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End-to-End Encryption in Resource-Constrained IoT Device
Internet of Things (IoT) technologies will interconnect with a wide range of network devices, regardless of their local network and resource capacities. Ensuring the security, communication, and privacy protection of end-users is a major concern in IoT development. Secure communication is a significant requirement for various applications, especially when communication devices have limited resources. The emergence of IoT also necessitates the use of low-power devices that interconnect with each other for essential processing. These devices are expected to handle large amounts of monitoring and control data while having limited capabilities and resources. The algorithm used for secure encryption should protect vulnerable devices. Conventional encryption methods such as RSA or AES are computationally expensive and require large amounts of memory, which can adversely affect device performance. Simplistic encryption techniques are easily compromised. To address these challenges, an effective and secure lightweight cryptographic process is proposed for computer devices. This process utilizes a symmetrical encryption key block, incorporating a custom proxy network (SP) and a modified Feistel architecture. Security analysis and performance evaluation results demonstrate that the proposed protocol is secure and energy-efficient. The symmetric key encryption scheme is based on sequences in the Feistel cipher, with multiple rounds and sub-keys generated using principles derived from genetic algorithms. This proposed algorithm minimizes processing cycles while providing sufficient security. 2013 IEEE. -
Encryption of motion vector based compressed video data
Enormous size of video data for natural scene and objects is a burden, threat for practical applications and thus there is a strong requirement of compression and encryption of video data. The proposed encryption technique considers motion vector components of the compressed video data and conceals them for their protection. Since the motion vectors exhibit redundancies, further reduction of these redundancies are removed through run-length coding prior to the application of encryption operation. For this, the motion vectors are represented in terms of ordered pair (val, run) corresponding to the motion components along the row and column dimensions, where val represents value of the motion vector while run represents the length of repetition of val. However, an adjustment for having maximal run is made by merging the smaller run value. Eventually we encrypted the val components using knapsack algorithm before sending them to the receiver. The method has been formulated, implemented and executed on real video data. The proposed method has also been evaluated on the basis of some performance measures namely PSNR, MSE, SSIM and the results are found to be satisfactory. Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016. -
Encouraging sustainable living through HR initiatives
This chapter examines how human resources (HR) professionals can facilitate organizational change in the direction of environmental responsibility in the context of sustainable human resource management. HR establishes itself as a strategic catalyst for concrete transformations in employee conduct and organizational culture by implementing performance management integration, waste reduction, and sustainable commuting initiatives. The study emphasizes tangible instances, demonstrating how human resource initiatives surpass theoretical concepts to promote a dedication to environmental stewardship actively. In ecological sustainability, HR professionals serve as catalysts for organizations, imparting knowledge and devising strategies to direct progress. This thorough examination offers practical recommendations for incorporating environmentally conscious principles into the operations of organizations, thereby promoting long-term sustainability. 2024, IGI Global. All rights reserved. -
Encountering risk with resilience for experiences: a case study on tourism in a conflicted tourist destination
Purpose: This paper aims to unravel how tourists balance their novel experiences with risk perceptions, psychological resilience and behavioral intentions. Additionally, it explores how tourists' personalities moderate the relationship between experiences and travel intentions. Design/methodology/approach: A total of 234 self-administered questionnaires were distributed to a diverse group of tourists who recently explored the Srinagar region to capture their perspectives. The data obtained was analyzed using Smart PLS-SEM. Findings: This study revealed that the impact of perceived terror risk on behavioral intentions is not statistically significant. Instead, tourists' experiences significantly influence psychological resilience and behavioral intentions. Tourists with higher resilience are inclined to perceive these experiences as aiding in managing negative feelings. Research limitations/implications: The study's focus is confined to one conflict zone within the country due to research constraints, excluding other areas. Practical implications: This research provides practical insights for destination management authorities and highlights areas for improvement for tourism service providers and the government in the Srinagar region, as well as other conflict regions. Emphasizing mutual respect between locals and tourists can foster community-based tourism, enhancing the region's appeal and promoting positive intentions for all involved parties. Social implications: This study examines how local communities in conflict-affected areas adjust to and manage the presence of tourists, with an emphasis on building resilience and support systems. Additionally, it explores how travel decisions and behaviors are influenced by tourists' perceptions of safety and how these perceptions can influence broader societal attitudes toward areas affected by conflict. Evaluating the local population's economic reliance on tourism may result in changed social dynamics, as well as possible exploitation or over-reliance on industry. Promoting mutual understanding and cultural interchange between locals and visitors may have a positive impact on efforts to promote social cohesion and peacebuilding. Originality/value: This study broadens the scope of the existing literature on destination attributes in conflict zones, offering a unique perspective on the intrinsic features of this issue. The solutions proposed in this study contribute a novel dimension to the current literature. 2024, International Tourism Studies Association. -
