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Floating rafters for wetland treatment /
Patent Number: 351985-001. Applicant: S. Shrimathy. -
FloodWatch: Suggesting an IoT-Driven Flood Monitoring and Early Warning System for the Flood-Prone Cuddalore District in the Indian State of Tamilnadu
Floods continue to pose significant threats to communities worldwide, causing loss of life, property damage, and disruption of vital services. Timely and accurate flood monitoring and early warning systems play a critical role in mitigating these impacts. This chapter presents FloodWatch, an innovative IoT-based flood monitoring and early warning system designed to enhance community resilience and response capabilities for the Cuddalore district, classified as one of the multi-hazard-prone districts of Tamilnadu. The Cuddalore district has a coastal line of 68 km, hence it is vulnerable to cyclones, and heavy rainfall, in turn causing floods. FloodWatch leverages the power of the Internet of Things (IoT) technology and provides real-time data collection, analysis, and dissemination for flood-related parameters. FloodWatch integrates a network of smart sensors strategically deployed in flood-prone areas, including rivers, streams, and urban drainage systems. These sensors continuously measure key variables, such as water level, rainfall intensity, weather conditions, and soil moisture content. The collected data is transmitted to a centralized cloud-based platform, where advanced data analytics and machine learning algorithms are employed to process and analyze the information. FloodWatch utilizes historical data and predictive modeling to assess the risk of flooding and generate accurate early warnings. Through intuitive interfaces and mobile applications, relevant stakeholders, including local authorities, emergency responders, and residents, receive real-time alerts and notifications, enabling timely decision-making and appropriate response actions. Key features of FloodWatch include its scalability, adaptability, and user-friendliness. The system can be easily customized to cater to different geographical and environmental conditions, ensuring its applicability in diverse regions. Additionally, FloodWatchs intuitive interfaces provide actionable insights in a visually comprehensible manner, facilitating effective communication and community engagement. The implementation of FloodWatch offers several notable benefits, including improved flood preparedness, reduced response time, and enhanced disaster management. By equipping communities with the tools to monitor, predict, and respond to floods, FloodWatch contributes to minimizing the impact of flood-related disasters, ultimately fostering greater resilience and safeguarding lives and property. FloodWatch represents a significant advancement in flood monitoring and early warning systems, harnessing IoT technology to provide accurate and timely information to communities at risk. This chapter highlights the architecture, functionality, and advantages of FloodWatch, underscoring its potential to enhance resilience and contribute to more effective flood management strategies on a global scale. 2025 selection and editorial matter, A. Daniel, Srinivasan Sriramulu, N. Partheeban, and Santhosh Jayagopalan; individual chapters, the contributors. -
Floral waste as a potential feedstock for polyhydroxyalkanoate production using halotolerant Bacillus cereus TS1: optimization and characterization studies
The versatile properties and high degree of biodegradability of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) have made them the ideal candidate for biomedical and other applications. Although extensive research on PHA-producing bacterial isolates from terrestrial environments is documented in the available literature, the potential of marine bacterial isolates in PHA production remains less explored and offers a great scope for future research. This research work primarily focuses on isolation and characterization of PHA-producing bacterial isolates from samples collected from coastal areas of Kerala, India. Furthermore, the possibility of PHA production from the most potential isolate Bacillus cereus TS1 using jasmine waste hydrolysate-based media was explored in this study. The utilization of floral waste hydrolysate (FWH) for PHA fermentation is not widely discussed in the available literature and is the major novelty factor of this research work. Under optimized conditions of glucose (1.2% w/v), yeast extract (0.15% w/v), NaCl (5.02% w/v), and incubation period (60h), a maximum PHA yield of 1.13g/L was achieved. The characterization of PHA polymer was done using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Thus, this research work integrates floral waste valorisation with microbial biopolymer production and highlights an innovative approach for sustainable development. The scale of this method on an industrial scale in future may prove helpful in the cost-effective production of PHA using cheap raw materials. Graphical Abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]. 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature. -
Floral waste as a potential feedstock for polyhydroxyalkanoate production using halotolerant Bacillus cereus TS1: optimization and characterization studies
