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The s-shunt non-intersection graph of a graph
For an integer s ? 1, an s ? arc in a graph G is a sequence of (s + 1) vertices (v1,v2,,vs,vs+1) of G such that for all 1 ? i ? s, vi ? vi+1, and for all 1 ? i ? s ? 1, vi?vi+2. A non-intersection graph of the set of all s-arcs on distinct vertices of G, that can be shunted onto some other s-arc on distinct vertices of G, has been introduced. Basic properties based on the order, size and the degree of an arbitrary vertex of the non-intersection graph of a graph defined are obtained. Additionally, certain properties pertaining to the connectedness of the same are discussed. 2026 World Scientific Publishing Company. -
THE ROUTLEDGE INTERNATIONAL HANDBOOK OF NEUROCOGNITIVE REHABILITATION: Practices, Innovations, and Future Directions
The Routledge International Handbook of Neurocognitive Rehabilitation is a comprehensive resource highlighting the rapid advancements in neurocognitive science and their application in rehabilitation practices. Bringing together perspectives from top authorities in neuropsychology, neurology, neurosurgery, and neuropsychiatry, it explores cutting-edge techniques and resources including virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), machine learning (ML), and artificial intelligence (AI) that are revolutionizing the area. By combining scientific rigor with accessibility, the book closes the gap between state-of-the-art technology and conventional rehabilitation techniques, giving readers academic and practical expertise. Sections focus on the foundations of neurocognitive rehabilitation, technology-driven innovations, clinical applications, and ethical, social, and practical considerations. Case studies and qualitative accounts are integrated into the chapters to illustrate the impact of neurocognitive rehabilitation techniques on patient outcomes, opening up new avenues for individualized and successful therapeutic approaches. It is an essential reference for students, researchers, and professionals to leverage emerging technologies for improving patient outcomes and advancing the discipline of neurocognitive rehabilitation. 2026 selection and editorial matter, K. Jayasankara Reddy; individual chapters, the contributors. All rights reserved. -
The Role of Women in the Formation of Organizational Climates in Various Workspaces in Bengaluru, India
This study examined the influence of women in the formation of organizational climates and their effectiveness in this competitive era. Favorable climates and working conditions enhance work quality and increase organizational cohesion that develops interpersonal bonds to accomplish workplace goals. Women have faced multiple challenges in the banking industry. To address gender disparity, women leaders created initiatives to empower women and encourage society to pay attention to gender equality. Bank Presidents and Senior Managers have the responsibility of creating an organizational culture that is safer for women to participate in; organizations should be designed with women in mind. It is true that women employees appear to have a higher level of organizational commitment. They are often considered to be a key talent pool for industries. This study aimed to investigate the engagement of women in their organizational culture and to determine how this correlates with workplace conditions. The present study explored the challenges women face in maintaining positive working conditions and effective operative strategies. We collected data through a structured questionnaire with the help of convenience sampling from 124 working women of commercial, public, and foreign banks situated in Bengaluru. We analyzed the data quantitatively with the Likert scale, ranking analysis, and percentage analysis to identify antecedents of organizational climate and the role of women in building a professional environment. Results revealed that the significant problems faced by women to sustain a healthy climate in the workplace are lack of supervisor encouragement and the disparity in rewards and benefits. We further inferred that women employees shape their attitudes both in their personal and professional lives to accomplish their personal and organizational goals. They prioritize their jobs more than their personal needs to balance their personal and organizational requirements; however, they feel a lack of teamwork and require a better conflict management system. 2021. Journal of International Womens Studies. -
The Role of the Gut Microbiota in Neurodegenerative Diseases
The human gut has a rich and dynamic microbial population that plays an important role in many physiological activities. This review explores the complex interaction between the gut microbiota and human health, with an emphasis on its effect on neurodegenerative illnesses. The makeup of the gut microbiome and its impact on brain function through the gutbrain axis is highlighted. Dysbiosis, characterized by changes in the gut microbiotas composition, has been linked to the development of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimers, Parkinsons, Huntingtons, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. A Bidirectional communication between the stomach and the brain takes place via a variety of channels, including neurotransmitters and metabolites generated by gut bacteria. We investigate the processes through which dysbiosis causes neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and neuronal damage, which drive disease development. Potential therapeutic approaches that focus on the gut microbiota, such as antibiotics, probiotics, prebiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation, are reviewed, with promising preclinical and clinical findings. Overall, this study emphasizes the relevance of gut microbiota to neurodegenerative illnesses, as well as the need to understand and target the gut-brain axis for future treatment options. 2024 by the authors. -