Encoder-Decoder Approach toward Vehicle Detection
Vehicle Detection algorithms run on deep neural networks. But one problem arises, when the vehicle scale keeps on changing then we may get false detection or even sometimes no detection at all, especially when the object size is tiny. Then algorithms like CNN, fast-RCNN, and faster-RCNN have a high probability of missed detection. To tackle this situation YOLOv3 algorithm is being used. In the codec module, a multi-level feature pyramid is added to resolve multi-scale vehicle detection problems. The experiment was carried out with the KITTI dataset and it showed high accuracy in several environments including tiny vehicle objects. YOLOv3 was able to meet the application demand, especially in traffic surveillance Systems. Grenze Scientific Society, 2023. -
Encapsulated 3converter for power loss minimization in a grid-connected system
A newly designed DCAC three phase bidirectional converter (DATBC) with an encapsulated DCDC converter (EDC) for the energy storage system (ESD) is analysed and investigated in this research paper. By using encapsulated or embedded or hidden DCDC converter a stable and constant DC bus is developed between the encapsulated DCDC converter and DCAC three phase bidirectional converter. The proposed converter is entirely different from the traditional dual-stage DCAC converter, because it takes less than 20% of power used for the DCAC conversion process. So, this reduced power consumption increases efficiency to a considerable value. A new control technique for zero sequence has been adopted components are inserted in the modulating signal based on carrier pulse width modulation (CPWM). Working principle, implementation and characteristics of the DCAC three phase bidirectional converter are analysed. Effectiveness and feasibility of the developed converter are examined with a proto-type model. 2022 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. -
Enabling context-awareness: A service oriented architecture implementation for a hospital use case
The medical field is continuously flooded with newer technologies and tools for automating all kinds of medical care processes. There are a variety of software solutions and platforms for enabling smart healthcare and for assisting care providers such as doctors, nurses, surgeons and specialists with all kinds of timely insights to diagnose and decide the correct course of actions. There are patient monitoring and expert systems to simplify and streamline healthcare service design, development, and delivery. However there are concerns and challenges with the multiplicity and heterogeneity of technologies and solutions. The dense heterogeneous medical devices available in the intensive therapy units pose a challenge of medical device integration. Needless to say, lot of research work has gone in devising techniques in integrating these systems for exchange of data. However mere device integration does not exploit the modern technologies until meaningful and critical information is presented to doctors and patient care personals adapting to the changes in the patient condition. The goal of this research is to apply context aware computing using service oriented architecture in acquiring, analysing and assisting doctors and nurses with necessary information for easy and critical time saving decision making. This paper presents an implementation of the identified web services which can be consumed during a treatment at the Intensive Therapy Unit (ITU). 2015 IEEE. -
Enabling Agricultural Sector through Blockchain Technology Farmers Perspective
The agricultural sectors in India and abroad have been affected extensively due to the Covid-19 pandemic. It is necessary to provide solutions for the availability of resources, controlling the cost, quality in production, transparent food supply, fulfilling demand, and removing intermediaries. The structural reforms in the agricultural sector by adopting emerging technologies, especially blockchain technology (BCT) and the robotics automation process, are inevitable during the pandemic and future development. To study the impact of blockchain on the Agriculture sector, the farmer's level of awareness of the blockchain technology, its methodological influence, the inclination of farmers to adopt the technology in their farming, and agri-related activity are vital. This paper aims to explore the opportunities of BCT in expanding the agriculture sector, ascertain the awareness and intensity of farmers' knowledge of the effect of BCT, and develop the mean difference in the opinion of the farmers towards the utilization of BCT in the relevant field of agriculture. A structured interview schedule was administered with 360 sample farmers from the Delta regions of three states located in the southern part of India, such as Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Tamilnadu, using a purposive sampling technique intending. Irrespective of the age, gender, land capacity, possession, education level, learned procedures, and abundant experience helped the farmers demand a new technology interface to improve their income level and register their sustainability. 2022 by authors, all rights reserved. -
