morphological analysis. The electrochemical studies by a three- and two-electrode fabrication in presence of 1M KOH electrolyte for supercapacitor applications. When 1M KOH electrolyte is present, the fabricated Co3O4@CE/N-MWCNT/ZIF-67composite electrode displayed exceptional cyclic stability and a specific capacitance of ?835 F g?1 at 1 A/g. The constructed composite electrodes of Co3O4, Co3O4@CE, and Co3O4@CE/N-MWCNT have specific capacitances of 263, 406, and 576 F g?1 at 1 A/g, respectively, which improves electrochemical properties using a three-electrode design. The Co3O4@CE-N-MWCNT/ZIF-67//1MKOH/SSC composite is produced using two electrode configurations. The final material showed a capacitance of 258 F g?1 at 1 A/g, a capacitance retention of 84.95 % across 8000 cycles, and an energy density of 30.99 W h kg?1 at a power density of 5409 W kg?1. Hence, the composite electrodes that have been produced have the potential to be used in electrochemical systems. 2025 Elsevier B.V. -
Fabrication of bismuth ferrite/graphitic carbon nitride/N-doped graphene quantum dots composite for high performance supercapacitors
Supercapacitors are potential energy storage devices with a broad range of applications. In this study, we are investigating a bismuth ferrite/graphitic carbon nitride/N-doped graphene quantum dots composite as an electrode material for supercapacitor applications. XRD patterns of the composite exhibit the different crystalline phases of the individual component and confirm the rhombohedral structure of the composite. The wafer-like structure of bismuth ferrite is produced via hydrothermal technique supported on 2D structures viz. graphitic carbon nitride and N-doped graphene quantum dots. Compared to bismuth ferrite and bismuth ferrite/graphitic carbon nitride (g-CN) binary composite, the bismuth ferrite/g-CN/N-doped graphene quantum dots demonstrates a superior specific capacitance of 1472 F g?1 at 1 A g?1 current density. After 3000 charging-discharging cycles, the device maintains its cycling stability with 87% capacitance retention. A supercapacitor device is assembled utilizing bismuth ferrite/graphitic carbon nitride/N-doped graphene quantum dots and activated carbon as electrodes. This device shows a significantly improved performance with an energy density of 53.1 Wh kg?1 and a power density of 705.4 W kg?1. As a result, the composite electrode developed in this study is proved to be a potential electrode material for high-performance energy storage devices. 2022 -
Fabrication of biopolymeric sheets using cellulose extracted from water hyacinth and its application studies for reactive red dye removal
Driven by the imperative need for sustainable and biodegradable materials, this study focuses on two pivotal aspects: cellulose extraction and dye removal. The alarming repercussions of non-biodegradable food packaging materials on health and the environment necessitate the exploration of viable alternatives. Herein, we embark on creating easily degradable biopolymer substitutes, achieved through innovative crafting of a biodegradable cellulose sheet sourced from extracted cellulose. Concurrently, the significant environmental and health hazards posed by textile industry discharge of wastewater laden with persistent dyes demand innovative treatment strategies. This study extensively investigated four distinct methods of cellulose extraction from water hyacinth, a complex aquatic weed. The functional groups, crystallinity index, thermal stability, thermal effects, and morphology of the extracted cellulose were characterized by FTIR, XRD, TGA, DSC, and SEM. This exploration yielded a notable outcome, as the most promising yield (39.4 0.02% w/w) emerged using 2% sodium chlorite and 2% glacial acetic acid as bleaching agents, surpassing other methods. Building on this foundational cellulose extraction process, the extracted fibers were transformed into highly biodegradable cellulose sheets, outlining conventional packaging materials. Moreover, these cellulose sheets exhibit exceptional efficacy in adsorbing reactive red dye, with the adsorption capacity of 71.43 mg/g by following pseudo-second kinetics. This study establishes an economically viable avenue for repurposing challenging aquatic weeds into commercially valuable biopolymers. The potential of these sheets for dye removal, coupled with their innate biodegradability, opens auspicious avenues for broader applications encompassing commercial wastewater treatment procedures. 2023 Elsevier Inc. -
Fabrication of anchored complexes as electrodes for sensing heavy metal ions by electrochemical method
