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A Methodological Framework for Descriptive Phenomenological Research
Background: Descriptive phenomenological research is crucial in nursing for understanding individuals experiences, perceptions, and relationships, which are essential for person-centered healthcare. However, a common critique is that researchers often use phenomenological methods without fully comprehending their historical and philosophical foundations. Existing literature highlights discrepancies in the application of phenomenological principles by nurse researchers, particularly in their presentation of philosophical underpinnings and methodological details. Aim: This article aims to provide a comprehensive methodological framework for descriptive phenomenological research in nursing, addressing both theoretical and practical aspects to guide novice researchers. Data Sources: This framework synthesizes existing scholarship on descriptive phenomenology. Discussion: Starting from Husserl, this article provides a detailed overview of the history, foundations, and philosophical assumptions of the methodology. It also includes key terms and a comprehensive detailing of all aspects of the research process. Conclusion: This framework enriches existing scholarship by offering a streamlined, step-by-step methodological guide for researchers embarking on descriptive phenomenological studies. It emphasizes the importance of establishing minimum, yet critical criteria for publishing research employing this methodology. Implications for Research: Future nurse researchers are encouraged to enhance methodological transparency in their descriptive phenomenological studies to facilitate rigorous evaluation of method effectiveness and study quality. This framework aims to alleviate potential apprehensions and provide clarity and structure to novice researchers in the field. The Author(s) 2024. -
Sexual awakening: An autoethnography through tales of sexuality beyond binaries
This autoethnography, structured as a short story, traces my journey from childhood to my current role as a female researcher exploring the subversive possibilities of bisexuality in an urban Indian context as part of my doctoral research. My early beliefs were shaped by the social norms of my convent education, a Catholic upbringing and community, each reinforcing a rigid understanding of morality, relationships and sexuality. Through ethnography, I navigate between personal experiences and academic inquiry, encountering unresolved questions and contradictions that challenged these foundational beliefs. This short story highlights the complexities of living within structures that impose normative ideals, social expectations and moral standards, as well as the realities of everyday deviations. It further interrogates the essence of morality while positioning myself as a woman in society and reflecting on how my socialisation and lived experiences influenced my moral reasoning. By situating my personal journey within broader sociocultural contexts, this narrative ultimately questions the hegemonic patriarchal heteronormative and homonormative structures based on monogamy and monosexuality, offering a critical lens on how sexuality is constructed and negotiated in contemporary society. 2026 The Author(s) -
Silent subversions and negotiations: An interview with a married effeminate man in the MSM community
Shambu is a member of staff at the MSM branch of a non-profit organisation in urban Bangalore, India, who works on HIV/STI awareness and prevention. His daily life is a careful balance between family responsibilities, his job, multiple sexual partners and sex work. This piece shares Shambus reflections on his early experiences with sexuality, his engagement in cruising sites, gender performance, engagement with male sex workers, non-consensual sex and the financial realities that shape his life, including his involvement in activism. Defying rigid identity boundaries and societal expectations, he openly discusses his relationships with both men and his wife while expressing a desire to be transgender. He recalls a significant relationship with a man he called his panthi, marked by an intricate dynamic of emotions, sex, dominance, economic exchange and silence. His narrative offers a nuanced exploration of identity, gender, sexuality, activism, consent, morality and economic survival in Bangalore. It defies the hegemonic structure of society by challenging the binary construction of gender and sexuality. 2025 The Author(s) -
Decoding Cognitive Control and Cognitive Flexibility as Concomitants for Experiential Avoidance in Social Anxiety
Background and objectives: Avoidance is regarded as a central hallmark of social anxiety. Experiential avoidance is perilous for social anxiety, specifically among university students (young adults). Additionally, cognitive control and cognitive flexibility are crucial components of executive functions for a fulfilling and healthy lifestyle. The current research is a modest attempt to understand how cognitive flexibility and cognitive control affect the emergence of experiential avoidance in social anxiety in young adults. Methods: Using an ex-post facto design, the Social Phobia Inventory was employed to screen university students with social anxiety based on which one hundred and ninety-five were identified. Thereafter, participants completed the standardized measures on experiential avoidance, cognitive control and cognitive flexibility. Results: A stepwise multiple regression analysis was computed wherein the cognitive control predicts an amount of 5% of variance towards experiential avoidance, whereas a 10% of additional variance has been contributed by cognitive flexibility. Interpretation and Conclusions: The statistical outcome indicated that cognitive control is positively associated with experiential avoidance which is a negative correlate to cognitive flexibility among university students. Both also emerged as significant predictors of experiential avoidance and add a cumulative variance of 15% towards the same. This conclusion supports the need for improved and efficient management techniques in counseling and clinical settings. The Author(s) 2024 -
