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HCI Authentication to Prevent Internal Threats in Cloud Computing
Cloud computing reduces physical resources and simplifies common management tasks. Over the past decade, cloud computing has become an important IT (information technology) industry, driving cost savings, flexibility, convenience, and scalability. Despite these advantages, many government organizations and companies are still cautious about using cloud computing. They continue to believe that the threats inherent in cloud computing technology are greater and deadly than traditional technologies. Cloud computing security threats typically include insider attacks, malware attacks, information leaks and losses, distributed denial of service, and application programming interface vulnerability attacks. Technical security improvements for virtual networks are actively researched, and many are working hard. But defending against internal attackers is more than just a technical solution but a complement to manuals and company policy. In reality, however, there are cases of damage by internal attackers, and the damage is getting bigger. Technically malicious internal attackers can relatively easily manipulate the control system and cause malfunctions. This paper provides comprehensive information about security threats in cloud computing, shows the severity of attacks by insiders, analyzes the latest authentication technologies for humancomputer interaction, and identifies the pros and cons. This shows how HCI (humancomputer interaction) technology can be applied to cloud computing management servers. The result is an innovative security certification model that can be applied. 2020, Springer Nature Switzerland AG. -
Water Purification Using Subnanostructured Photocatalysts
Visible light is an abundant resource, and photocatalysts absorb this light and use it to energize chemical reactions. Of the many types of reactions that are catalyzed by photocatalysts, wastewater purification is an important area. Photocatalysis is an economical, eco-friendly, and sustainable method of purifying water, a precious resource for which need is increasing while availability is shrinking. Of the several types of photocatalytic materials available, atomically dispersed metals and metal oxides appear to be the most promising. In conventional materials, the efficiency of utilization of active photocatalytic material is rather poor because only a small fraction of those present on the surface can serve as active materials. As the particle size decreases, this efficiency increases. In this respect, subnanometric catalysts such as single-site heterogeneous catalysts, atomically dispersed catalysts, and single-atom catalysts have distinct advantages when compared with their bulk and nanometric counterparts. The challenges in preparing stable single-atom catalysts have largely been overcome, and several methods are now available for their preparation. Many atomically dispersed photocatalytic materials have been synthesized, and many new insights have been gained, unlocking the tremendous potential in purifying wastewater by utilizing solar radiation. The aspects of higher activity, improved selectivity, economical use of materials, and a better understanding of the structure-activity relationship offered by subnanometric photocatalysts have been explored in this chapter. 2020 American Chemical Society. -
HumanComputer Interaction Technique for Irrigation and Sun Tracking Solar Panel Model
Humancomputer interaction (HCI) is an acquainted field of study concentrating on the design of computer innovation and, specifically, the interaction between computers and humans. While at first about computers, HCI has since extended to cover practically all types of data innovation design. Agriculture uses most of the natural resources, and the use of these natural resources will increase. In irrigation system, depending upon the moisture of the soil, water is provided to the plant. Two things are very important, first to get information about the humidity and temperature of the soil and second to measure the soil moisture. The Bluetooth module is added in the system so the water can be controlled through the mobile device. A solar tracking system is used to track the solar rays and convert them into electricity for pumping of water for irrigation purposes. There is a motor and two solenoid valves which control the water supply, according to the information obtained from the sensors which are placed. In a solar tracking system, LDRs are used as the main light sensors. The sensors are used to sense the soil moisture, temperature, and humidity, and if the moisture content is very low, then the motor is automatically switched on and will be turned off after getting the required water to the soil. For this, there is a GSM that is used to send the notification to the farmers. This chapter deals with the process of implementing an IoT-based model for smart irrigation and sun tracking solar panel for electricity to reduce human efforts. 2020, Springer Nature Switzerland AG. -
A Review on Influence of Cutting Fluid on Improving the Machinability of Inconel 718
Nickel-based superalloys are widely used in the production and manufacturing sectors that require processes or applications that endure or operate at very high superheating temperatures. With the properties of high tensile strength, high melting point, and lightweight structural arrangement of molecules within the alloy material composition makes it more suitable for industrial utilization in aerospace industries and marine applications. This review paper discusses the use of various coolant lubricants that improves the machinability of Inconel 718 based on parameters such as surface roughness and tool wear under the influence of cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut. The machine used for analysis is CNC milling machine which will be used for experimentation using ceramic inserts as end milling tool. Various cooling techniques such as hybrid cooling, flood emulsion cooling, minimum quantity lubrication, and cryogenic cooling are being summarized in this paper from various experimentations and conclusions of other authors. On the basis of review, the hybrid cooling technique is found to be better than other cooling techniques because of its ability to obtain long tool life and smoother surface finish on the workpiece. With the use of these reviewed data, further research for finding a more compatible and effective cooling lubricant has to be done by experimentation in order to obtain an improved machining process for Inconel 718 material. 2020, Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. -