The role of technology in facilitating organizational transformation
This chapter explores the pivotal role of technology in driving and facilitating organizational transformation. This includes the ways in which digital transformation is a catalyst for innovation, enabling organizations to adapt to business landscapes that are rapidly evolving. The discussion will take place regarding the integration of advanced technologies to enhance operational efficiency, foster sustainability, and improve employee engagement. By addressing the critical interplay between leadership and technological adoption, the chapter highlights strategies for aligning organizational goals with emerging digital trends. It also underlines the importance of adaptability and growth- oriented mindsets in dealing with the challenges of change. Case studies and examples are used to illustrate how organizations have successfully leveraged technology to achieve competitive advantage while promoting sustainability. The chapter also provides a comprehensive analysis of how technology integration supports the alignment of human and digital resources. 2025, IGI Global Scientific Publishing. All rights reserved. -
The role of technology in advancing psychoneuroimmunology research
This chapter explores the transformative impact of technology on Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI), emphasizing advancements in neuroimaging, genomics, and proteomics. Techniques like functional MRI (fMRI) and Positron Emission Tomography (PET) have revolutionized our understanding of brain activity and neuroinflammation. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) and proteomic profiling have unveiled genetic and protein biomarkers linked to stress and immune responses. Wearable technology and mobile health apps now enable continuous monitoring and personalized stress management. Big data analytics and machine learning enhance pattern identification and outcome prediction. Ethical considerations, including data privacy and equity, are discussed alongside emerging technologies like AI and nanotechnology. Overall, the chapter highlights how these innovations are reshaping PNI research and improving treatment for stress-related disorders. 2025 by IGI Global Scientific Publishing. All rights reserved. -
The role of Syzygium samarangense in nutrition and economy: An overview
Syzygium samarangense (Blume) Merr & Perry is a tropical evergreen fruit tree from the family Myrtaceae majorly cultivated in South East Asia. The crispy and juicy fruits are highly nutritious and range from deep red to white color. This underutilized fruit is eaten raw or used in making jams, jelly, juice, salad, wine making and also used in garnishing. The cultivation of this fruit has been extended to a larger area with the improvement of technology. The fruit is rich in secondary metabolites like alkaloids, terpenes, and, tannins; minerals like calcium, copper, chlorine, iron, manganese, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, zinc, and vitamins such as niacin, riboflavin, thiamin, and vitamin C. The bark, fruit, and flower have pharmacological properties such as antibacterial, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-inflammation, anti mutation, antinociceptive activity, antioxidation activities, antiulcerogenic effect, and wound healing activity. The present review discusses the biology, the improved varieties of fruit, and geographic distribution of S samarangense, the cultivation and harvesting practices, pharmacological activities, the industrial applications, and the economic importance of fruit. The review also emphasizes the future outlook and strategies that can be adopted to transform this underutilized fruit into a fruit of commercial importance. 2022 SAAB -
The role of switching cost in the e-service recovery framework among banking customers
Purpose: The emergence of tech-driven initiatives in retail banking has created a vast spectrum of system-related service failures; hence, e-service recovery quality is of prime importance to banks to ensure e-service recovery satisfaction. However, e-service satisfaction is dependent on the ease of moving from one service provider to the other; thus, switching costs assume great significance. This study aims to probe the moderating role of switching cost on e-service recovery satisfaction by exploring e-service recovery quality antecedents. Design/methodology/approach: A measurement model is suggested in the contextual settings of the Indian banking scenario and is estimated using structural equation modeling. Responses from 399 e-banking customers, who had experienced a service failure, were sought using a five-point Likert scale. Findings: The result affirms that recovery expectation is the most significant predictor of e-service recovery satisfaction, and that switching cost moderates the relation between e-service recovery quality and e-service recovery satisfaction. Practical implications: The study highlights the high relevance of switching costs in the e-banking context and emphasizes investment in marketing strategies and campaigns to do away with switching intentions. It also highlights the relevance of recovery expectations as an antecedent of e-service recovery quality and thus stresses the need to satisfactorily address the same in the e-service recovery process. Originality/value: This study contributes to the e-service recovery satisfaction literature in the banking context by empirically validating the moderating role of switching cost. It also identifies the critical antecedents of banking e-service recovery quality. 2021, Emerald Publishing Limited. -