Hope, Belief in Just World and Trust in Government: An Interaction Amidst Covid-19 Pandemic in India
The outbreak of COVID 19 has brought about changes in all spheres of human life. In the present times of pandemic, human life has suffered not only from physical stresses but also encountered and endured several mental stresses. In recent times people adopted several measures to bring positivity to their life. The present study explores the relationship between- Hope, Belief in Just World, Covid ?19, and Trust in the Government in India, during the Covid-19 Pandemic. Data was collected online from young adults, via Google forms, using the tools- Adult Hope scale, Covid Anxiety scale, Belief in Just world scale, and Trust in Government. Results showed a significant correlation between the three variables. Hope, Belief in Just World, and Trust in government. Regression analysis found these three variables to significantly impact Covid anxiety. Further, Belief in Just World was found to mediate the relationship between Hope and Covid anxiety. During challenging times, it is important to boost mental health in the right direction. Implications have been further discussed in the article. The Author(s) 2023 -
The role of family structure in shaping psychological experiences of emerging adults: A mixed methods study
Background: Family structure plays a pivotal role in shaping individuals psychological development, particularly during emerging adulthood. Aim: In India, where joint and nuclear family systems coexist, understanding how these structures influence psychological variables such as conformity, loneliness, perceived self-efficacy, psychological distancing, and the need for affiliation is critical. Method: This study employed a mixed-methods approach to examine these variables among 470 emerging adults (298 females, 172 males) aged 18 to 25?years, recruited from urban and semi-urban areas in India. Quantitative data were collected using standardized tools, while qualitative insights were gathered through semi-structured interviews with 20 participants. Results: Quantitative results revealed that emerging adults from joint families reported significantly higher levels of self-efficacy compared to those from nuclear families (U?=?18,945, p?=?.03), while no significant differences were found in loneliness (U?=?25,140, p?=?.73) or conformity (U?=?20,735, p?=?.57). A weak negative correlation was found between loneliness and self-efficacy (rs?=??.20, p?<?.05), indicating that higher loneliness is associated with lower self-efficacy. Qualitative findings highlighted the role of family as a source of emotional security, with technology bridging emotional gaps across family types. Participants exhibited a present-focused planning mindset, emphasizing adaptability over rigid long-term goals. Both joint and nuclear family participants relied on familial and peer networks to fulfill affiliative needs, though the nature of these networks varied by family structure. Conclusion: The study concludes that while joint families were associated with higher self-efficacy, both family types provided emotional security and fulfilled affiliative needs in distinct ways. These findings underscore the importance of considering both structural and relational aspects of family dynamics in understanding young adults psychological well-being. Future research should explore these dynamics across different cultural contexts and age groups to identify universal and culture-specific patterns. The Author(s) 2025 -
Non-linear Dynamics of Trade Openness and Income Inequality: New Evidence from a Dynamic Panel Threshold Analysis
This study examines the non-linear relationship between trade openness and income inequality in BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) over the period 19902020. It explores how different levels of trade openness affect inequality, with an emphasis on identifying threshold effects. Using a dynamic panel threshold estimation technique, the analysis reveals a U-shaped relationship: trade openness reduces inequality up to a critical threshold of 50.877%, beyond which further liberalisation exacerbates inequality. The JKS panel causality test indicates a unidirectional causal relationship from trade openness to income inequality. These findings highlight the need for calibrated trade policies in BRICS nations. Promoting trade openness up to the identified threshold may reduce inequality, but liberalisation beyond this point should be accompanied by redistributive and institutional measures to mitigate adverse distributional outcomes. 2025 Indian Institute of Foreign Trade -
Advancing Climate Services in South Asia: The SARCI Framework for Actionable Climate Information and Regional Capacity Building