A decade survey on internet of things in agriculture
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a united system comprising of physical devices, mechanical and digital machines, and different hardware components like sensors, actuators, cameras etc., monitored and operated by the software. The combination of devices and systems connected over the internet opens the pathway for development of various applications beneficial in terms of economic growth of a nation. IoT has evolved as a potentially emerging computer technology solving various real-life problems and issues. IoT covers vast group of applications, from warfare to surveillance, from habitat monitoring to energy harnessing, predictive analytics and personalized health care, and so on. Among various fields, agriculture is one important field having maximum scope of implementation and investment. The main aim of this book chapter is to furnish all the details related to applications of IoT in the field of agriculture. This includes the details related to data collection, types of sensors used, deployment details, data access through cloud. It also covers details related to various communication technologies used in IoT such as Bluetooth, LoRaWAN, LTE, 6LowPAN, NFC, RFID etc. And above all, the chapter focuses on the significance of IoT on agronomics, agricultural engineering, crop production and livestock production. This chapter is a decade survey conducted to study the contribution of IoT in the field of agriculture. Around 40 research papers for the duration 2008-2018 are collected from peer reviewed journals and conferences. The collected articles are analyzed to provide relevant information required for the various end users. Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020. -
Single activity recognition system: A review
Human Activity Recognition (HAR) plays an important role in smart home assisted living system which is one among the growing research area in smart computing. In this modern era, Smart home assisted living is highly recommended for elderly people to monitor and assist in taking care of themselves. HAR is applied in various ambiences to recognize single activity and group activity as well. This chapter focuses on single activity recognition system with respect to variety of sensors used in smart homes, activity recognition methods and wide range of communication systems that helps to ease the living style of elderly people in healthy environment which can be linked to the advancement of IoT technology in smart building. This chapter reviews many applications with variety of sensors, real time smart home projects, and smart home assisted living systems including activity recognition methods and communication systems. Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020. -
Rapid Prototyping Methods in Manufacturing of Biomedical Implants: A Review
The advancements in science and technology have given the flexibility in various levels for the scientists to manufacture variety of components. Rapid prototyping is one of the most sought-after techniques in the field of biomedical engineering for material manufacture. Bio-inertness, biocompatibility, and manufacturability are the desirable properties for biomedical applications. The review aims to provide a valuable contribution to the biomedical field, by identifying and comparing the rapid prototyping methods on the basis of time, quality, and cost. This work is dedicated to study, identify, and compare different methods of rapid prototyping in the manufacture of biomedical implants, the materials used for these processes. It also encompasses comparison of the process parameters for each manufacturing method and the advantages and disadvantages of the processes. Polysiloxane, hydroxyapatite, bioceramics, and titanium alloys due to its bio-inertness and nontoxic nature are some of the identified materials in the current review of the research. The highly sophisticated and complex biomedical implant manufacturing by various methods was studied and compared. Immense researches are being carried out in this novel field and are more prevalent in biomedical field due to its beautiful characteristics. The rapid advanced technological methods facilitate immediate intervention and faster treatment of the patient which reduces the risk and helps in faster recovery. 2020, Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. -
Blended Learning and Its Impact on Cognition and Emotion
A lot of research has been conducted to improvise learning by means of smart incorporation of technology and multimedia. There exists a complex relationship between cognition and emotions; technology is used to elicit emotional responses to create an emotional state which people learn best. Given the increasing attention to the important relationship between learning and emotions, this chapter is about blended learning and the emotion experienced by the students. The blended learning model focuses on the learners freedom in the way that they learn and engross in their education. The cognitive goals are the achieved by maintaining learners interest throughout the course. This chapter also explores the intrinsic differences, such as individual characteristics and contextual motivational factors which influence learning. The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020, Corrected Publication 2020. -
