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TinyML Empowering Intelligent Edge Devices
Tiny Machine Learning (TinyML) bridges the gap between artificial intelligence and low-power embedded systems, enabling devices like microcontrollers to process data locally and operate autonomously. This chapter explores the foundational principles of TinyML, its applications across industries such as IoT, healthcare, industrial automation, and environmental monitoring, and the tools enabling its deployment. It also addresses challenges, including energy efficiency and model optimization, while providing insights into future advancements such as federated learning and neuromorphic computing. This chapter offers a comprehensive understanding of TinyML's transformative potential and its pivotal role in AI-based engineering solutions. 2026 by IGI Global Scientific Publishing. All rights reserved. -
Time-periodic heating in boussinesq-stokes suspension with three diffusing components
The effect of time-periodic heating in Boussinesq-Stokes suspension with three diffusing components has been carried out for the linear case. The correction Rayleigh number is obtained by applying the perturbation method to effectually control the convective flow by varying amplitude and frequency of modulation, and the eigenvalues are obtained by the Venezian approach. The time-periodic heating has been carried out for three cases: symmetric, asymmetric, and modulating only the lower boundary. It is found that the system is stable for smaller values whereas unstable for moderate values of frequency of modulation. 2021 by the authors. -
Time-Frequency Analysis of ECG Signal
Time-frequency analysis (TFA), especially well suited for biomedical applications, is a potent method for deciphering non-stationary signals, where frequency characteristics vary with time. These dynamic signals are too complex for conventional frequency analysis approaches, which calls for sophisticated techniques like the discrete wavelet transform, continuous wavelet transform, and short-time Fourier transform. This research focuses on the uses of TFA techniques in biomedical signal processing and how well they expose transitory phenomena and temporal patterns that are missed by conventional methods. In particular, we look at how TFA is applied to the analysis of electrocardiogram (ECG) signals. The chapter discusses baseline wander, notch filtering, and low-pass filtering as crucial pre-processing techniques for clean ECG readings. Furthermore, we present the symbolic aggregate approximation paradigm for effective data retrieval and storage. 2026 selection and editorial matter, Ganesh R. Naik. -
Time-Dependent Nonlinear Convective Flow and Radiative Heat Transfer of Cu-Al2O3-H2O Hybrid Nanoliquid with Polar Particles Suspension: a Statistical and Exact Analysis
The statistical and exact analysis of heat transfer rate and skin friction coefficient of a nonlinear convective flow of Cu ? Al2O3 ? H2O hybrid nanofluid with polar particle suspension is performed. The heat transport phenomenon includes radiative heat effect. A micropolar fluid model is accounted. Exact solutions to the governing problem are found via Laplace transform method (LTM). The heat transfer rate and skin friction are analysed critically via statistical methods like probable error and regression models. The slope of linear regression of data points for skin friction and Nusselt number is estimated to quantify the increase/decrease. The Nusselt number and thermophysical properties for twenty-four different hybrid nanofluids are presented. A novel idea of a nonlinear convective flow of Cu ? Al2O3 ? H2O hybrid nanofluid with polar particle suspension is investigated for the first time. Opposite behaviour of velocity and microrotation profile are established when the physical parameters are varied. 2019, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature. -
Time-dependent flow due to noncoaxial rotation of an infinite vertical surface subjected to an exponential space-dependent heat source: An exact analysis /
Heat Transfer Asian Research, Vol.48, Issue 7, pp.3162-3185 -
Time-dependent flow due to noncoaxial rotation of an infinite vertical surface subjected to an exponential space-dependent heat source: An exact analysis
The effect of an exponential space-dependent heat source on heat and mass transfer flow of a viscous fluid past an infinite vertical plate is examined. The flow is generated due to noncoaxial rotation of the infinite plate. The noncoaxial rotation creates sine or cosine oscillation in its plane and the fluid at infinity. The flow is assumed to be laminar and time-dependent. The mathematical formulation is developed by considering certain physical initial and boundary conditions. The Laplace transform method is utilized to obtain the exact solutions of the concentration, temperature as well as velocity fields. The Sherwood number, Nusselt number, and skin-friction coefficient are also calculated and presented in tabular form for various embedded parameters. The velocity distributions are obtained for three different cases. The obtained analytical expressions are found to be identical with published results in the limiting sense. 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. -
Time Series Forecasting of Stock Market Volatility Using LSTM Networks