THE ROLE OF STAKEHOLDERS IN RURAL TOURISM- A CASE STUDY ON KUMBALANGI VILLAGE TOURISM PROJECT
Taking the road less travelled is one of the more interesting ways to travel as it allows a true glimpse into the truths of a culture. Fortunately for the travellers of today taking the road less travelled is a lot easier than strapping on a backpack and venturing, with only a prayer and hope, into the great unknown with all its variables and discomforts. Rural Tourism is a concept that has revolutionized the tourism industry and for the tourists it has opened a world of new possibilities. Rural Tourism is the cultural equivalent of ecotourism; while the latter is concerned with the preservation of the environment, the former is concerned with preserving and showcasing a ??slice of life- glimpse of a traditional way of life. A National Tourism Policy was introduced in 2002, with rural tourism identified as a focus area to generate employment and promote sustainable livelihoods in the rural areas. While in the initial two years of the scheme, only physical infrastructure (hardware) development activities were taken up under the scheme, from the year 2004-2005 capacity building (software) activities were also taken up. Kumbalangi, a small fishing hamlet based in Kerala was selected by the Government of India to launch its rural tourism project in the year 2003. As of today, there are 36 rural tourism destinations recognised by the Government of India. This study is an attempt to analyse the impacts and measure the perceptions of some of the principle stakeholders involved in the rural tourism project at Kumbalangi. This study focuses on the prime stakeholders namely the local community, local establishments and the Village Panchayat at Kumbalangi to understand the impacts of practising tourism alongside their traditional occupations and the benefits that rural tourism offers to them. It also studies the perception and attitude of tourists regarding the facilities and amenities available at the destination. Both primary as well as secondary tools for data collection were used. Four sets of questionnaires were used for the study. Two structured five point scale questionnaires were administered to the local community and owners of local establishments of Kumbalangi. A semi-structured questionnaire was administered to the tourists. The Panchayat officials were administered an unstructured questionnaire. The data obtained from the questionnaire was analysed by using various statistical tools such as correlation and ANOVA. The findings indicated that most of the stakeholders involved in the rural tourism project had a positive approach towards the project. -
The Role of Social Media in Shaping Gen Zs Awareness in Understanding Social Issues
Many social movements (such as #Black Lives Matter Movement, #MeToo Movement and #EndAcidSale Movement) have gained momentum through social media, but there is a research gap in understanding Generation Zs individuals participation and engagement in these social movements and also the awareness they have regarding social issues through social media. This study aims to understand how social media engagement affects Gen Zs understanding of social issues and how the perceptions of Gen Z regarding social issues is influenced by it. It is crucial to look into Gen Zs engagement in these social movements and also the awareness they get regarding social issues through social media. Algorithms tend to dictate the content that reaches the users; therefore, we want to analyse whether social media algorithms is effective in ensuring Gen Z social media users get an understanding of different viewpoints regarding the social issue. Understanding Gen Zs engagement in social activism through social media requires an in depth analysis on the factors that motivate them to do so. These factors can include their belief that it would lead to a systematic change, a sense of community they get when they engage with others on social media about social issues, pressure from their social circle to engage with social media content related to social issues and the desire to be seen as socially conscious by their peers. This study also aims to find out whether this has an effect on their mental health. The findings of the study show that social media content engagement moderates the relationship between social issue awareness and both real-world activism and mental health among Gen Z. Increased social issue awareness and social media content engagement lead to higher activism, but excessive engagement is found to negatively impact mental health among Gen Z. Results from the study indicates that respondents believe in the effectiveness of social media activism but also report feeling stressed, anxious, and overwhelmed by social issue-related content. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025. -
The role of social media in empowering digital financial literacy
This systematic review examined the role of social media in enhancing financial literacy among individuals by collecting and reviewing 60 articles published from 2021 to 2023. The findings revealed that social media has a positive impact on financial literacy through the dissemination of financial education, promotion of financial awareness, and sharing of financial experiences. The review also identified digital financial literacy, entrepreneurial learning, and financial knowledge as significant determinants of financial literacy, while demographic characteristics, social media usage behavior, risk attitude, and overconfidence played a role in determining financial literacy. The study recommends that financial institutions, policymakers, and educators leverage social media for promoting financial literacy, and social media usage skills to improve financial literacy among individuals. Overall, the study suggests that the use of social media can democratize financial literacy and enable individuals from diverse backgrounds to access financial education and information. Copyright 2023, IGI Global. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global is prohibited. 2023 by IGI Global. All rights reserved. -