South Asia, home to over a quarter of the global population, faces escalating climate risks that demand scientifically credible and actionable information. However, existing global climate models exhibit persistent temperature and precipitation biasesvariables central to impact assessmentsreaching up to 25% and 100% of their mean values, respectively, over this region, thereby limiting their reliability for climate-informed long-term planning. To address these limitations, we introduce the South Asia Regional Climate Information (SARCI) frameworka regionally optimized framework designed to deliver credible, high-fidelity climate information for South Asia. The framework features a customized atmospheric model, based on NCAR CESM/ CAM, with targeted improvements in deep convection, landatmosphere interactions, and gravity wave dynamicsprocesses linked to major regional biases. These enhancements are guided by empirical understanding of regional climate behavior and refined through rigorous model tuning to achieve regional improvements without compromising global performance. The customized model substantially improves simulations of temperature and precipitation, along with a more realistic representation of regional circulation. The framework further incorporates a synthesized lower-boundary forcing component derived from skill-based CMIP models, adjusted to reduce biases in its low-frequency variability. A statistical downscaling module then refines the projections to a quarter-degree resolution, providing fine-scale, policy-relevant regional climate information. The SARCI framework demonstrates how regional optimization, coproduction, and institutional capacity building can deliver credible, policy-relevant climate information for South Asia, with broader relevance for other regions of the Global South facing similar challenges. 2026 American Meteorological Society. -
New distribution records and molecular characterization of six commercially important groupers (Teleostei: Perciformes: Epinephelidae) from the Lakshadweep Islands, India
This study documents the first recorded occurrence of six commercially important grouper fish species (Teleostei: Perciformes: Epinephelidae) from the Lakshadweep Islands, India. The species documented in this study are the Snubnose grouper Epinephelus macrospilos (Bleeker, 1855), Brownspotted grouper Epinephelus chlorostigma (Valenciennes, 1828), Dotted grouper Epinephelus epistictus (Temminck and Schlegel, 1842), Slender grouper Anyperodon leucogrammicus (Valenciennes, 1828), White-edged lyretail Variola albimarginata Baissac, 1953 and Oblique-banded grouper Epinephelus radiatus (Day, 1868). Both morphological examination and molecular analysis were carried out to characterize and confirm the identity of these species. This investigation represents the first documentation of these six grouper species from the Lakshadweep Islands. The results enhance current understanding of the marine biodiversity of the region and provide valuable information for the management and sustainability of its commercially important fisheries. Copyright 2026 Magnolia Press -
Larval descriptions and natural history of two endemic frogs (Amphibia: Anura) from the Western Ghats, India
Western Ghats of India is known for its high anuran diversity; however, the larvae of many anurans are still unknown. Studies on anuran larvae can provide insights into their natural history and evolution, help identify cryptic species and aid in amphibian conservation. In this study, we describe the tadpoles of two poorly known species Indirana bhadrai and Micrixalus candidus from the Western Ghats, India using morphology and molecular techniques and provide details on their natural history. The morphology of the tadpoles reflected their habitats. The tadpole of Indirana bhadrai was semiterrestrial, adapted to wet rocky slopes while the tadpole of Micrixalus candidus was fossorial, found under small rocks and sand in slow-flowing streams. Molecular analysis using the 16S rRNA gene showed 100% identity between tadpoles of Indirana bhadrai, and Micrixalus candidus with their adults respectively. The larval descriptions provided in this study can help understand the ecology of the frogs from the Western Ghats. Copyright 2025 Magnolia Press. -
Relationship between Parenting Styles and Identity Formation among Emerging Adulthood
Emerging adulthood is a stage of brain development during which people learn about intimacy and mutual trust, deepen existing friendships, engage in family-focused socialization, and develop the social skills that are fundamental to human existence. Parenting style and identity formation are considered to be crucial factors at this stage. This study was conducted to explore the impact of parenting style on identity formation among emerging adulthood. Three hundred and nine college students from different colleges in Tiruvannamalai city were selected through stratified random sampling and the data was administered by using Parental Authority Questionnaire by Buri, 1991, and Aspects of Identity Questionnaire by Briggs and Cheek, 2013. Results revealed that the authoritative parenting style dimension of parenting style was positively associated with dimensions of identity formation such as personal identity, relational identity, social identity and collective identity. Furthermore, emerging adults significantly differed in their demographic categories such as gender and area of living. Jeyaseelan M et al., 2025. -
Development vs. Rights A Case for Sustainable Development of Onge Tribes of Little Andaman