Smart car - accident detection and notification using amazon alexa
The high demand for automobiles has increased traffic hazards and road accidents. Life of the people is under high risk. This is because of the lack of the best emergency facilities available in the country. The proposed system can detect accidents in significantly less time and sends the basic information first to aid center and relatives of the victim on mobile and Amazon Alexa within a few seconds covering geographical coordinates. Various devices like Arduino UNO for car movement demonstration, Arduino Mega for accident detection and Raspberry Pi 3B for internet services gateway, accelerometer and impact sensor working together to detect an accident. All connected over the internet to generate a huge amount of data which holds a lot of information about the occurrence of the accident based on the speed and location and can be used to detect accident hotspots. The system also focuses on the safety of pedestrians where a safety band is programmed to perform the notification services using an emergency push button. The ESP8266 NodeMCU invokes the same services using a button on the module. The data generated may be used for the prediction, analysis to prevent future accidents and contribute to future road safety. Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020. -
Spectroscopic parameters of red emitting Eu3 +-doped La2Ba3B4O12 phosphor for display and forensic applications
Eu3+-activated La2Ba3B4O12 (LBBO) phosphor was synthesized by the solid-state reaction method. LBBO phosphors characterized by structural analysis (X-ray diffraction), including refinement parameters and crystallite size, morphological analysis by (Scanning Electron Microscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy). Photoluminescence (PL) studies of synthesized phosphors monitored in the range of 450-675 nm for the LBBO phosphor doped with Eu3 +. An excitation peak was found at 254nm and several sharp emission peaks were found around 466, 541, 588, 593, 613, and 626nm with high intensities. The crystallite size of the Eu3 +-doped LBBO phosphor was around 126nm. It is found that the intense emission peak is in the red region. The detailed processes involved and a possible mechanism for the PL are studied and discussed. The phosphor can also be used in forensic science to detect fingerprints. 2021 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved. -
Conclusion and future research directions
[No abstract available] -
Data visualization: Experiment to impose ddos attack and its recovery on software-defined networks
The entire network is doing paradigm shift towards the software-defined networks by separating forwarding plane from control plane. This gives a clear call to researchers for joining the ocean of software-defined networks for doing research considering its security aspects. The biggest advantage of SDN is programmability of the forwarding plane. By making the switches programmable, it can take live instructions from controllers. The versions of OpenFlow protocol and the compatibility of programmable switches with OpenFlow were the stepping stone making software-defined networks thrashed towards reality. The control plane has come up with multiple options of controllers such as NOX [2], Ryu [3], Floodlight [4], Open- DayLight [6], ONOS [7] and the list is big. The major players are Java based which keeps the doors open for enhancement of features by the contributors. However, more is expected from the practicality of P4Lang programmed switches by bringing skilled people to the industry who can actually implement programmable switches with ease. The obvious reason for delayed progress in the area of software-defined networks is the lack of awareness towards data visualization options existing as of now. The purpose of writing this chapter is to throw light upon the existing options available for data visualization in the area of SDN especially addressing the security aspect by analyzing the experiment of distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack on SDN with clarity on its usage, features, applicability and scopes for its adaptabilities in the world of networks which is going towards SDN. This chapter is a call to network researchers to join the train of SDN and push forward the SDN technology by proved results of data visualization of network and security matrices. The sections and subsections show clearly the experimental steps to implement DDoS attack on SDN and further provide solution to overcome the attack. Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020. -
Real-time video segmentation using a vague adaptive threshold
For the last two decades, video shot segmentation has been a widely researched topic in the field of content-based video analysis (CBVA). However, over the course of time, researchers have aimed to improve upon the existing methods of shot segmentation in order to gain accuracy. Video shot segmentation or shot boundary analysis is a basic and vital step in CBVA, since any error incurred in this step reduces the precision of the other steps. The shot segmentation problem assumes greater proportions when detection is preferred in real time. A spatiotemporal fuzzy hostility index (STFHI) is proposed in this work which is used for edge detection of objects occurring in the frames of a video. The edges present in the frames are treated as features. Correlation between these edge-detected frames is used as a similarity measure. In a real-time scenario, the incoming images are processed and the similarities are computed for successive frames of the video. These values are assumed to be normally distributed. The gradients of these correlation values are taken to be members of a vague set. In order to obtain a threshold after defuzzification, the true and false