The versatile properties and high degree of biodegradability of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) have made them the ideal candidate for biomedical and other applications. Although extensive research on PHA-producing bacterial isolates from terrestrial environments is documented in the available literature, the potential of marine bacterial isolates in PHA production remains less explored and offers a great scope for future research. This research work primarily focuses on isolation and characterization of PHA-producing bacterial isolates from samples collected from coastal areas of Kerala, India. Furthermore, the possibility of PHA production from the most potential isolate Bacillus cereus TS1 using jasmine waste hydrolysate-based media was explored in this study. The utilization of floral waste hydrolysate (FWH) for PHA fermentation is not widely discussed in the available literature and is the major novelty factor of this research work. Under optimized conditions of glucose (1.2% w/v), yeast extract (0.15% w/v), NaCl (5.02% w/v), and incubation period (60h), a maximum PHA yield of 1.13g/L was achieved. The characterization of PHA polymer was done using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Thus, this research work integrates floral waste valorisation with microbial biopolymer production and highlights an innovative approach for sustainable development. The scale of this method on an industrial scale in future may prove helpful in the cost-effective production of PHA using cheap raw materials. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2023. -
Flourishing and work flow among working adults: A positive investigation from India
The demands in today's organizations are only growing at peaking high levels where turnover and burnout sets out to be major factors that challenge productivity. This is supported by previous findings which have identified turnover and burnout as a consequence of job demands. In today's demanding era of workforce, capacity to work effectively is a key component of employee's health, well-being and growth. Positive emotional and mental state of employees is a predictor of positive organization which will result in high performance, wellbeing and a conducive environment to flourish. Present study deals with workflow and its relationship with employee`s flourishing. This paper aims to explore the relationship between flourishing and experiences of work flow among working adults (n=105). Relationship among variables was analyzed through correlation and regression analysis. Results indicate that there is significant positive correlation between flourishing and experience of work flow (r (105) = 0.49, p<.01) and experience of work flow predicts the flourishing among employees. 2021 Ecological Society of India. All rights reserved. -
Flourishing in the Digital Era: Building Collective Well-being in Online Communities
The advent of the digital era has greatly changed the ways communities interact with one another and the ways they are formed, as well as offering new opportunities for collective flourishing. This chapter examines the impact of social media, digital classrooms, online workspaces, and technology-based platforms like Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality towards collective flourishing and to see how they can help build communities and support collective well-being in virtual environments. The chapter also looks at the impacts of these systems in digital fatigue, misinformation, and social exclusion on the one hand and how these are encouraging teamwork, collaboration, as well as shared development on the other. This advocates the balance in digital usage in real-life interactions and engagements to support sustainable collective flourishing in this new era. The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025. -
Flow and heat transfer of penta-hybrid nanofluid at stagnation point over a stretching/shrinking sheet
This research investigates the influence of penta-hybrid nanofluid on the flow and heat-mass transfer at a stagnation point over a stretching/shrinking sheet. The Penta hybrid nanofluid has been effectively synthesized by assimilation of Silver Ag, Gold Au, Magnesium oxide Mgo, Copper Cu, Titanium oxide TiO2 as a nanoparticle with a convectional fluid water H2O. Additionally, microorganisms are added to the fluid to improve the stability of nanoparticles by preventing aggregation, ensuring uniform dispersion. The governing nonlinear system of partial differential equations describing the problem are developed and converted into dimensionless form using proper similarity transformation. The obtained resultant equations are solved numerically by employing the Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg (RKF45) method. The results are confirmed by cross-referencing them with findings from established literature to assure consistency and precision. Further, the effect of dimensionless parameter on velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles are interpreted through the help of graphs. This research explores how stretching and shrinking conditions affect temperature distribution. It is found that the stretching surface shows enhanced thermal and mass transfer efficiency, due to a better distribution of nanoparticles and a reduction in boundary layer thickness. Also, it is seen that Penta-hybrid nanofluid increased the heat transfer rate by 5.71% as compared to tetra-hybrid nanofluids. Hence, these results support the penta-hybrid nanofluids for practical applications in fields such as photocatalysis, biomedical, and other energy storage systems. Further, the efficiency of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model used to forecast flow behavior and heat transfer rate is assessed and supported by the regression coefficient R=1. 2025 Elsevier Ltd -
