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India's outward foreign direct investment a study of host country determinants and implications on trade
India s outward foreign direct investment newline(OFDI) has registered substantial increase since the 1990s. It is significant to analyse the motivation, location choices and implications of this trend since empirical newlineresearch has largely addressed OFDI originating from developed countries. newlineThis study analyses the pattern of India s OFDI, its changing contours in terms of host country location, composition across sectors and its implication on exports. The study aims to link motivation of investment newlineto location factors across developed and developing countries. Using OFDI newlinedata from 2001to 2013, the study analyses host country economic factors that are significant in the location of India s OFDI in the ambit of eclectic paradigm. The study empirically tests market seeking, resource seeking and strategic asset seeking nature of India s OFDI adopting a panel data newlinemethodology. newlineThe results of the study show that India s OFDI is motivated by market seeking and resource seeking in both developed and developing countries. Strategic assets are a significant motivation for investment in the newlinedeveloped countries and not in the developing countries.India s OFDI is also positively associated with host country policies like openness. To study the implication of OFDI, the study empirically tests the relation between India s OFDI and exports using time series methodology. The empirical test newlineof the relation between OFDI and exports shows a significant long term positive relation between the two. newlineThe current research is presented in six chapters. Chapter 1 consists of the introduction, objectives, hypotheses and significance of the study. Chapter 2 consists of the literature review. The changing direction and composition by sectors is analysed in chapter 3. Chapter 4 contains the methodology. Chapter 5 presents the results of the study and chapter 6 contains the conclusion and policy implications. newline -
India's Role as a Net Security Provider in the Indian Ocean Region: Issues, Challenges, and Trends
Since former US Defense Secretary Robert Gates introduced the term 'net security provider' at the Shangri La Dialogue in 2008, India's role as a net security provider in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) has been much discussed and deliberated. The chapter tries to specify and elaborate on what this entails for India and the countries in the IOR. India's strategic location in the IOR provides distinct advantages and challenges. India cannot remain indifferent to the evolving maritime geopolitics of the region, as well as its geoeconomic interests. Over the years, India's aspiration to be a net security provider in the IOR has been much debated. It reflects India's desire to enhance its strategic presence and reach in the IOR and beyond. An assessment of India's maritime doctrine and strategy is also imperative to understand India's role in the IOR. India's intent to be a net security provider in the IOR has to be backed up by a clear strategy as well as intent. It will also be circumscribed by regional security constraints. The chapter looks at many issues, events, and developments that impact India's role as a net security provider in the IOR, viz., capacity building and enhancement, maritime diplomacy and engagement, maritime security operations, deployment of maritime forces, humanitarian assistance, and disaster relief. 2025 Adluri Subramanyam Raju and R. Srinivasan. All rights reserved. -
IndiaA Growing Hub for Global Education
Purpose/Objective To understand the stakeholders perspective of different methods by which internationalization of education has been happening in India. Design/Methodology/Approach A qualitative research approach based on the interview method is adopted, along with a review of historical data on the growth of different formats. Findings India needs to regain its lost glory from the pre-independence era as a global education hub by working on all three formats of internationalization of higher education: encouraging student exchange programs, enabling Indian Universities to expand overseas, and welcoming foreign institutions to set up campuses in India. Originality This research will be the first of its kind to present themes emerging from student interviews and opinions about the three formats of internalization of higher education in India. This research contributes to the ongoing transformation of India's higher education landscape, aligning it with global standards and aspirations. 2025 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. -
IndiaEuropean Union Trade Integration: An Analysis of Current and Future Trajectories
In a dynamic global environment of increased economic interdependence, nations are more than ever seeking to remove barriers to trade, despite growing trends of protectionism. In this context, India and the EU-27 have initiated talks for the establishment of a Bilateral Trade and Investment Agreement (BTIA) in an attempt to bring their economies together. However, after 16 rounds of negotiations, the failure to conclude this agreement has raised questions regarding the benefits of the agreement to India. This study attempts to examine the current trade scenario and the effects of the proposed regional trade agreement by estimating a structural gravity model. This study employs the Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood (PPML) estimator for analysing the trade-creation and trade-diversion effects of the BTIA to overcome the shortcomings of ordinary least square (OLS) estimators. For the empirical analysis, the merchandise export data from the Gravity database has been taken for a period of 19 years from 2001 to 2019. The results indicate that the BTIA could lead to trade creation and trade diversion, highlighting the need for a re-evaluation of Indias trade policy. JEL Classification: F10, F13, F14, F15, O24 2021 National Council of Applied Economic Research. -