memberships of the elements are computed using a novel approach. The threshold is updated as new frames are buffered in and is referred to as the vague adaptive threshold (VAT). The shot boundaries are then detected based on the VAT. The VAT for detecting the shot boundaries is determined by using the three-sigma rule on the defuzzified membership values. The effectiveness of the real-time video segmentation method is established by an experimental evaluation on a heterogeneous test set, comprising videos with diverse characteristics. The test set consists of videos from sports, movie songs, music albums, and documentaries. The proposed method is seen to achieve an average F1 score of 0.992 over the test set consisting of 15 videos. Videos from the benchmark TRECVID 2001 are selected for comparison with other state-of-the-art-methods. The proposed method achieves very high precision and recall, with an average F1 score of 0.939 on the videos chosen from the TRECVID 2001 dataset. This is a substantial improvement over the other existing methods. 2020 Elsevier Inc. -
An introductory illustration of medical image analysis
The medical imaging field has evolved into an enormous scientific discipline since the last decade of the 19th century. The analysis of medical data obtained by current image modalities such as positron emission tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, and ultrasound comes to the aid of the fruitful diagnosis, appropriate planning, and assessment of therapy for patients treatment and much more. Medical image analysis is crucial to grip this huge amount of data and to investigate and present the appropriate information for any particular medical task. In this chapter, different aspects with regard to medical image analysis are exhaustively explored. In particular, issues and challenges in connection with this task are investigated and described. In addition, a brief summary of the contributory chapters is presented to trace the challenges and findings of each. 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. -
Mobile-Based Indian Currency Detection Model for the Visually Impaired
According to surveys held in 2019, India holds the largest population standing just after China, but when it comes to visually impaired people, India ranks number one. There are approximately 37 million people across India who are suffering from visual impairment. Special care and measures are taken to help these people live a peaceful life as any other citizen of India, but with the demonetization that happened in the recent years, the Indian economy was replaced with newer currency notes as an attempt to stop black money and fight corruption. Even though the objectives were clear and attainable, with the newer currency notes, the visually impaired people are facing various problems, as there is no provision for them to actually check the currency as the notes are not equipped with Braille system and the sizes of each and every currency is also the same in many cases. To counteract this problem, a mobile-based Indian currency detection model would be a better solution as it enables a visually impaired person to identify the value of specific currency he is holding. The mobile-based Indian currency detection model is the proposed model which will be using image processing for feature extraction and a basic CNN (convolutional neural network) for identification of currency with the given feature inputs. This model is being made into a mobile-based application so as to enable a visually impaired person to check for any possible frauds as fast as possible. 2020, Springer Nature Switzerland AG. -
Gut Microbiota and Cancer Correlates
The human microbiota is a concoction of bacteria, archaea, fungi, and other microorganisms. It is necessary to maintain a partnership between the host and the microbiota in order to maintain the different aspects of human physiology, such as nutrient absorption, immune function and metabolism. The microbiota can contribute to both progression and suppression of the disease, including cancer. A disturbance in this interspecies balance called microbiome dysbiosis becomes a reason for the host to be more prone to issues such as immunodeficiency and cancer. Gut microbiota could potentially influence the factors that govern cancer susceptibility and progression through mechanisms such as immunomodulation, by producing metabolites, such as, bacteriocins, antimicrobial peptides involved in tumor suppression, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), and through enzymatic degradation. It is now an established fact that the host physiology as well as risk of diseases such as cancer could be greatly modulated by these commensal microbes and the regulation of cancer development, progression as well as response to anticancer therapy is greatly dependent on the host microbiota. Therefore, it is being envisaged that by the involvement of microbiome in augmenting antitumor responses to therapeutic approaches, potentially a new era of research with potentially broad implication on cancer treatment could be established. Better cancer treatment responsiveness can be achieved by understanding the role of the tumor microbiome in shaping the tumor microenvironment. This will help us to develop personalized anticancer solution with the goal to discover a bacterial species or a combination of species that decreases systemic toxicity and helps in anticancer therapy. This chapter is written in same context, which focuses on the association of the gut microbiome with the suppression and progression of cancers, the role of the immune system in this interaction, the utilization of these organisms for the treatment of cancers, and future perspectives. Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021, corrected publication 2021. -
Optimization of Friction Stir Welding Parameters Using Taguchi Method for Aerospace Applications