Enablers of Successful Fiscal Decentralisation: A Case Study of Three Gram Panchayats in Kerala
Kerala is among the few states that have a successful record in fi scal decentralisation. This study qualitatively analyses primary data from three gram panchayats in Kerala to identify the factors that enable successful decentralised fi scal governance through panchayati raj. Based on the fi ndings of the study, we have constructed a framework to assess the readiness of gram panchayats to carry out successful decentralised fiscal governance. 2022 Economic and Political Weekly. All rights reserved. -
Enablers of Circular Practices in Fast Fashion Supply Chains: a Study Towards Sustainable Fashion Development
The fast fashion industry confronts substantial sustainability issues because of its high resource consumption and waste output. The literature reveals that past studies have less focused on circular practices in fast fashion supply chain. This study aims to identify and analyse the potential enablers of circularity within fast fashion supply chains, promoting sustainable production and consumption practices. Through a comprehensive literature review and expert consultations with 12 domain experts from academia, apparel manufacturing, and sustainability practices, sixteen enablers of circularity were identified. To understand the interrelationships and hierarchical structure among the identified enablers, Grey DEMATEL method was employed. The results from the study reveal that sound purchasing policies, reverse logistics and adoption of eco-friendly and recyclable packaging act as the most influential causal enablers, while selection of fibres and consumer awareness and acceptance of recycled, refurbished clothing emerge as key effect enablers. By mapping these interrelationships, the study offers actionable insights for fashion retailers, policymakers, and sustainability practitioners to strengthen circular strategies. The findings contribute to advancing circular economy theory in the fashion sector and provide a practical framework for accelerating the transition towards sustainable and circular business models in fast fashion. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2026. -
Enablers and Outcomes of Supply Chain Collaboration for Sustainable Growth
This study explores the intricate dynamics, challenges, and potential benefits of supply chain collaboration, emphasizing its pivotal role in achieving sustainability goals. Modern Supply Chain Collaboration (SCC) projects focus on sustainability-related activities, fostering interdependence between partners and driving sustained competitive advantage. The study introduces a comprehensive framework encompassing specific enablers (e.g., Joint Decision Making, Technology Integration) and outcomes (e.g., Social, Economic, and Environmental Sustainability) of supply chain collaboration. It contributes to practical guidelines for businesses seeking to enhance collaboration strategies and delves into theoretical paradigms such as the Cooperative Advantage concept, Triple Bottom Line Theory, Resource-Based View Theory, and Network Theory. The Triple Bottom Line Theory serves as an integrated theory of sustainability, emphasizing economic advantages, environmental impact minimization, and societal benefits. The Resource-Based View Theory underscores the role of internal resources in gaining competitive advantages, aligning with sustainability goals. Network Theory explores collaborative dynamics among competing entities, emphasizing resource sharing. The study's findings offer practical implications, enabling companies to assess and improve the sustainability of their supply chain management. It advocates for the integration of supply chain collaboration into organizational missions, emphasizing the importance of trust-building through standardized guidelines. The insights gained from this study are applicable across sectors, aiding legislators in developing flexible regulations and refining collaboration processes. Additionally, the study highlights the potential cultural variations in supply chain collaboration, paving the way for future research. 2024, Iquz Galaxy Publisher. All rights reserved. -
En route to Khardung La with Dhak Dhak
Dhak Dhak uses the trope of a motorcycle road trip to discuss several societal and emotional barriers women ought to overcome to forge their own paths and blossom into their authentic selves. 2024 Economic and Political Weekly. All rights reserved. -
Emprical Study of Crypto Currency and its Adoption Among Indians
This paper investigates many factors that impact cryptocurrency awareness and acceptance in the Indian market. Data were obtained from 376 volunteers of various ages across India. The following paper presented a framework based on EFA (Exploratory Factor Analysis), CFA (Confirmatory Factor Analysis), and SEM (Structural Equation Model). Technology awareness, recommendations to others, attitude, social influence, and openness to technical education were all responsible for bitcoin adoption. Meanwhile, trust and perceived risk were not accountable for the adoption of crypto currency. No significant factors directly responsible for the adoption or abandonment of crypto currencies were mentioned in the papers that were read. The Indian market is still not thoroughly studied regarding crypto currency and the population using it. It would create a massive opportunity for crypto currency to operate in the Indian market once the factors responsible for crypto currency adoption are known 2024 IEEE. -
Empowering women through livelihood interventions: Case studies from an impoverished community