Indian Approach to International Commercial and Investment Arbitration Vis-A-Vis Global Arbitral Institutes : A Critical Analysis
The rise of international trade and investments by the foreign states has led to increased number of contractual relationships between the parties. The world is now moving towards a new regime of dispute settlement via alternative dispute redressal mechanisms like arbitration, mediation, conciliation, and negotiation. Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 and amendments in 2015, 2019 and 2021 have promoted international commercial newlineand institutional arbitration in India. The amendments provide a slight sigh of relief but do not completely cater to the global needs of making India a preferred seat for international arbitration. The title of the thesis is INDIAN APPROACH TO INTERNATIONAL newlineCOMMERCIAL AND INVESTMENT ARBITRATION VIS- A- VIS GLOBAL ARBITRAL INSTITUTES: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS . It is covering the conceptual and theoretical framework of International commercial and International Investment arbitration, evolution of arbitration laws in India, comparative study of Indian arbitral institutes with respect to Singapore, UK and USA and judicial approach in international arbitration. It also analyses the judicial approach towards arbitration regime pertaining to enforcement of awards, newlineappointment of arbitrators or interim reliefs. The judicial intervention must be minimized and there is requirement of trained arbitration personals including foreign lawyers or academicians. Provisions must be made for third party funding and consolidation of arbitration proceedings providing data privacy. This study applies doctrinal methodology and through legislations, cases study, books, articles and research papers, relevant material newlinehas been collected. Along with doctrinal methodology, the empirical methodology newline(qualitative) has been adopted whereby hypothesis has been tested to reach out the findings and to find the answers of research questions. -
Indian Budget 2022: A Make-or-Break Moment for Cryptocurrency
People are liable to the tax rate if they transfer digital assets during a specific fiscal year. There is no distinction between income from businesses and investments or between short-term and long-term gains because the 30% tax rate is applicable regardless of the sort of income. By clearly stating how it would be charged, the Indian budget 2022 has provided some direction. Losses were consequently experienced by both new and old cryptocurrency buyers. Under Section 115 BBH, it is illegal to offset cryptocurrency losses with cryptocurrency gainsor any other gains or revenue, for that matter. The implementation of the 30% tax rule on digital assets has caused the collapse of the cryptocurrency market, and there is a possibility that investors will continue to suffer losses in the future. 2023 P. Nanjundan et al.,. -
Indian catholic priests' identity, relational autonomy and attachment to god : A Narrative analysis
A thematic narrative analysis was carried to explore the 28 South Indian Roman Catholic religious priests identity, relational autonomy and attachment to God. Fourteen participants were selected from the structured priestly ministry settings newlinenamely education ministry and, another 14 participants from the semi-structured newlinepriestly ministry settings namely parish and priestly formation ministry settings. The newlinequalitative data collected through the interviews were analyzed through the narrative thematic analysis method. The thematic narrative analysis found five major themes, influence on the priestly identity, value-oriented life, purpose in life, priestly celibacy and challenges in the priestly ministry and 46 subthemes for the participants priestly identity narratives. For relational autonomy, the study found five major themes, impactful childhood, the influence of priestly formation, nterpersonal relationships, relationship with the person in authority and decision making and 42 subthemes. For attachment God, it found six major themes, God as an attachment figure, seeking and maintaining proximity to God, God as a haven of safety, God as a secure base, newlineperceiving God as stronger and wiser, and individual differences in attachment to newlineGod, and 24 sub-themes. The study results revealed strong support for the newlinecorrespondence pathway, as the majority of the participants had narratives of newlinecorrespondence between the attachment to their parents and their attachment to God. newlineIt also found evidence for the theme of compensation in three participants narratives. The qualitative comparison between the groups found that for 19 sub-themes for priestly identity, 20 sub-themes for relational autonomy and 13 sub-themes for newlineattachment to God, the priests from the structured ministry settings differed from the priests from the semi-structured ministry settings. -
Indian catholic priests' identity, relational autonomy and attachment to god: A narrative analysis
A thematic narrative analysis was carried to explore the 28 South Indian Roman Catholic religious priests’ identity, relational autonomy and attachment to God. Fourteen participants were selected from the structured priestly ministry settings namely education ministry and, another 14 participants from the semi-structured priestly ministry settings namely parish and priestly formation ministry settings. The qualitative data collected through the interviews were analyzed through the narrative thematic analysis method. The thematic narrative analysis found five major themes, influence on the priestly identity, value-oriented life, purpose in life, priestly celibacy and challenges in the priestly ministry and 46 subthemes for the participants’ priestly identity narratives. For relational autonomy, the study found five major themes, impactful childhood, the influence of priestly formation, interpersonal relationships, relationship with the person in authority and decision making and 42 subthemes. For attachment God, it found six major themes, God as an attachment figure, seeking and maintaining proximity to God, God as a haven of safety, God as a secure base, perceiving God as stronger and wiser, and individual differences in attachment to God, and 24 sub-themes. The study results revealed strong support for the correspondence pathway, as the majority of the participants had narratives of correspondence between the attachment to their parents and their attachment to God. It also found evidence for the theme of compensation in three participants’ narratives. -