Human rights and environmental protections are often violated as a consequence of development activities. In addition to harming the environment, this increases the marginalisation of those who are already marginalised. The development paradigm that is based on the interests of the majority not only tends to retard the indigenous people but also renders them incapable of competing with the majority. For the indigenous people, development has always been a problem rather than a solution. Development initiatives under the umbrella of globalisation with a label of monotony, ignore the aspects of the diverse livelihoods of many indigenous peoples. The Niti Aayog proposed in its vision document, the Sustainable Development of Little Andaman, in 2021, that the island should be developed into a megacity by utilising its natural features and strategic location. The long-term objective is to develop the island into a major financial tourism hub that can rival Hong Kong and Singapore. This plan will, on the one hand, advance commerce, employment, and economic growth; on the other hand, environmental conservation issues will also arise. Concerns over this vision document have indeed been voiced by several academics, environmentalists, and conservationists due to issues with Onge indigenous rights, ecological fragility, and earthquake and tsunami susceptibility. In this context, the research article aims to study and analyse the proposed megacity project and its impact on the rights of Onge tribes and the environment. Sahana Florence and Achyutananda Mishra, 2024. -
She Shores A Study on the Lives, Challenges and Resilience of Women of the Koli Fishing Community in Mumbai
This study delves into the lives of women from the Koli fishing community in Mumbai, aiming to illuminate their unique life experiences and the daily struggles that often remain hidden beneath their prosperous facade. It endeavours to examine their agency and adaptive strategies employed to navigate these challenges. The research was conducted in Pachubandar, Vasai, located in the western suburbs of Mumbai, which stands as one of the prominent Koli settlements in the city. Employing a qualitative research approach coupled with an exploratory research design, the study engaged ten participants, comprising seven Koli women and three key informants from the community. Additionally, an observational analysis of four retail and wholesale fish markets in Mumbai was conducted to gain insight into the working conditions of Koli fisherwomen. This study adopts a gender-focused perspective to scrutinise the contextual vulnerabilities that shape the lives of Koli women. It underscores the paradox wherein, despite playing a pivotal role in sustaining both their families and the traditional fishing occupation, their contributions often go unnoticed. The Koli women face severe deprivation due to their limited access to property and decision-making authority. They find themselves entangled within traditional norms and patriarchal structures, which impede their access to essential assets and diverse livelihood resources. Although they significantly contribute to the fishery sector, their struggles, needs, and aspirations are frequently disregarded due to their lack of representation and involvement in decision-making bodies. The majority of these women work under precarious conditions, devoid of proper infrastructure, resources, and security. Furthermore, the evolving dynamics within the fishery sector, driven by rapid urbanisation and modernisation, have a profound impact on the lives and traditional livelihoods of Koli women. They now confront issues such as dwindling fish catches due to environmental degradation, heightened market competition, reduced livelihood spaces brought about by shifting urban and coastal landscapes, altered labour relations, and technological advancements. Consequently, they find themselves caught between the conflicting forces of tradition and modernity. The research also sheds light on the strategies devised by Koli women to resist and adapt to the uncertainties and challenges they encounter, ultimately safeguarding their livelihoods through self-organisation. The study emphasises the imperative to acknowledge their contributions as visible work and advocates for the incorporation of gender considerations when formulating policies and development strategies within the fisheries sector. MEGHNA ROY AND JYOTI SINGH, 2024. -
Perspectives on the Intersection of Gender, Customary Laws and Land Rights in India
For centuries, tribal communities in India have maintained distinct social and cultural identities, often with communal land ownership practices that were inclusive of women. The struggle of tribal women in India for land rights is a poignant manifestation of their fight against intersecting forms of oppression rooted in patriarchy, traditional power structures, and historical marginalisation. Given the existing background, this article discusses the intersection of property rights and gender relations in India, making a case for independent property rights for tribal women. It analyses the role of customary laws of inheritance in a legal pluralistic India and its conflict with positive law. The article also focuses on the role of the Indian judiciary in remedying the systemic discrimination against tribal women in India. It analyses the approach of the Indian courts in maintaining a balance between the autonomy granted to the tribes by the Indian Constitution and ensuring justice to women who are victims of such self-governance. Jyoti Singh and Kajori Bhatnagar, 2024. -