Flow and heat transport of nanomaterial with quadratic radiative heat flux and aggregation kinematics of nanoparticles
A numerical study of flow and heat transport of nanoliquid with aggregation kinematics of nanoparticles is carried out using the modified Buongiorno model (MBM). The MBM model is composed of random motion nanoparticles, heat diffusion of nanoparticles, and effective properties of nanoliquids. The effects of quadratic variation of density-temperature (quadratic convection), and the quadratic Rosseland thermal radiation are also studied. Inclined magnetism is also taken into account. The aggregation kinematics of nanoparticles is simulated using the modified Krieger-Dougherty model for dynamic viscosity and the modified Maxwell model for thermal conductivity. The main system of nonlinear partial differential equations is solved using the similarity technique and the finite difference method-based algorithm (FDM). The consequence of several key parameters on velocity, nanoparticle volume fraction, wall heat flux, and temperature are found in two cases, namely weak convective heating and strong convective heating. The study reveals that the suspension of the nanoparticles increases the thermal conductivity and, thus, improves the temperature and reduces the heat flux at the plate. The structures of the thermal and velocity surface layer are higher in the case of strong convective heating, while in the case of weak convective heating, the nanoparticle volume fraction layer is thicker. 2021 Elsevier Ltd -
Flow Cytometry Analysis of In Vitro Induced Polyploidy in Plants
Polyploidy is the condition of having more than two sets of chromosomes. The mechanism of polyploidy helps in deriving special traits like an increase in biomass, an increase in the size of various organ systems, and secondary metabolite content for the progeny. Various chemical compounds (colchicine, trifluralin, and oryzalin) that have the capacity to alter the mitotic cycle were used for the purpose of inducing polyploidy. Various techniques, such as counting of chromosome number, chloroplast number, determination of pollen diameter, and estimation of leaf stomatal density and size, were developed to analyze the polyploidy of the plants. However, these methods are not reliable for their regular use. Thus, of all the above-mentioned approaches, the estimation of ploidy level by flow cytometry (FCM) has been the most popular over the last few decades. Flow cytometry is now extensively used for the verification of haploidy, aneuploidy, and polyploidy. The ease of sample preparation, fast acquisition, and accurate measurements have made the method popular in the domains of plant cell biology, systematics, evolution, genetics, and biotechnology. The current chapter discusses the induction of polyploidy and its importance in plant breeding. It also emphasizes the importance of FCM in the analysis of polyploidy and enumerates the various polyploidy studies involving the application of FCM. 2023, Bentham Science Publishers. -
Flow of nanofluid past a stretching cylinder subject to Thompson and Troian slip in the presence of gyrotactic microorganisms
Incorporating the Thompson and Troian slip condition, this work studies the bioconvective flow of a nanofluid past a vertically stretching cylinder. The Thompson and Troian slip deals with the molecular scale interactions at the solidfluid interface, which plays a pivotal role in the fluid flow analysis. This study helps in understanding the behaviours of fluid flow in the presence of non-linear slip past a vertically stretching cylinder. The corresponding partial differential equations (PDEs) for momentum, energy, concentration of nanoparticles, and concentration of microbes are developed using Buongiornos model. A suitable similarity transformation is then applied to these PDEs, converting them into a set of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The RungeKuttaFehlberg (RKF-45) method is utilized to calculate the numerical solution of the resulting ODE problem. The results demonstrate that the interaction of slip conditions, viscous dissipation, heat source, and bioconvection causes complex flow patterns and heat transfer characteristics. These observations are extremely relevant for applications including better oil recovery procedures, biomedical engineering, and microfluidic devices where exact control over nanofluid behaviour is necessary. Some of the major observations of the study include the enhancement of the temperature in the nanofluid for higher Eckert numbers, control of fluid flow through an external magnetic field, and Peclet number significantly decreased the motile density in the nanofluid. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2024. -
Flow of nanofluid past a stretching cylinder subject to Thompson and Troian slip in the presence of gyrotactic microorganisms