Indian Emotional Alignment Score (I-EAS): A Pilot Framework for Culturally-Aware AI Evaluation in Multilingual Contexts
The current Emotional Intelligence (EI) standards of large language models (LLMs) are predominantly Western, thereby excluding billions of non-Western users from being judged fairly by AI. I-EAS, a new culture-based evaluation system, is grounded in indigenous epistemology and a computational evaluation framework to address a critical gap in AI Fairness. I-EAS takes into account four weighted factors: Emotional Alignment, Cultural Resonance, Coherence, and Code-Switching. It prioritizes cultural appropriateness and maintains a rigorous methodology. The pilot study uses 150 systematically crafted prompts in Hindi, Tamil, and English in diverse Indian cultural scenarios to test three LLMs: Claude Sonnet 4, GPT-4o-mini, and Krutrim-Base. The results highlight the inherent drawbacks of automated cultural assessments, as the weak relationships between human and automated assessments indicate that current NLP models are unable to respond to cultural nuances. The human evaluation was more discriminative than the automated evaluations, as the automated code-switching evaluations were not successful. The limitations of the pilot study include the presence of only one annotator. However, they prove I-EAS as a preliminary methodological and theoretical framework to equitable AI evaluation in culturally diverse situations and the necessity to use hybrid human-computational measures of AI systems in different cultural contexts. 2025 IEEE. -
Indian folk art form grooms and improves education with personalized learning methods
The chapter investigates the intricacies and complexities involved in the making of an art form kathakali from India known for its unique formation process and exposition procedure. It unravels its mysteries involved in the exceptional personalized learning methods born out of them. The chapter discusses the various nuances in merging personalized learning methods with education, each in a selected singular appropriate method. It refers to a much refined and reformed process. It focuses on whetting of learner's comprehension skills to evolve befitting solutions to education problems producing effective redress for every serious global issue. The chapter proposes convincing concepts exemplified to apply in individual instances. The researcher suggests that these personalized methods are exemplary and worth emulating for the future generations. 2025, IGI Global Scientific Publishing. All rights reserved. -
Indian government bonds sensitivity to macroeconomic and non-macroeconomic factors: A quantile regression approach
This paper introduces a new dataset of Clearing Corporation of India Limiteds broad total return index (BTRI) and liquid total return index (LTRI). The paper examines the impact of macroeconomic and non-macroeconomic factors on BTRI and LTRI during monthly periods from January 2010 to December 2018 using quantile regression methodology. This paper finds that the GDP has positive and significant impact on BTRI and LTRI for the upper quantiles. Further, CPI shows positive impact on both BTRI and LTRI. Moreover, both the indices are influenced by IR and there is an inverse relationship between them. ER also significantly affects both the indices. The EPUI has negative and significant impact on BTRI and LTRI for the intermediate and upper quantiles. No clear relationship is found between BTRI and Nifty, whereas Nifty has significant impact on LTRI. BTRI is not affected by VIX but LTRI is affected for the intermediate quantiles. Copyright 2021 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd. -
Indian Parents Vocational Inferences of Play and Communal Strategies to Regulate the Adverse Effects of Childrens Excessive Screen Time
Background: Since time immemorial, childrens intrinsic desire to immerse themselves in amusing, autonomous activities in vast, open spaces has engendered their holistic development through play. However, the steady decline in playgrounds has compelled children to seek solace in a digital landscape, which offers them a plethora of innovative play opportunities that pushes them away from the outdoors and pull them indoors. This infiltration of technology in urban households enhance childrens propensity to engage in media-centric activities due to their proclivity toward electronic devices. Consequently, the passive entertainment afforded by the dominance of digital culture predisposes children to inertia, insomnia, sedentary lifestyle diseases and public health issues like screen dependency disorders (SDD) and gaming disorders, which are officially recognized by organizations like the World Health Organization (WHO). This necessitates a conscious, synergetic effort by health practitioners, researchers and policy makers to ensure that children have access to safe and affordable spaces for active, outdoor play to counter the adverse effects of excessive screen time (EST). Methods: Therefore, this qualitative research aims at understanding how urban parents perspectives of play are governed by their sociocultural milieu and their respective professions by expounding their outlook on the relevance of play in a digital era. It also delineates the pivotal role of parents in curtailing the mediating role of discretionary screen time (DST) over childrens physical inactivity through semi-structured interviews of 13 mother-father dyads who reside in the metropolitan city of Bengaluru in Karnataka, India. Results and Conclusions: Findings from the directed content analysis revealed parents initiation of healthy movement behaviors during childrens formative years by employing mediation tactics and role modeling healthy screen habits like digital detox to regulate the aftermath of prolonged screen time on childrens psychosocial development 2025 The Author(s). This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access page (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage). -