The role of social antecedents in enhancing psychological safety for women in software development organisations: a mixed-methods investigation
Purpose: This paper aims to study the social influences on psychological safety among women employed in software development organisations in India. By integrating conceptual and practical perspectives, the research aims to provide insights into developing inclusive workplace environments for women. Design/methodology/approach: A sequential mixed-methods approach was used. In the first phase, qualitative interviews were conducted with 10 senior women managers to explore enablers of psychological safety and identify key antecedents, including supervisor support, coworker support, trust and social embedding. In the second phase, a quantitative survey using a five-point Likert scale was distributed to 300 women in operational roles, yielding 250 valid responses for statistical analysis. Findings: The results indicate that social embedding mediates the impact of trust and supervisor support on psychological safety. Furthermore, trust moderates the relationship between supervisor support and social embedding. Both coworker and supervisor support influence trust, which enhances psychological safety, underscoring the significance of social relationships in shaping workplace experiences. Practical implications: The paper provides valuable insights for firms seeking to develop HR policies and leadership practices that promote psychological safety for women. By emphasising the role of social embedding and trust, companies can create inclusive and supportive environments that enhance job engagement, retention and overall well-being. Originality/value: This research is a pioneering effort to explore the role of social antecedents in psychological safety among women in an emerging economy, contributing to the wider discourse on gender, workplace culture and organisational behaviour. 2025, Emerald Publishing Limited. -
The Role of Smart Education in a Complex World
The role of smart education is vital as societies confront rapid technological, social, and economic transformations. Smart education, driven by digital technologies, data analytics, and adaptive learning systems, personalizes learning experiences, enhances accessibility, and fosters critical thinking skills essential for the 21st century. In a world characterized by uncertainty and interconnectivity, education systems must evolve to prepare learners for dynamic, multidisciplinary challenges. By integrating innovation with inclusivity, smart education enhances academic outcomes and equips individuals to navigate complexity, collaborate effectively, and contribute meaningfully to sustainable development goals. The Role of Smart Education in a Complex World explores how technology-driven, adaptive learning systems transform education to meet the demands of an interconnected world. It examines how smart education fosters critical thinking, creativity, and lifelong learning to prepare individuals for complex global challenges. This book covers topics such as special education, digital technology, and gamification, and is a useful resource for educators, sociologists, policymakers, academicians, researchers, and scientists. 2026 by IGI Global Scientific Publishing. All rights reserved. -
The role of service customisation and process innovation in enhancing customer satisfaction and engagement in pet care services: Evidence from India and the UAE
This study examines the impact of pet care service quality on customer satisfaction and engagement, with a focus on the moderating effects of service customization and process innovation in India (Study 1) and the UAE (Study 2). Using an adapted SERVPERF model, data was collected from 221 Indian and 238 UAE pet owners and analyzed through PLS-SEM and multi-group analysis (MGA). Findings reveal that in India, assurance, reliability, and responsiveness significantly influence customer satisfaction, which enhances engagement, but service customization and process innovation showed no significant moderating effect. In the UAE, reliability is the sole driver of satisfaction, while service customization and process innovation significantly moderate the satisfaction-engagement relationship. The PLS-MGA results confirmed that the moderating effect of service customization and process innovation was significantly stronger in the UAE than in India, suggesting that UAE consumers place greater value on personalized and technology-driven services, while Indian consumers prioritize fundamental service quality dimensions. These findings provide theoretical contributions by extending SERVPERFs applicability in the pet care industry and managerial implications for service providers aiming to optimize customer experience, engagement, and retention in emerging markets. 2025 American Society for Quality. -
The Role of Semiotics in Digital Marketing: Study on Consumer Interpretation and Brand Communication