Incorporating the Thompson and Troian slip condition, this work studies the bioconvective flow of a nanofluid past a vertically stretching cylinder. The Thompson and Troian slip deals with the molecular scale interactions at the solidfluid interface, which plays a pivotal role in the fluid flow analysis. This study helps in understanding the behaviours of fluid flow in the presence of non-linear slip past a vertically stretching cylinder. The corresponding partial differential equations (PDEs) for momentum, energy, concentration of nanoparticles, and concentration of microbes are developed using Buongiornos model. A suitable similarity transformation is then applied to these PDEs, converting them into a set of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The RungeKuttaFehlberg (RKF-45) method is utilized to calculate the numerical solution of the resulting ODE problem. The results demonstrate that the interaction of slip conditions, viscous dissipation, heat source, and bioconvection causes complex flow patterns and heat transfer characteristics. These observations are extremely relevant for applications including better oil recovery procedures, biomedical engineering, and microfluidic devices where exact control over nanofluid behaviour is necessary. Some of the major observations of the study include the enhancement of the temperature in the nanofluid for higher Eckert numbers, control of fluid flow through an external magnetic field, and Peclet number significantly decreased the motile density in the nanofluid. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2024. -
Flow of nanoliquid past a vertical plate with novel quadratic thermal radiation and quadratic Boussinesq approximation: Sensitivity analysis
The effects of quadratic thermal radiation and quadratic Boussinesq approximation are investigated on the heat transport of a 36 nm Al2O3 ? H2O nanofluid over a vertical plate. The modified Buongiorno model is used in the analysis that includes the effectual thermophysical properties of the nanofluid and the key slip mechanisms. Experimentally verified correlations are used for the thermophysical properties. The reduced nonlinear differential problem is solved numerically by the Finite Difference Method (FDM). Flow profiles are displayed and analyzed for changes in dimensionless parameters. Further, the heat transfer flux at the wall is analyzed for interactive impacts of the buoyancy ratio, Brownian random motion, and thermophoresis parameters using the face-centered Central Composite Design (CCD) of the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). A sensitivity analysis is carried out for the heat transfer flux of the nanoliquid. Quadratic thermal radiation was found to improve the temperature profile. Furthermore, the mechanisms of Brownian random motion and thermophoresis have a negative sensitivity towards the rate of heat transfer. In various thermal applications like solar collectors, the density variation in terms of temperature differences is significantly high. Such phenomena can be accurately modeled by utilizing the quadratic Boussinesq approximation and the novel quadratic thermal radiation aspect. 2020 Elsevier Ltd -
Flowing Blood Analysis & Separation: Integrating Raman Spectroscopy & Acoustophoresis in a Microfluidic System
The proposed system combines Raman Spectroscopy and Acoustophoresis in a microfluidic environment to provide label-free analysis and separation of the cells present in the blood, including red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. Based on the Raman Effect, Raman Spectroscopy captures crucial information about the structural and vibrational traits of the blood sample, exposing the molecules to monochromatic radiation and recording their Raman shift. This data is processed using LSTM recurrent neural networks, creating a deep-learning framework for species identification and quantification. The model can forecast the cell population in the blood sample and obtain information on the size and compressibility of individual cells due to the microfluidic nature of the data received by the Raman Spectroscope. Raman spectra allow estimation of the cell size and compressibility, guiding cell separation using acoustophoresis and allowing adjustments of the acoustic wave frequency based on the estimated size and compressibility of the cells. The targeted cells are directed toward a designated collection chamber within the microfluidic system by dynamically adjusting the acoustic wave frequency. Repeated application allows complete separation of the cells and pressure-driven delivery of the targeted cells to their respective collection reservoirs. 2025 IEEE. -
Fluorescein Based Fluorescence Sensors for the Selective Sensing of Various Analytes
Fluorescein molecules are extensively used to develop fluorescent probes for various analytes due to their excellent photophysical properties and the spirocyclic structure. The main structural modification of fluorescein occurs at the carboxyl group where different groups can be easily introduced to produce the spirolactam structure which is non-fluorescent. The spirolactam ring opening accounts for the fluorescence and the dual sensing of analytes using fluorescent sensors is still a topic of high interest. There is an increase in the number of dual sensors developed in the past five years and quite a good number of fluorescein derivatives were also reported based on reversible mechanisms. This review analyses environmentally and biologically important cations such as Cu2+, Hg2+, Fe3+, Pd2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, and Mg2+; anions (F?, OCl?) and small molecules (thiols, CO and H2S). Structural modifications, binding mechanisms, different strategies and a comparative study for selected cations, anions and molecules are outlined in the article. 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature. -
Fluorescence bioimaging applications of europium-doped strontium aluminate nanoparticles