Indian perspectives on single-session therapy: an initial qualitative study with psychiatric social workers
Single-Session Therapy (SST) is an emerging approach to mental-health service delivery that maximises the value of a single clinical encounter. It is gaining traction globally for its brevity and potential to address mental health concerns. This study explores perspectives of five Psychiatric Social Workers (PSWs) at a premier Indian psychiatric institute regarding SSTs suitability for the Indian population. Hybrid thematic analysis of a focus group discussion reveals both promising potential and significant challenges for adapting SST to the Indian context. Although participants noted that intentional one-time visits are currently uncommon at their institution, they identified SST as a responsive intervention for addressing caregiver burden and preventing relapse, suggesting its value as a responsive and opportunity-based intervention. Participants raised practical concerns regarding session structure, time constraints, and unpredictability of client return. Despite these cautions, they recognised SSTs potential to widen access to care in India. The discussion emphasises on need for specialised training, supervision, regulatory frameworks, and broader mental health promotion efforts to incorporate SST as a viable therapeutic intervention delivery method. This preliminary investigation serves as a valuable springboard for further research on the potential of SST in a country like India. 2026 GAPS. -
Indian psychology: Challenges, strategies, and prospects in education
Knowledge dissemination has been a hallmark of Indian tradition for millennia, particularly in the area of human biology and behavior. Westernization and globalization, however, have caused a gradual erosion of this rich heritage, resulting in waning interest among the populace. As a discipline, Indian Psychology faces a number of formidable challenges. The number of preconceived biases within society, the Westernized educational system, and the shortage of faculty with expertise in Indian psychology hinder the recognition and dissemination of the field. A dearth of research studies directly related to Indian psychology is also hindering its development and recognition. Emphasis was given on the importance of thorough research to substantiate its contributions to the understanding of human cognition, behavior, and consciousness. Promoting Indian psychology as an important and respected field requires dispelling misconceptions and fostering awareness. Through collaboration and increased research, Indian psychology can rightfully claim its place within the global academic community. 2024, IGI Global. All rights reserved. -
Indian Railways
Indian Railways stamp was issued on 16 April, 2002. As the country braces itself to observe a year long celebration to mark the 150th anniversary of India's first train journey, the Department of Posts tries to capture the spirit of the event with the issue of this commemorative stamp. -
Indian Road Lanes Detection Based on Regression and clustering using Video Processing Techniques
Detecting the road lanes from moving vehicle is a difficult and challenging task because of road lane markings with poor quality, occlusion created by traffic and poor road constructions. If the driver is not maintaining the road lanes properly, the proposed system detects the road lanes and gives the alarm to the driver so that driver can take the corrective actions there by we can avoid the accidents. The paper mainly focusses on detection of road lanes from sequence of image taken from the video from moving vehicle. The Methodology mainly consisting of lane segments merging and fitting using clustering and weighted regression techniques to fit the curve in the place of group of lane segments and curve fitting separately. 2021, Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. -
Indian Social Stock Exchange as a Funding Avenue for Social Enterprises
Purpose: The growth of Indian social enterprises faces a significant obstacle, which is a lack of access to finance. The social stock exchange was recently launched to cater to this problem. This study explored the financial challenges the selected social enterprises faced in India and analyzed the performance of small and medium enterprises platforms. Methodology: Three variables were subjected to descriptive analysis: migration to the principal board, funds generated, and listings by small and medium-sized enterprises. Furthermore, market volatility was evaluated using the generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) model. To explore financial constraints, primary research entailed conducting in-depth interviews utilizing the case study technique with both for-profit and non-profit social companies. Findings: The findings from the study concluded that IPO financing significantly supported Indian SMEs. Additionally, social enterprises face significant financing challenges related to affordability, availability, and regulation. Social stock exchange presents a promising solution to these constraints. Practical Implications: The study has recommended defining social enterprises legally will help in strengthening the operating framework of a social stock exchange. The study emphasized the important role of finance in the viability of social enterprises by highlighting financial challenges. The findings provided useful information for various stakeholders to bridge the funding gap, thereby promoting the potential advantages of the social stock exchange platforms. Originality: The study addressed the research gap with an examination of small and medium enterprise platforms and the influence of the social stock exchange on social enterprise financing in India. Primary data from both for-profit and non-profit social entrepreneurs added a disaggregated dimension. 2024, Associated Management Consultants Pvt. Ltd.. All rights reserved. -