Forecasting stock market volatility is a pivotal concern for investors and financial institutions alike. This research paper employs Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks, a potent class of recurrent neural networks, to predict stock market volatility. LSTM networks have proven adept at capturing intricate temporal dependencies, rendering them a fitting choice for time series data analysis. We commence by elucidating the notion of stock market volatility and its profound significance in financial decision-making. Traditional methodologies, such as GARCH models, exhibit shortcomings in deciphering the convoluted dynamics inherent in financial time series data. LSTM networks, with their capacity to model extended temporal relationships, present an encouraging alternative. In this study, we assemble historical stock price and trading volume data for a diverse array of assets, diligently preprocessing it to ensure its aptness for LSTM modeling. We systematically explore various network architectures, hyperparameter configurations, and input features to optimize the efficacy of our models. Our empirical investigations decisively underscore the supremacy of LSTM networks in capturing the subtleties of stock market volatility compared to conventional techniques. As the study progresses, we delve deeper into the complexities of LSTM network training, leveraging advanced techniques such as batch normalization and dropout to fortify model resilience. Moreover, we delve into the interpretability of LSTM models within the context of stock market forecasting. 2023 IEEE. -
Time series forecasting for understanding potential buyer behavior with ecommerce
Ecommerce is a platform for e-business Companies and hawkers for dynamically responding consumer demand and supply. Furthermore, responses to the consumer include blot-from-blue service with great quality of appurtenances. Moreover, the Indian retail industry is currently ranking in the world's top five concerning the growth. Thus, data is a new oil for this era of digitization. Henceforth, Cluster and distance classifier plays an important role in data-related findings. Besides, the cluster will give an identical pattern of data with the inclusion of centroid for finding out useful information. Furthermore, an already formed identical cluster pattern will be useful for mapping with another cluster. Thus, in this way cluster mapping done. Mapped cluster pattern will be useful in establishing the customer relationship with products. Moreover, it leads to the profitability of the e-commerce platform. Thereafter, cluster mapping is align with the new RFM model for getting more clarity about the consumer-buying pattern. Besides, it helps in identifying the potential buyer consumer. Moreover, time series results obtained are positive for potential buyer behavior. Thus, when time series forecasting is used on the RFM model it gives rise potential buyer loyalty with an e-commerce platform. 2020 Ecological Society of India. All rights reserved. -
Time resolved spectroscopy of a GRS 1915 + 105 flare during its unusual low state using AstroSat
Since its disco v ery in 1992, GRS 1915 + 105 has been among the brightest sources in the X-ray sky. Ho we ver, in early 2018, it dimmed significantly and has stayed in this faint state ever since. We report on AstroSat and NuSTAR observation of GRS 1915 + 105 in its unusual low/hard state during 2019 May. We performed time-resolved spectroscopy of the X-ray flares observed in this state and found that the spectra can be fitted well using highly ionized absorption models. We further show that the spectra can also be fitted using a highly relativistic reflection dominated model, where for the lamp post geometry, the X-ray emitting source is al w ays very close to the central black hole. For both interpretations, the flare can be attributed to a change in the intrinsic flux, rather than dramatic variation in the absorption or geometry. These reflection dominated spectra are very similar to the reflection dominated spectra reported for active galactic nuclei in their low flux states. 2024 The Author(s). -
Time of Emergence and Future Projections of Extremes of Malaria Infections in Africa
The spread of malaria is a major health burden, which affects many people in Africa, depends on climate but also socio-economic conditions. Thus, it is important to gauge the impact of anthropogenic global warming on malaria and attribute anthropogenic causes. Here we compute the Time Of Emergence of vector density and of the entomological inoculation rate (EIR) in the SSP3-7.0 scenario using 50 bias-corrected members of Community Earth System Model version 2 Large Ensemble simulations. This reveals that vector density, which depends on climate conditions, and EIR, which depends on both climate and population density, will rise significantly and permanently above the pre-industrial background variability due to anthropogenic causes in Africa. Both the vector density and EIR have areas, mainly in central Africa, where anthropogenic causes have already significantly changed, and many more areas will experience anthropogenic caused changes in the period 20302050 and toward the end of this century. Our simulations also show clear evidence that extremes of vector density and EIR increase in the future by almost 100%, suggesting that major malaria epidemic outbreaks will become much more likely. We also perform simulations with constant population and with no global warming which partly reveal underlying malaria dynamics. Our results highlight the need to prepare for an expansion and intensification of the malaria burden if no health interventions are being taken. 2025 The Author(s). GeoHealth published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Geophysical Union. -
Time Efficient Hash Key Generation for Blockchain Enabled Framework