Fluorescence bioimaging is widely used for physiological studies to visualise intercellular molecular events due to its highly selective, sensitive, and non-destructive nature. However, its application in in vivo live imaging is often limited by the scarcity of biocompatible fluorescent probes possessing optimal properties. Our study focuses on developing europium-based nanoparticles for in vivo bioimaging, especially imaging of plants. Eu-doped strontium aluminate nanoparticles were synthesised through a conventional solid-state reaction. Structural characterisation of samples using XRD confirmed the prevalence of SrAl2O4 as the prominent phase. The FTIR spectrum, SEM and TEM images were recorded for further characterization. Photoluminescence studies showed orange red emission of sample. The antibacterial activity of the nanophosphors was studied, demonstrating no antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Furthermore, in vitro cytotoxicity studies conducted using Neuro-2A cells showed no indications of cytotoxicity associated with europium doped strontium aluminate nanoparticles. When incorporated into the plant tissue culture medium, these nanoparticles were found to have no effect on seed germination and plant growth, and it demonstrated no phytotoxicity. Imaging studies have shown the uptake of nanoparticles by plants and their subsequent transport through the vascular system. Our results emphasise the direct integration of nanophosphors into plant tissues from the growth medium, eliminating the necessity for traditional staining methods in fluorescence bioimaging. Incorporation of nanophosphors into living organisms holds promise for non-invasive and long-term fluorescence imaging, with potential applications in biological studies and diagnostics. The outstanding fluorescence properties and biocompatibility of europium doped strontium aluminate nanoparticles broaden its potential for various applications in fluorescence bioimaging. 2024 Elsevier Ltd and Techna Group S.r.l. -
Fluorescence bioimaging applications of europium-doped strontium aluminate nanoparticles
Fluorescence bioimaging is widely used for physiological studies to visualise intercellular molecular events due to its highly selective, sensitive, and non-destructive nature. However, its application in in vivo live imaging is often limited by the scarcity of biocompatible fluorescent probes possessing optimal properties. Our study focuses on developing europium-based nanoparticles for in vivo bioimaging, especially imaging of plants. Eu-doped strontium aluminate nanoparticles were synthesised through a conventional solid-state reaction. Structural characterisation of samples using XRD confirmed the prevalence of SrAl2O4 as the prominent phase. The FTIR spectrum, SEM and TEM images were recorded for further characterization. Photoluminescence studies showed orange red emission of sample. The antibacterial activity of the nanophosphors was studied, demonstrating no antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Furthermore, in vitro cytotoxicity studies conducted using Neuro-2A cells showed no indications of cytotoxicity associated with europium doped strontium aluminate nanoparticles. When incorporated into the plant tissue culture medium, these nanoparticles were found to have no effect on seed germination and plant growth, and it demonstrated no phytotoxicity. Imaging studies have shown the uptake of nanoparticles by plants and their subsequent transport through the vascular system. Our results emphasise the direct integration of nanophosphors into plant tissues from the growth medium, eliminating the necessity for traditional staining methods in fluorescence bioimaging. Incorporation of nanophosphors into living organisms holds promise for non-invasive and long-term fluorescence imaging, with potential applications in biological studies and diagnostics. The outstanding fluorescence properties and biocompatibility of europium doped strontium aluminate nanoparticles broaden its potential for various applications in fluorescence bioimaging. 2024 Elsevier Ltd and Techna Group S.r.l. -
fluorescence diffuse optical tomography : Synthesis characterization and imaging of a novel target specific near infra-red contrast agent for breast cancer detection
Contrast agents are finding profound application in optical imaging of breast cancer for an early detection. In the present work, a novel estrogen receptor (ER) targeted near infra-red fluorescent dye conjugate was synthesized, referred to as Novel Dye Conjugate (nDC) hereafter. nDC is a conjugate of 17and#946;-estradiol with a derivative of indocyanine green dye, bis-1,1-(4-sulfobutyl) indotricarbocyanine-5-carboxylic acid, sodium salt. Structural composition of nDC was validated using Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) and Hydrogen-1 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H-NMR) technique. MCF-7 and MDA MB 231 Cell lines studies proved the special biding ability of nDC with estrogen receptor positive breast cancer cell lines and its photophysical properties were verified to be in near infrared region (NIR). Similar studies were conducted on ER expressing cancerous tissues like Non-Invasive Ductal Carcinoma, Non-Invasive Lobular Carcinoma, Non-Invasive Adenocarcinoma and Non-Invasive Medullary Carcinoma. In all the above tissues, nuclear level ER binding of nDC was observed leading to the validations of the unique binding properties of the novel dye. Mathematical modeling for tumor to background mapping using nDC was carried out through Fluorescence Diffuse Optical Tomography (FDOT) simulations. Simulation results were also validated using silicone phantom experiments. An array of 8*8 boundary data was collected using frequency domain-FDOT system which was setup indigenously. Commercially available fluorescent dye Indocyanine Green (ICG) was used in the present study for comparative analysis with nDC. When compared to ICG, proposed dye had 1.5-fold higher target to background contrast with respect to fluorescent lifetime in both simulation and phantom studies. Similarly proposed novel dye had a two-fold higher target to background contrast with respect to fluorophore absorption. Above results proved the superiority of nDC compared to ICG on target(tumor) to background ratio enhancement. -