This chapter looks at the influence of a livelihood project in empowering women belonging to an impoverished community from one of the most backward regions of the state of Karnataka in Southern India. Jamkhandi taluq of Bagalkote district is one of the poorer taluqs in the state, with a sex ratio of 938 and a female literacy rate of 50.75%. The Centre for Social Action began working in the area around a decade ago. The livelihood project was an offshoot of a project on Population displacement that was undertaken in the region. CSA adopted the Self-Help Approach (SHA) to meet the needs of this community. This gave the necessary impetus for the creation of a livelihood project for disadvantaged women. The central theme of the chapter is to study the extent of empowerment that is evident among the project's women beneficiaries. This chapter presents the evidence of empowerment using the qualitative case study methodology using ten cases. The theoretical framework provided by the 'Three Dimensional Model of Women Empowerment' is used to present the analysis. Document review and in-depth interviews are the prominent data sets used to present the study's major findings. The hybrid approach to coding and thematic analysis is used to integrate the insights from the theory used as well as observations from the study. Both within-case analysis and cross-case analysis are used for analysis. The personal, relational, and societal dimensions of empowerment are presented through themes emerging from the data. The implication of the chapter is the reiteration of the efficacy of the model in empowering women. This model can be replicated in other project areas, and livelihood strategies can be adopted extensively. 2024 Nova Science Publishers, Inc. -
Empowering women living with HIV/AIDS-A study on organisational strategies and challenges
The acts of discrimination & exclusion meted out to the people living with HIV/AIDS, and the stigma attached to the condition deprives the afflicted, of their capacity to exercise their fundamental rights and to access basic necessities. Specifically, the suffering of the women stricken by this chronic, incurable malady, the majority of whom from economically weaker sections of our society is very poignant. From the time this pandemic broke out in 1984, world organisations, national and local organisations, both government and non-government have come to the aid of the PLWHA. Some of them cater singularly to the needs of the WLWHA, who are as such more vulnerable ever since the plight of the women living with the deadly disease was brought to light. But as the years went by, there has been a decline in the help extended to the WLWHA. This study is undertaken to ascertain the current state of services and strategies used by the organisations to empower the WLWHA and the challenges faced by the organisations in their endeavours. -
Empowering women living with HIV AIDS A study on organisational strategies and challenges
The acts of discrimination and exclusion meted out to the people living with HIV/AIDS, and the stigma attached to the condition deprives the afflicted, of their capacity to exercise their fundamental rights and to access basic necessities. Specifically, the suffering of the women stricken by this chronic, incurable malady, the majority of whom from newlineeconomically weaker sections of our society is very poignant. From the time this pandemic broke out in 1984, world organisations, national and local organisations, both government and non-government have come to newlinethe aid of the PLWHA. Some of them cater singularly to the needs of the WLWHA, who are as such more vulnerable ever since the plight of the women living with the deadly disease was brought to light. But as the years went by, there has been a decline in the help extended to the WLWHA. This study is undertaken to ascertain the current state of newlineservices and strategies used by the organisations to empower the WLWHA and the challenges faced by the organisations in their endeavours. Appropriate questionnaires were administered to analyse the situations and find the facts about the services, strategies and challenges from the perspective of the organisation WLWHA. A few case studies of the WLWHA were done to delve into the depths of their perceptions. From the study, it has been learned that the organisations have prioritized medical and rehabilitation services to empower the women. Medical care is given directly by the organisations and also through networking with government bodies and other services newlineproviders. Affected women and family members are counselled for acceptance of the condition and familial and societal integration. Occupational therapy and vocational training are other strategies for newlineempowerment.Organisations provide nutritious food for the women and arrange for them to get the necessary provisions through Public newlineDistribution System (PDS) or through donors. -
Empowering Women Entrepreneurs in Trade: Challenges, Opportunities and the Role of Digital Marketplaces in Tamilnadu
In recent years, there is a revolution in the commercial sector due to digitalisation which provides an opportunity for the women entrepreneurs, especially in Tamil Nadu with unknown prospects. Nevertheless, all the women entrepreneurs do not get full advantage of these digitalised platforms like the women entrepreneurs who involved in MSME sectors with lack of access or restriction to capital, social constraints, legal constraints or lack of digital literacy. The current status of women entrepreneurship in Tamil Nadu is to identify their unique challenges they face in use of digital platforms and to overcome these challenges. The present study is to make an attempt to know how digital market places should improve women entrepreneurs in access to all the resources, opportunities and market places by evaluating the same. This current research adopts mixed-methods approach, which includes quantitative and qualitative methods. These methods are used to investigate how digital platforms helps the women entrepreneurs in removal of inequalities in reaching the market and also in elimination of financial access which in turn helps to improve the operational efficiency of women-led businesses. Based on the previous research, it is evident that digital markets help the entrepreneurs in getting connected with others and skill development along with access to a greater number of customers. This study focusses towards the interventions which has to be addressed which includes social constraints, lack of digital infrastructure, lack of training to access digital tools. The intent of this study is to focus in policy framing which promotes growth in trade that assists the women entrepreneurs. Thus, this research highlights the transformative potential of digital marketplaces in empowering women in trade, paving the way for an inclusive and dynamic entrepreneurial ecosystem in Tamil Nadu. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2026. -