Large-Scale Proteomics Reveals New Candidate Biomarkers for Late-Onset Preeclampsia
BACKGROUND: Preeclampsia is classified as either a more severe early onset or a more prevalent late-onset form. Lower PlGF (placental growth factor) and increased sFlt-1 (fms-like tyrosine kinase-1) in maternal circulation are promising biomarkers, yet they lack specificity for preeclampsia. METHODS: We quantified ?7000 proteins in 673 samples collected from 89 patients with late-onset preeclampsia and 91 controls at T1 (1522), T2 (2230), and T3 (3042) weeks. Elastic net and random forest models were fitted and evaluated by cross-validation. Differential abundance analysis followed by functional profiling, was used to identify and interpret protein changes. RESULTS: An increase in protein differential abundance in late-onset preeclampsia was observed with advancing gestation, reaching 806 proteins at T3 related to angiogenesis, cell adhesion, and extracellular matrix remodeling. FAAH2 (fatty acid amide hydrolase 2), SIGLEC6 (sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin-6), IL17RC (interleukin-17 receptor C), HTRA1 (serine protease), sFlt-1, and 47 other proteins dysregulated at T3 were validated in a reanalysis of a ?5000 protein Norwegian data set. Random forest models with 20 proteins showed high accuracy at T3 (area under the curve [AUC], 0.83 [0.770.89], sensitivity 59%) even in cases not yet diagnosed at sampling (n=31, AUC, 0.80 [0.710.90], sensitivity 58%), outperforming sFlt-1 and PlGF. Moderate accuracy was obtained at T1 (AUC, 0.63 [0.540.72], sensitivity 33%) and T2 (AUC, 0.59 [0.500.68], sensitivity 17%). Combining maternal characteristics and obstetric history with proteomics data increased accuracy at T1 (AUC, 0.68 [0.590.77], sensitivity 28%), T2 (AUC, 0.68 [0.600.77], sensitivity 31%), and T3 (AUC, 0.87 [0.810.92], sensitivity 69%). CONCLUSIONS: The findings confirm the involvement of abnormal trophoblast invasion, angiogenesis, and extracellular matrix remodeling in late-onset preeclampsia, while highlighting new protein alterations consistent across diverse cohorts. 2025 American Heart Association, Inc. -
In Silico Screening of Medicinal Plant-Derived Compounds Against Spodoptera litura
Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a major agricultural pest in the Asia-Pacific region, causing significant crop damage. Current pest control strategies heav-ily rely on chemical pesticides, leading to environmental concerns and rapid resistance development. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics studies were used to investigate bio-compounds from three medicinal plants-Vitex negundo, Artemisia nilagirica, and Portulaca oleraceaas potential eco-friendly pest management al-ternatives. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis identified 28 phytochemicals, of which 14 conformed to Lipinskis Rule of Five, which were selected as ligands. Molecular docking simulations were conducted to evaluate ligand interactions with four key target proteins in Spodoptera litura: acetylcholinesterase (AChE), carboxylesterase (CES), ecdysone receptor (EcR) and juvenile hormone (JH). Among the tested compounds, oxalic acid, 6-ethyloct-3-yl hexyl ester, and (11Z)-13-methyl-11-tetradecenyl acetate exhibited the highest binding affinities (-8.4 to-6.5 kcal/mol), suggesting their potential as inhibitory agents. Normal mode analysis (NMA) revealed low eigenvalues of the complexes, ranging from 9.6992260-5 to 3.0715890-4, indicating flexibility and requiring minimal energy for conformational changes. Deformability was highest in hinge regions, while var-iance analysis confirmed inverse proportionality across the complexes. The B-factor graph highlighted stable mobility and the root mean square (RMS) of the 3D con-former structures. Elastic network graphs displayed residue interactions as dots, with darker grey areas signifying greater stiffness. ADME/T analysis showed that these compounds possess favorable pharmacokinetic properties, including efficient ab-sorption and metabolism, while exhibiting no significant risks of mutagenicity or cardiotoxicity. These findings further support the suitability of Oxalic acid, 6-ethyloct-3-yl hexyl ester, and (11Z)-13-Methyl-11-tetradecenyl acetate as promising candidates for advancing sustainable and eco-friendly pest management approaches. Furthermore, the potential of identified plant-derived compounds as novel biopesti-cides contributes to sustainable and environmentally responsible pest management strategies. 2025, Brawijaya University. All rights reserved. -
Semantic segmentation for data validation in unmanned robotic vehicles
Semantic segmentation is a vital aspect of computer vision, widely used in fields such as autonomous driving, medical imaging, and industrial automation. Maintaining high-quality datasets is crucial for enhancing model accuracy and minimizing real-world errors. This paper focuses on developing a comprehensive data validation pipeline for semantic segmentation using OpenCV. The proposed framework integrates automated integrity checks, preprocessing techniques, and consistency verification to manage large-scale datasets effectively. Key validation processes include image quality assessment (detection of blurriness and noise), verification of annotation accuracy, class distribution analysis, and identification of anomalies. Additionally, OpenCV-powered preprocessing steps, such as image resizing, normalization, contrast optimization, and data augmentation, are applied to refine dataset quality for segmentation models. This paper also addresses scalability concerns associated with processing extensive datasets, introducing optimized batch handling and parallel validation techniques. By implementing a structured validation workflow, this research enhances the reliability, robustness, and overall effectiveness of semantic segmentation models, ensuring high-quality training data for deep learning applications. 2026, Intelektual Pustaka Media Utama. All rights reserved. -