This paper aims to examine the concept of semiotics with an emphasis on the manner in which consumers analyse brand messages through signifying practices. Being the science of meaning, semiotics in central to the formation of perception towards brand image and communication. Given the proliferation of digital communications in many different channels, it is vital for modern marketing to engage with semiotic features. Hence, the present research uses semi structured interviews as its data collection method to explore how consumers assign meaning to visuals and the symbols used to depict them as a means of gaining their attention and securing their attention and loyalty. Research results indicates semiotic assets including picture, iconography, and storyline boost brand familiarity/identity and consumer bond. Culture- sensitive signs enhances perception and ensure that messages passed do not create confusion. These observations present marketers with valuable information useful when developing cultural and interpretational strategies in the market. 2026, IGI Global Scientific Publishing. -
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The role of religious and financial factors in eudaimonic well-being among Indian adults
Purpose: The available literature has explored the various psychosocial determinants of well-being to some extent. The earlier works have focused primarily on hedonic well-being with little focus on eudaimonic aspects. Therefore, this study aims to understand the role of parentchild religious attendance during childhood, religious connectedness, and financial-material stability on eudaimonic well-being among adults in India. Design/methodology/approach: The authors used the India data from Global Flourishing Study Wave 1 that addressed flourishing among adults above 18 years. The authors considered 9,076 Indian adults and used descriptive and correlation statistics. In addition, the authors conducted path analysis and t-test. Findings: The likelihood of eudaimonic well-being increased with parentchild religious attendance during childhood (= ?0.044, p < 0.01) along with religious connectedness (= ?0.112, p < 0.01) and financial-material stability (= 0.145, p < 0.01) as an adult. In addition, a significant difference existed in terms of religious connectedness and eudaimonic well-being with income and perceived feelings about income. Originality/value: This study emphasizes financial stabilitys relevance in well-being and suggests the importance of considering religious factors during childhood and adulthood. Emphasizing factors influencing eudaimonic well-being is relevant due to its influence on mental health and quality of life. 2024, Emerald Publishing Limited. -
The role of religious and financial factors in eudaimonic well-being among Indian adults
Purpose: The available literature has explored the various psychosocial determinants of well-being to some extent. The earlier works have focused primarily on hedonic well-being with little focus on eudaimonic aspects. Therefore, this study aims to understand the role of parentchild religious attendance during childhood, religious connectedness, and financial-material stability on eudaimonic well-being among adults in India. Design/methodology/approach: The authors used the India data from Global Flourishing Study Wave 1 that addressed flourishing among adults above 18 years. The authors considered 9,076 Indian adults and used descriptive and correlation statistics. In addition, the authors conducted path analysis and t-test. Findings: The likelihood of eudaimonic well-being increased with parentchild religious attendance during childhood (= ?0.044, p < 0.01) along with religious connectedness (= ?0.112, p < 0.01) and financial-material stability (= 0.145, p < 0.01) as an adult. In addition, a significant difference existed in terms of religious connectedness and eudaimonic well-being with income and perceived feelings about income. Originality/value: This study emphasizes financial stabilitys relevance in well-being and suggests the importance of considering religious factors during childhood and adulthood. Emphasizing factors influencing eudaimonic well-being is relevant due to its influence on mental health and quality of life. 2024, Emerald Publishing Limited. -
The Role of Regular Meditation Practice, Trait Mindfulness, and Psychological Characteristics in Affective Startle Modulation: A Psychophysiological Study
Meditation practices, including mindfulness, are linked with adaptive emotional processing and regulation. Although startle response modulation among meditators has been studied using habituation and prepulse-induced startle inhibition paradigms, affective startle modulation, which refers to potentiation by negative stimuli and attenuation by positive stimuli (both relative to neutral stimuli), remains unexplored. This study examined how regular meditation practice, dispositional mindfulness, and affective difficulties influence affective modulation of the acoustic startle reflex. Seventeen meditators and thirty non-meditators were exposed to pleasant, neutral, and unpleasant images while their eye-blink startle responses were recorded. Participants also completed self-report measures of dispositional mindfulness, alexithymia, emotion regulation difficulties, depression, anxiety, and stress. Meditators, compared to non-meditators, reported higher dispositional mindfulness, particularly in the Observing and Non-reactivity domains, lower stress, and fewer difficulties in goal-oriented behaviour during negative emotions; they also had longer startle onset latencies, potentially indicating lower state anxiety, across the entire experiment regardless of the valence of visual images. Higher dispositional mindfulness correlated with lower scores on alexithymia, emotion regulation difficulties, depression, anxiety, and stress across the pooled sample. These findings suggest that mindfulness, whether cultivated through meditation or as a trait, reduces negative emotionality, highlighting its potential for emotional regulation and stress reduction. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2026.