Indian spectroscopic and imaging space telescope (INSIST): An optics design trade-off study
Large ground and space-based surveys in optical and near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths will revolutionize astronomy in the coming decade. Unfortunately, no ultraviolet (UV) facilities are planned to complement these surveys, which is crucial for studying the most active phase of the Universe that includes star formation in galaxies, active galactic nuclei (AGN), galaxy clusters, etc. A dedicated UV mission, the Indian Spectroscopic and Imaging Space Telescope (INSIST), is proposed to observe the UV sky. The compelling science objectives defined a set of high-level mission requirements. According to which, the INSIST is to have a wide field-of-view (FoV ? 0.25 square degree) comparable to Indias Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (UVIT) and about two orders of magnitude larger than that of the Hubble Space Telescope, simultaneous imaging of the FoV in UV (150300nm), u (300400nm) and g (400550nm) bands, a Multi-Object-Slit medium resolution spectroscopy in a narrow FoV in UV and a simultaneous slitless spectroscopic capability in UV and u bands. To achieve these requirements, several optical design configurations were explored. Here, we present an optical design trade study conducted on various optical design configurations to achieve a sensitivity limit of mAB> 26 mag, in the UV band and a spatial resolution better than 0.2 ? , using a 1-m size telescope aperture. We also present results from our fabrication and alignment tolerance analysis of the selected optical designs, and the design performance that meets the design requirements. Critical parameters like the encircled energy concentration, point spread function (its stability over the field), effects of the spiders supporting the secondary, etc., are explored during the design phase. Based on the trade study conducted in reference to various performance matrices, we down-selected the most optimal optical design for the INSIST. 2023, Indian Academy of Sciences. -
Indian Stock Market Prediction Using Neural Networks: A Comparative Analysis
Predicting stock prices remains a challenging problem due to the highly dynamic and nonlinear nature of financial markets. Traditional statistical models like ARIMA and GARCH often fail to capture the complexities inherent in stock market data. This paper investigates the use of deep learning techniques, focusing on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and a hybrid CNN-LSTM ensemble model for stock price prediction in the Indian stock market. The CNN model efficiently extracts temporal patterns from sequential data, while the CNN-LSTM ensemble leverages temporal dependencies for improved long-term prediction accuracy. Historical data from Tata motors, spanning over two decades, was used to train and evaluate the models. Experimental results highlight the CNN-LSTM ensemble's superior performance in capturing volatile trends and long-term dependencies, with a notable decrease in test loss compared to standalone CNN. This study underscores the effectiveness of hybrid deep learning architectures in enhancing prediction reliability, paving the way for more adaptive and robust financial forecasting systems. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2026. -
Indian Wives of Incarcerated Men Tell Their Own Stories: An Intersectional Narrative Analysis of Disenfranchisement and Resilience
Objective: Guided by intersectional feminism and symbolic interactionism, the purpose of this study was to document the untold stories of women with incarcerated spouses in India. Background: When a family member is incarcerated, the task of emotionally and financially supporting the family often falls upon women, who are likely to be underresourced and overwhelmed. Women whose husbands are incarcerated in India are likely to possess multiple marginalized identities, increasing their vulnerability to intersecting forms of oppression. Empirical research is lacking on wives of incarcerated men in India, contributing to their invisibility in policy-making and programmatic interventions. Method: In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 14 wives of prison inmates who resided in or around the capital city of Delhi, all of whom either held a lower caste identity or a Muslim religious identity. Transcribed interviews were analyzed following the steps of narrative analysis. Results: Results illustrate the diversity of storied experiences of wives of incarcerated husbands in India. Participants' narratives represented three types of stories: Ambivalent but Hanging On, Unconditionally Devoted, and Independent and Disillusioned. Four overarching themes characterized women's experiences with spousal incarceration: gendered care work, being stigmatized and sexualized, staying in the marriage, and ceilings of aspiration. Conclusion: This study renders visible women on the margins of Indian society, illustrating how they make meaning of extraordinary life circumstances and persevere through dire hardship. 2025 The Author(s). Journal of Marriage and Family published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of National Council on Family Relations.