Anchored coordination complexes as electrochemical sensors play a significant role in the modern era. It is evident that this becomes a fact on account of their practical convenience. Furthermore, they have unlimited scope in ecological, therapeutic, experimental and biomedical applications. It has been observed that 165 such papers have reported on anchored complexes for electrochemical sensing during the past two years. While human vitality is rigorously threatened by heavy metal ions today, numerous trials are restrained for screening these in nature. This retrace highlights the electro analytical methods and the masterpiece contribution of anchored coordination complexes as electrochemical sensors for the identification of heavy metals such as indium, uranium, lead, beryllium, and mercury in 2015 and 2016. 2017, Oriental Scientific Publishing Company. All rights reserved. -
Fabrication and Characterization of AA7050 Nano Composites by Enhancing Directional Properties for High Impact Load Applications
The demand for materials with superior strength and impact resistance has driven the exploration of innovative composite materials. In this research, Al 7050 is chosen as the matrix material due to its excellent mechanical properties, whereas SiC and graphene nanoparticles are incorporated to tailor its directional strength characteristics. The fabrication process involves the synthesis of Al7050 nanocomposites through a meticulous blending of nanoparticles with the matrix material. The characterization phase encompasses a comprehensive analysis of various techniques, including scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and mechanical testing. The results shows that the directional strength improvements achieved through SiC and graphene nanoparticle reinforcement with Al7050. The tensile strength of the aluminum in the AA7050-7.5g composite rose from 185.3 to 256.1MPa upon the addition of SiC and graphene. The findings of this study contribute to the evolving field of nanocomposite materials, offering insights into the design and development of advanced materials tailored for specific directional strength requirements. The Institution of Engineers (India) 2024. -
Fabrication and Applications of Wrinkled Soft Substrates: An Overview
Morphology of soft materials, including those of natural systems has great influence in controlling their surface functionalities and responses to external stimuli. Surface morphological features of natural soft systems are produced through controlled cell growth and tissue growth. Artificial systems capable of emulating the morphology-dependent physicochemical responses of natural soft substrates can be prepared through various methods such as surface oxidation, thermal stress, compressive stress, etc. Wrinkling is an important morphological irregularity on soft substrates which can be leveraged in this direction. Wrinkling in artificial soft systems can be achieved through several experimental strategies such as compressive stress, thermal stress, surface oxidation, etc. The tunable, reversible and responsive nature of wrinkled soft substrates make them a potential tool for numerous applications in electronics, optics, adhesives, etc. In this review, have briefly summarized and commented on recent developments in different types of wrinkled soft substrates, their preparation, and emergent applications. 2022 Wiley-VCH GmbH. -
Eye-Vision Net: Cataract Detection and Classification in Retinal and Slit Lamp Images using Deep Network
In the modern world, cataracts are the predominant cause of blindness. Early treatment and detection can reduce the number of cataract patients and prevent surgery. However, cataract grade classification is necessary to control risk and avoid blindness. Previously, various studies focused on developing a system to detect cataract type and grade. However, the existing works on cataract detection does not provide optimal results because of high detection error, lack of learning ability, computational complexity issues, etc. Therefore, the proposed work aims to develop an effective deep learning techniques for detecting and classifying cataracts from the given input samples. Here, the cataract detection and classification are performed using two phases. In order to provide an accurate cataract detection, the proposed study introduced Deep Optimized Convolutional Recurrent Network_Improved Aquila Optimization (Deep OCRN_IAO) model in phase I. Here, both retinal and slit lamp images are utilized for cataract detection. Then, the performance of these two image datasets are analysed, and the best one is chosen for cataract type and grade classification. By analysing the performance, the slit lamp images attain higher results. Therefore, phase II uses slit lamp images and detects the type and grade of cataracts through the proposed Batch Equivalence ResNet-101 (BE_ResNet101) model. The proposed classification model is highly efficient to classify the type and grades of cataracts. The experimental setup is done using MATLAB software, and the datasets used for simulation purposes are DRIMDB (Diabetic Retinopathy Images Database) and real-time slit lamp images. The proposed type and grade detection model has an accuracy of 98.87%, specificity of 99.66%, the sensitivity of 98.28%, Youden index of 95.04%, Kappa of 97.83%, and F1-score is 95.68%. The obtained results and comparative analysis proves that the proposed model is highly suitable for cataract detection and classification. 2022, International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications. All Rights Reserved. -