The current research work investigated the optimization of the input parameters for the friction stir welding of AA3103 and AA7075 aluminum alloys for its applications in aerospace components. Friction stir welding is rapidly growing welding process which is being widely used in aerospace industries due to the added advantage of strong strengths without any residual stresses and minimal weld defects, in addition to its flexibility with respect to the position and direction of welding. Thus, the demand for this type of welding is very high; however, the welding of aluminum alloys is a key aspect for its use in aircraft components, particularly with respect to bracket mounting frames, braces and wing components. Henceforth in the current work, research is focused on optimization of welding of aluminum alloys, viz. AA 3103 and AA 7075; AA 3103 is a non-heat treatable alloy which is having good weldability, while AA 7075 is having higher strength. Therefore, the welding of these aluminum alloys will produce superior mechanical properties. The optimization of input parameters was accomplished in this work based on L9 orthogonal array designed in accordance with Taguchi methodusing which the friction stir welding experiment was conducted. There were nine experimental runs in total after formulating the L9 orthogonal array table in Minitab software. The input parameters which were selected for optimization weretool rotation speed, feed rate, tool pin profile. The output parameters which were optimized were hardness, tensile strength and impact strength. In addition, the microstructure of the fractured surfaces of the friction stir welded joint was analyzed. It was found from the optimization of the process parameters that strong friction stir welded joints for aerospace applications can be produced at an optimized set of parameters of tool rotational speed of 1100rpm, traverse speed of 15mm/min with a FSW tool of triangular pin profile of H13 tool steel material. 2020, Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. -
Haptics: Prominence and Challenges
Derived from a Greek word meaning sense of touch, Haptic is a communication technology which applies tactile sensation for human-computer interaction with computers. Haptic technology, or haptics, is a tangible feedback technology that takes benefit of a users sense of touch by applying forces, sensations, or motions to the user. These objects are used to methodically probe human haptic capabilities, which would be complex to achieve without them. This innovative research tool gives an understanding of how touch and its core functions work. The article will provide a detailed insight into the working principles, uniqueness of the technology, its advantages and disadvantages along with some of its devices and notable applications. Future challenges and opportunities in the field will also be addressed. 2020, Springer Nature Switzerland AG. -
Detection and Behavioral Analysis of Preschoolers with Dyscalculia
Human behaviours are influenced by various factors that might impact their thought process. The way human beings response in situations have a strong connection with genetic makeup, cultural values and experiences from the past. Behaviour Analysis discusses the effect of human response to external/internal stimuli. This study helps in understanding behaviour changes among individuals suffering from various psychological disorders. Dyscalculia is one similar type of learning disorder [LD] which is commonly found among individuals and goes undetected for years. It is a lifelong condition which causes difficulty for people to perform mathematics-related tasks. Dyscalculia is quite eminent at every age. Since the symptoms are prominent from a young age, it can be detected at the earliest. Dyscalculia has no medical treatment but can be minimized by getting involved in some brain exercises especially created for children with Learning Disabilities. The chapter deals with minor research and the behaviour analysis for the above-mentioned disorder among pre-schoolers. In this chapter, a study of the behavioural patterns of pre-schoolers with dyscalculia is performed. This chapter also attempts to propose a model that can detect and predict the possibility of a child suffering from dyscalculia. It also includes a number of brain training activities that can help them to improve and enhance their confidence in mathematics. 2020, Springer Nature Switzerland AG. -
Embarrassment in the Context of Negative Emotions and Its Effects on Information Processing
Negative emotions are feelings of sadness arising out of negative evaluation of oneself by self or others. Embarrassment is characterized as a negative emotion which is experienced as a threat to ones social identity. This chapter discusses the differences between embarrassment and related negative emotions, namely shame, guilt and humiliation and its effects on information processing. Around 45 articles have been reviewed in the process, which were selected based on their relation to either negative emotions in general or specifically to one or more of them. The study uses the interactional (bio-psycho-social) approach to determine the antecedents and consequences of experiencing embarrassment and how it affects information processing. It further explores gender differences in the experience of negative emotions. Given that the existing evidence reveals many contradictory findings in the experience of negative emotions, this chapter conceptualizes certain factors that might influence this experience. It also provides some reasons for variations in experience of embarrassment and related negative emotions, on the basis of gender. This chapter concludes by proposing the complexity of embarrassment as an emotion and a conceptual framework of a continuum on which the experiences of embarrassment may lie and the factors determining the placement of these experiences with their cognitive implications. The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020, Corrected Publication 2020.