Blockchain, in general, helps organizations to improve the transparency and governance by removing its shortfalls and building better control overall. Blockchain network, public or private, is a competent technology when used in order with an optimized hashing technique. In a blockchain network, one of the common issues is performance while registering any transactions. Blockchain must need to do some preliminary checks to avoid double-spending before registering the transaction. Here, we implement one of the optimization aspects of the hashing technique, which can contribute to the blockchain mining processes and save time. It enables the blockchain to perform efficiently and reliably. In addition, we examine how well different hashing algorithms perform when added to the blockchain network's processes. In this research, we analyze several hashing techniques that are employed in the blockchain and are also applied in the supply chain domain due to their efficacy in mitigating past attacks. Our proposed hashing technique allows a blockchain network to improve security and its overall processes. The proposed hashing technique achieves approx. 10-90% performance gain improvements over other existing technique. Our proposed hashing technique allows a blockchain network to improve security and its overall processes. The study also examines how the supply chain management contributes in increasing of overall lead time where process optimization or technological enhancement plays key roles in minimizing the time of some or all the processes. Lead time is one of the common issues of supply chain which impacts on overall order delivery time. We address on how the conjunction of blockchain with optimized hashing technique can address supply chain lead time issues. 2013 IEEE. -
Time allocation between paid and unpaid work among men and women: An empirical study of indian villages
The paper examines the time allocation between paid work (wage earning or self-em-ployed work generally termed as employment work) and unpaid (domestic chores/care work generally termed as non-employment work) along with wage rates, imputed earnings, and occupational structure among men and women and according to different social groups to establish the extent to which the rural labour market is discriminated by sex and social group. The major objective of the paper is to show the differential in wage income between men and women in farm and non-farm activities. The paper also shows the division of time between employment and non-employ-ment activities by men and women. The paper uses high-frequency data and applies econometric techniques to know the factors behind time allocation among different activities across gender. The study finds that males spend more hours on employment work and work at a higher wage rate than females. As a result, a vast monetary income gap between men and women is observed, even though women worked more hours if employment and non-employment activities are jointly taken into consideration. Time spent on employment work and non-employment (mainly domestic chores) has been found to vary significantly due to social identity, household wealth, land, income, educa-tion, and skill. The segregation of labour market by sex was evident in this study, with men shifting to non-farm occupations with greater monetary returns and continued dependence on womens farm activities. Enhancing the ownership of land and other assets, encouraging womens participation particularly among minorities, and improving health are some of the policy recommendations directed from this study to enhance participation in employment work and shifting towards higher wage income employment. 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. -
Tiger
India Post issued a 50 Naya Paisa stamp on 07 October, 1963 to commemorate the progress of the Indian Protection Act for Wild species which included this animals postage stamp in the Wildlife series 1963 definitive stamps. The year 1963 celebrated wildlife week worldwide to protect the wild species and the world natural habitats. India post has issued around 6 commemoratives and definitive stamps to mark the Bengal tiger. -
Through the Lenses of Sexual Minorities in the Indian LGBTQ + Community: Perception of Social Equality and Community Support
Whether in the form of same-sex attraction or love, the history of same-sex relationships has been well documented in every culture across the globe. In India, evidence of the same can be found on the monolithic sculptures of the Vishvanath Temple in Khajuraho and texts like Mahabharata and Sushrata Samahita. The acceptance and openness enjoyed by the non-hetero-normative and non-cis-gender individuals in ancient India, changed after the nations colonization. In current times, mainstream society holds heterosexual intercourse as the norm while considering same-sex relationships as deviations. Same sex relationships are a highly stigmatized and garner objections from several religious and political sects. This social stigma and erasure becomes harsher when directed toward individuals with polysexual or asexual orientations. The lack of awareness and representations garners bisexuals, pansexuals and asexuals the status of sexual minorities within the LGBTQ + community. This study makes use of three focus group discussions to explore the perception of each sexual minority regarding social equality within the Indian LGBTQ + community and outside it, alongside trying to understand the community support received by the sexual minorities in the Indian LGBTQ + community. The study uses inductive thematic analysis to draw out themes. The results indicate a predominant feeling of being misunderstood, exploited, fetishized and alienated even within the LGBTQ + community while finding solace in their own sub-communities and the online community. The results also reveal feelings expectations held by individuals from each sexual minority in terms of their desired place in society. 2024 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. -