Eye-Tracking Measures in Aviation: A Selective Literature Review
Objective: The aim of this article is to present a comprehensive review of eye-tracking measures and discuss different application areas of the method of eye tracking in the field of aviation. Background: Psychophysiological measures such as eye tracking in pilots are useful for detecting fatigue or high-workload conditions, for investigating motion sickness and hypoxia, or for assessing display improvements and expertise. Method: We review the uses of eye tracking on pilots and include eye-tracking studies published in aviation journals, with both a historical and contemporary view. We include 79 papers and assign the results to the following three categories: Human performance, aircraft design, health and physiological factors affecting performance. We then summarize the different uses of eye tracking in each category and highlight metrics which turned out to be useful in each area. Our review is complementary to that of Ziv (2016). Results: On the basis of these analyses, we propose useful application areas for the measurement of eye tracking. Eye tracking has the potential to be effective in terms of preventing errors or injuries by detecting, for example, fatigue or performance decrements. Applied in an appropriate manner in simulated or real flight it can help to ensure optimal functioning of manmachine systems. Conclusion: Further aviation psychology and aerospace medicine research will benefit from measurement of eye movements. 2018, 2018 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC. -
Eye blink detection using CNN to detect drowsiness level in drivers for road safety
Blinking is a regular bodily function and it is the semiautomatic fast closing of the eyelid. A specific blink is examined by dynamic folding of the eyelid. It is a vital function of the eye which helps in spread of tears across and eliminates irritants from the shallow of cornea. In this research work we made use of convolution neural network, the deep learning concepts and image processing to detect drowsiness level in drivers. To train the blink detection model the mobilenet V2 is used as base. The loss function used for training was RMSprop and the optimizer is binary cross entropy. The dlib facial landmark was exploited to perceive and pre-process the detected faces. The dataset used for the training model is selected from the Xiaoyang Tan of nanjing university of aeronautics and astronautics. Based on the experimental outcome the projected method achieves an accuracy of 97%. The prototype developed serves as a base for further development of this process to achieve better road safety. 2021 Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science. All rights reserved. -
Extrinsic pseudocapacitance: Tapering the borderline between pseudocapacitive and battery type electrode materials for energy storage applications
Extrinsic pseudocapacitance, which can also be referred to as induced pseudocapacitance, is, at present, one of the most widely explored fields in energy storage. Extrinsic pseudocapacitive mechanism can be imparted to an otherwise diffusion-controlled faradaic energy storage material by external methods like size engineering, compositional modification, doping, anion intercalation, and morphological modifications. As a significant mechanism that plays a borderline role between battery-type and pseudocapacitive nature of energy storage, extrinsic pseudocapacitance tends to narrow down the boundary between these conventionally diverse systems, which in turn would contribute a lot to the development of hybrid energy storage technologies. For effective utilization in upcoming energy storage technologies, a critical analysis on the effect of this mechanism on reported devices shall turn into a valid account. This review gives a detailed insight into extrinsic pseudocapacitance, its significance, and recently reported materials, methods, and devices. The future outlook and challenges in transforming extrinsic pseudocapacitive mechanisms into a promising strategy for next-generation energy storage devices are also discussed. 2023 Elsevier Ltd