Fluorescence diffuse optical tomography: Synthesis, characterization and imaging of a novel target specific near infra-red contrast agent for breast cancer detection /
A paradigm shift is seen for cancer treatment since many decades in developing safe and efficient techniques to prevent, detect, treat and cure cancer worldwide. However, there is still a long way to stabilize the rate of cancer occurrence. Breast cancer is found to be among the top three cancer types in terms of incidence and fifth in terms of mortality. An estimate of 2.1 million new cases of breast cancer was recorded in the International Agency for Research on Cancer [IARC] Report 2018. Close to a half (43.6%) of all breast cancers were diagnosed within the Asia-Pacific region (approximately 911014 cases), with the greatest number of those occurring in China, Japan and Indonesia. Although the prognosis is relatively favorable, at least in more developed countries, early diagnosis is the lifesaver. Diffuse Optical Tomography (DOT) is one of the emerging diagnostic tools for early detection of breast cancer. It uses near infra-red (NIR) light to probe human soft tissues and is capable of continuous monitoring of the patient. DOT is cheaper, compact and uses non-ionizing radiation unlike its counterparts like CT-Scan, Mammogram and PET scan. The potential of DOT can be enhanced by using a NIR exogenous contrast agents, and the system is known as Fluorescence-DOT (FDOT). Indocyanine Green (ICG) is a popular FDA approved dye available in the market which is explored for cancer detection using FDOT. But, with its non-specific nature, there was a need for a specific and functionally orientated dye to further improve the efficacy of FDOT imaging. -
Fluorescence switching via competitive ESIPT and spirolactam ring opening in a multifunctional rhodamine B probe for selective detection of Cu2+ and OCl?: theoretical insights with anticancer and biosensor activity
A multifunctional ESIPT-based rhodamine-derived probe (BHS) was synthesized and developed as a colorimetric and fluorometric sensor for the selective detection of copper (Cu2+) and hypochlorite (OCl?) in aqueous solutions. Initially, BHS exhibits intense whitish blue fluorescence due to the active excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) mechanism within the molecule. However, upon interaction with Cu2+ and OCl?, noticeable changes in absorption and fluorescence occur, attributed to the inhibition of ESIPT resulting from analyte binding with BHS, leading to spirolactam ring opening. Furthermore, significant Stokes shifts in absorption (?? = 34 nm and 170 nm for Cu2+, and 163 nm for OCl?) and emission (?? = 67 nm for both Cu2+ and OCl?) further confirm this transformation. The spirolactam ring opening is induced by Cu2+ coordination, whereas for OCl?, it is triggered by oxidative cleavage. To explore potential biological applications, fluorescence titration experiments were conducted to study the interactions of the BHS-Cu2+ complex with ct-DNA and the transport protein bovine serum albumin (BSA). Additionally, molecular docking studies were performed to assess these interactions, while DFT calculations were employed to optimize the structures of BHS and its Cu2+ complex. The fluorescence changes of BHS in the presence of Cu2+ and OCl? in biological samples have been examined by the anticancer and biosensor activity of BHS in HCT-116 colorectal cancer cells. 2025 RSC. -
Fluorescent Carbon Dots From Simarouba glauca for Food Safety Applications
The increasing use of food colorants to improve the visual appeal of food products presents challenges in maintaining their safety and quality. While there are numerous safe, natural, and synthetic colorants available, the food industry frequently resorts to using banned dyes to cut costs and boost profits. Consequently, detecting food adulteration involving prohibited dyes is vital. This research presents a quick and effective fluorescence sensor designed to identify metanil yellow dye in water and real samples. A simple microwave-assisted hydrothermal technique was employed to produce carbon dots (CDs) using the leaf extract of Simarouba glauca, which detected metanil yellow dye within a concentration range from 100nM to 70 M. The fluorescence sensor developed displayed a linear response at lower concentrations, with a detection limit of 7.14nM. Additionally, the CDs identified metanil yellow dye in two popular Indian sweets, Mysore Pak and Laddu, achieving a recovery rate of 97.23%108.33% and 90.00%104.17%, respectively. Moreover, the CDs successfully detected metanil yellow dye in two brands of turmeric powder available in the market, achieving recoveries ranging from 94.44%110.00%. These results highlight the potential uses of these CDs in environmental monitoring and various sectors, including food and confectionery, utilizing metanil yellow dye. 2025 Wiley-VCH GmbH.