Through the Lens of Recession 2.0: Diversification Dynamics Between the Leading Asian Stock Markets
The focus of this article is to analyse the inter-linkages between eight leading stock markets in Asian continent from the period of July 2011 to February 2018. This period holds relevance as this was the time when Recession 2.0 set in, which adversely affected the developed economies; however, the developing economies withstood the crisis without much of an impact. Co-integration and Granger causality tests were conducted to probe the inter-linkages. Study revealed a positive impact on Asian stock market indices collectively on each of the indexes. The highest number of unidirectional causalities was to KOPSI and NIFTY from rest of the stock indices. Results confirmed that no co-integration relationship existed among the selected indices indicating favourable diversification opportunities. Thus, the study fosters global market participants and policymakers to consider the nitty-gritties of stock market integration so as to benefit from international stock market diversification in the Asian region. 2022 Management Development Institute. -
Through Gendered Lens: Addressing the Health Inequities of Women in Prison
The chapter delves into a nuanced examination of the epidemiological factors associated with the physical and mental health challenges faced by women in incarceration. The study represents the inaugural thorough synthesis of evidence regarding the prevalence of these conditions among the prison population, presented through an umbrella review of meta-analysis. A comprehensive overview of the overall burden of disease among prisoners is notably limited, as much of the existing literature tends to concentrate on one or two specific health issues. Data were extracted to ascertain the prevalence of serious illness among inmates, uncovering levels of illness that frequently surpassed those found in the general population, along with notable gender disparities. The researchers documented a notable prevalence of mental health disorders, including major depression and other maladies. The initiative fosters beneficial communities by controlling disease reservoirs, enhancing the management of chronic conditions, and promoting rehabilitation and reintegration into society. 2026 by IGI Global Scientific Publishing. All rights reserved. -
Three-level biometric digital voting system
The aim of this research paper is to design and develop a new model of electronic voting machine (EVM) with enhanced features, that are not present in the current EVM model. The paper proposes the new model of EVM that uses biometric identifiers, such as fingerprints, iris recognition, and facial recognition, to make voting more secure and efficient. Previously, voting was done with paper ballots. This method suffered from issues like over voting, lost or misplaced ballots, and it consumed a lot of time in counting paper ballots and was also harmful for the environment due to the use of papers. The new EVM system aims to solve those issues because many security levels are added to this EVM system. It can use biometric identifiers to ensure each voter is authenticated securely and records their votes accurately. This EVM system can prevent fraud, such as voter casting multiple votes or a person illegally voting on behalf of others. The system first verifies the voters, and then the voters can cast their votes. 2026 selection and editorial matter, Dr. Poonam Nandal, Dr. Mamta Dahiya, Dr. Meeta Singh, Dr. Arvind Dagur, Dr. Brijesh Kumar. All rights reserved. -
Three-dimensional eveluation model for assessing the effectiveness of knowledge management systems and portals /
Patent Number: 202241049097, Applicant: D Venkata Subramanian.
This invention is related to the field of web and semantic technology. For effective assessment of any Knowledge Management System (KMS), it is important to consider three primary dimensions/factors; being usability, availability and relevance. The proposed invention is a three-dimensional model provides an easy-to-use and comprehensive effectiveness assessment for any KMS or knowledge portals. -
Three-dimensional eveluation model for assessing the effectiveness of knowledge management systems and portals /
Patent Number: 202241049097, Applicant: D Venkata Subramanian.
This invention is related to the field of web and semantic technology. For effective assessment of any Knowledge Management System (KMS), it is important to consider three primary dimensions/factors; being usability, availability and relevance. The proposed invention is a three-dimensional model provides an easy-to-use and comprehensive effectiveness assessment for any KMS or knowledge portals. -
Three-component p-TSA catalyzed synthesis of hydrazinyl thiazole derivatives
A direct single-pot three-component procedure for synthesizing bio-active hydrazinyl thiazole derivatives has been demonstrated. The reaction involves substituted 2-Bromoacetophenones, carboxaldehydes, and thiosemicarbazide to form the hydrazinyl thiazole scaffolds via a simple condensation reaction followed by intramolecular cyclization with p-TSA as a catalyst at room temperature. The ease of product separation, lack of column chromatographic purification, and use of readily available starting materials result in an efficient approach for organic synthesis. 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.