Beliefs of secondary school teachers towards education for sustainable development: a statistical research
Educators are the architects of sustainable development (SD), transforming society and balancing development and sustainability. They enhance education for sustainable development (ESD) and societal transformation, driving innovative evolution and future-oriented development within the community. ESD, a millennium, and sustainable development goal (SDG), need to be implemented globally. Teachers are vital in transmitting knowledge, beliefs, and skills required for sustainability in the changing environment. This study examined secondary school teachers beliefs about ESD based on their professional qualifications, teaching experience, and position. The authors used a survey approach and collected the data using a belief assessment tool, i.e., the ESD beliefs scale. The respondents were 400 secondary school teachers in Kerala, India. The study used an item-based evaluation to achieve these objectives and calculated t-values, F-values, and percentages. The research findings indicated that teachers hold constructive opinions towards ESD. The positional status of teachers did not alter beliefs regarding ESD among secondary school teachers. In contrast, professional qualifications and years of teaching experience significantly influenced these ESD beliefs. The findings from this study enable education stakeholders to amend the current secondary education system for SD. 2026 Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science. All rights reserved. -
Development of interactive e-content to enhance listening skill and language comprehension among secondary school students
The present study aimed to develop interactive e-content, conduct expert validation, and examine the appropriate level. The researchers used a purposive sampling technique to select the sample of 100 secondary school students and 35 teachers from the Kerala state scheme. The researchers adopted the analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation (ADDIE) model to develop interactive e-content. The study employed two quantitative methods. Firstly, the study administered expert validation sheets to three content and two media experts to validate developed interactive e-content. The study utilized the percentage analysis to evaluate the results of the expert validation sheets. Secondly, the study administered a survey questionnaire to 100 secondary school students and 35 teachers to examine the appropriate level of interactive e-content. The study employed the correlation method to analyze the questionnaire results, examining the strength and direction of relationships between variables. The average score of content expert validation is 95.5% and media expert validation is 91.5% confirm that the developed interactive e-content is highly valid and appropriate. A major challenge for the researchers was the insufficient internet speed in rural areas of Kerala. The study recommends that teachers have to develop interactive multimedia teaching-learning aids to improve listening, speaking, reading, and writing (LSRW) among students. 2026 Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science. All rights reserved. -
The educational accomplishments scale: development and validation in the context of education institutions
Educational institutions play a significant role in fostering academic growth and personal development. However, there is a lack of standardized tools to assess the impact of educational accomplishments (EA), particularly integrating dimensions such as quality, value-based, integrated, and culture-enhanced education. This paper aims to create and validate a measurement tool that assesses how EA impacts students and institutions to foster academic growth, personal development, and institutional effectiveness, contributing to the overall quality of education. The data was collected from 120 participants, including religious heads, directors, principals, and coordinators of ten schools run by a specific religious congregation. The study implemented a three-stage systematic procedure in the development of the scale. Stage one consisted of item generation, literature review, and expert judgment. The second stage validated the scale and was followed by an item analysis, principal component with varimax rotation (exploratory factor analysis) using Kaiser normalization on IBM SPSS 26. The third step resulted in the final reliability and validity of the scale. A final 19-item educational accomplishments scale (EAS) is psychometrically reliable and of potential use to policymakers globally, comparing student and teacher perceptions, especially with religious congregational affiliations. This scale can particularly be used by each institution to evaluate the EA and can also be used by other researchers for further research. 2025 Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science. All rights reserved.