Empowering Tribal Communities: Unveiling the Role of Skill Proficiency, Demographics, and Economic Pathways in Wayanad
The complex relationship between skill proficiency, demographics, and economic empowerment among the tribal communities in Kerala's Wayanad district is examined in the study Empowering Tribal Communities, Unveiling the Role of Skill Proficiency, Demographics, and Economic Pathways in Wayanad. The study examines how gender, age, income, and education affect skill development and how that affects resilience and economic prospects using a quantitative research approach. Important insights are revealed by stratifying data from a representative sample of 200 tribal members based on important demographic characteristics. Chi-Square tests, regression models, and structural equation modelling (SEM) are examples of descriptive and inferential techniques that show how skill development promotes economic inclusion. The findings indicate that skill competency is strongly correlated with higher education levels (p?<?0.0001) and has a significant impact on monthly income levels (R2?=?0.263, p?<?0.05). Nevertheless, neither gender nor skill proficiency were shown to be significantly correlated with skill type or age group (p?>?0.05). The SEM framework's path analysis shows that skill development directly improves market connections (??=?0.55), digital literacy (??=?0.70), social inclusion (??=?0.50), and economic possibilities (??=?0.65), all of which contribute to economic empowerment (??=?0.40). However, these effects are sometimes hampered by obstacles like restricted access to resources. The results highlight the need for focused skill-development programs that tackle educational inequalities and infrastructure obstacles. Policymakers, educators, and community organisations looking to improve tribal communities through customised interventions that promote socioeconomic stability and resilience in the face of persistent difficulties can benefit from the practical insights this research offers. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2026. -
Empowering Solar Power Generation: The Z-Source Inverter Approach
The Z-source inverter model is a revolutionary design obtainable in this study for solar power conversion systems that do away with the traditional intermediary DC/DC converter. The competitive pricing of renewable energy bases in the market has drawn a percentage of attention in recent times. Government funding and technological advancements are to blame. Astral photovoltaic system is a created green technology that requires no upkeep, requires less time to install, and has grid parity. Systems for solar PV supply are categorized based on the phases of conversion. In order to maximize the amount of power created by solar energy, the conventional boost converter is utilized as an intermediary power conversion circuit. Voltage source inverters, or VSIs, are frequently employed to provide a controlled AC voltage at the output. However, the inability of VSIs to control current properly results in overcurrent problems during fault conditions. The size, weight, and switching losses of the filter circuit are condensed by the suggested converter. To solve the aforementioned issues, a Z-source inverter (ZSI) is replaced as an alternative of the voltage source inverter (VSI) in variable speed drive systems. One type of single-stage buck-boost inverter is the Z-source inverter. It functions similarly to a conventional VSI in buck mode, with six active vectors, and adds an additional switching state in boost mode, known as the shoot-through state, through utilizing a resistance Z-network. The resistivity network is regarded as an appealing solution for a number of applications since it raises the DC link current to the necessary level. In comparison to the traditional two-stage influence adaptation, the developed Z-source inverter extracts greater power from photovoltaic arrays. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025. -
Empowering Social Enterprises Through Financial Inclusion in Emerging Markets
Financial inclusion is also a main mover of economic and social development, par-ticularly in the developing economies that still have minimal access to finance. The chapter discusses how financial inclusion reinforces social innovation by cultivating social enterprises, narrowing inequalities, and facilitating sustainable development. This chapter takes an account of enablers, including government policy, financial education initiatives, shadow financing, and green finance, with a perspective of comprehending the role of facilitation of inclusive financial ecosystems. Relying on secondary data from institutions like the World Bank and DBIE, it analyzes how access to finance enhances the resilience of vulnerable groups and strengthens economic resilience. It also considers policy implications and future research to maximize the role of financial inclusion in social change. Its findings point to its ability to unleash social enterprise opportunities and a more balanced economic ecosystem in emerging markets. 2026 by IGI Global Scientific Publishing. All rights reserved.