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N-tier modelling of robust key management for secure data aggregation in wireless sensor network
Security problems in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) have been researched from more than a decade. There are various security approaches being evolving towards resisting various forms of attack using different methodologies. After reviewing the existing security approaches, it can be concluded that such security approaches are highly attack-specific and doesnt address various associated issues in WSN. It is essential for security approach to be computationally lightweight. Therefore, this paper presents a novel analytical modelling that is based on n-tier approach with a target to generate an optimized secret key that could ensure higher degree of security during the process of data aggregation in WSN. The study outcome shows that proposed system is computationally lightweight with good performance on reduced delay and reduced energy consumption. It also exhibits enhanced response time and good data delivery performance to balance the need of security and data forwarding performance in WSN. 2019 Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science. -
N?-[(1E)-1-(2-Fluorophenyl)ethylidene]pyridine-3-carbohydrazide
The title compound, C14H12FN3O, adopts an E conformation with respect to the azomethine double bond whereas the N and methyl C atoms are in a Z conformation with respect to the same bond. The ketonic O and azomethine N atoms are cis to each other. The non-planar molecule [the dihedral angle between the benzene rings is 7.44(11)] exists in an amido form with a C=O bond length of 1.221(2) In the crystal, a bifurcated N - H(O,N) hydrogen bond is formed between the amide H atom and the keto O and imine N atoms of an adjacent molecule, leading to the formation of chains propagating along the b-axis direction. Through a 180 rotation of the fluorophenyl ring, the F atom is disordered over two sites with an occupancy ratio of 0.632(4):0.368(4). Sreeja et al. 2014. -
N?-[(E)-1-(2-fluorophenyl)ethylidene]pyridine-4-carbohydrazide
The title compound, C14H12FN3O, adopts an E conformation with respect to the azomethine bond. The pyridyl and fluorobenzene rings make dihedral angles of 38.58(6) and 41.61(5) respectively with the central C(=O)N2CC unit, resulting in a non-planar molecule. The intermolecular interactions comprise two classical N - H?O and N - H?N hydrogen bonds and four non-classical C - H?O and C - H?F hydrogen bonds. These interactions are augmented by a weak ?-? interaction between the benzene and pyridyl rings of neighbouring molecules, with a centroid-centroid distance of 3.9226(10) This leads to a three-dimensional supramolecular assembly in the crystal system. The F atom is disordered over two sites in a 0.559(3): 0.441(3) ratio, through a 180 rotation of the fluorobenzene ring. 2014 CrossMark. -
N?-[(E)-2-Fluorobenzylidene]benzohydrazide
The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C14H 11FN2O, contains two independent molecules, both of which adopt the E conformation with respect to the azomethine C=N bond. The molecules are non-planar, with dihedral angles of 26.92 (12) and 11.36 (11) between the benzene and phenyl rings. In the crystal, molecules are linked through N-H?O=C and N-H?N hydrogen bonds into chains along [101]. C-H?O contacts link these chains into layers parallel to (001). The three-dimensional crystal packing is stabilized by ?-? interactions, the shortest separation between the centroids of benzene rings being 3.884 (1) -
N?-[(E)-Furan-2-ylmethylidene]-4-hydroxybenzohydrazide
The title compound, C12H10N2O3, exists in the E conformation. The five-membered ring and the phenyl rings form dihedral angles of 36.73 (10) and 12.22 (10), respectively, with the central C(=O)N2C unit. The crystal packing is dominated by strong N - H?O and O - H?N hydrogen bonds. Together with weaker C - H?O interactions, these establish a three-dimensional supramolecular network. -
N'-[(1E)-1-(2-Fluorophenyl)Ethylidene]Pyridine-3-Carbohydrazide /
Acta Crystallographica Section E, Vol-E70(o115), ISSN-1600-5368 -
N'-[(E)-1-(2-Fluorophenyl)ethylidene]pyridine-4-carbohydrazide
Acta Crystallographica Section E, Vol-E70, ISSN-1600-5368 -
N'-[(E)-Furan-2-Ylmethylidene]-4-Hydroxybenzohydrazide
Acta Crystallographica Section E, Vol-E70(o242), ISSN-1600-5368 -
Na+ doped CuO: A new paradigm electrode material for high performance supercapacitors
This study investigates the influence of sodium doping on the properties of cupric oxide (CuO) thin films synthesized via spray pyrolysis. Comprehensive characterization was conducted using X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Raman spectroscopy, Hall effect measurements, and electrochemical studies. All films exhibited p-type conductivity, with an optical band gap variation from 1.53 to 1.73 eV. XRD analysis confirmed the dominance of monoclinic CuO, with minor phases of Cu2O and Cu4O3. EDAX and XPS verified the incorporation of Cu, O, and Na elements. FESEM revealed a densely packed morphology with uniform particle distribution and rough surfaces in the electrically optimized film. The Raman spectra of doped samples showed increased intensity and sharpness, attributed to Na + ion-induced polarizability enhancement. Hall effect measurements indicated a tenfold decrease in carrier concentration and a more than tenfold increase in mobility upon sodium doping. Films doped with 4 at.% sodium exhibited the lowest resistivity. Additionally, Na doping enhanced the electrochemical performance of CuO. These findings demonstrate that sodium doping significantly enhances the electrical, optical and electrochemical properties of CuO thin films, making them suitable for applications in optoelectronic devices and supercapacitors. 2024 Elsevier Ltd and Techna Group S.r.l. -
NAFLD Detection Using Natural Gradient Boosting: A Probabilistic Ensemble Approach for Improved Accuracy and Calibration
A growing global health concern, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) must be accurately and promptly detected to avoid serious complications. This study suggests a model based on Natural Gradient Boosting (NGBoost) for accurate clinical feature-based NAFLD prediction. In contrast to traditional gradient boosting algorithms, NGBoost uses natural gradients to estimate the entire conditional probability distribution of outcomes, which enhances uncertainty quantification and calibration. Using a publicly accessible Kaggle dataset, the models performance was compared to KNN, SVM, and Decision Tree classifiers. According to experimental results, NGBoost outperformed conventional classifiers in terms of precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving the highest accuracy of 92.8%. Excellent discriminative ability was indicated by the ROC curve, and strong generalization ability with minimal overfitting was confirmed by the trainingvalidation loss analysis. These findings demonstrate how NGBoost may be used to support clinical decisions, allowing for earlier detection and treatment. Subsequent research endeavors will investigate the validation of the model on more extensive real-world datasets and broaden its relevance to additional liver-related conditions. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2026. -
Naksha: A Lightweight Visual Packet Capture Tool Based on Location-Aware Metric
Naksha is a Visual Packet Analyzer, and Sniffer, which provides multiple visual approaches for real-time packet analysis in a geographical domain which utilizes WebSockets and long-polling based protocols in LeafletJS. It inhibits a global map which is populated by Targets, visited by a home network, these targets are connected by a 'link' whose stroke-width is determined by the packet-length. Links are animated to be approaching at different speeds proportional to their propagation latency and congestion loads. They are also animated to subtly gain translucency as they approach their Time-to-live. These packet links also show the direction of the packet (i.e outgoing, or incoming packets) and they can be classified by colour to display categorical attributes like protocol. The WebSocket based server is loop-backed to the home network to provide for robust and rapid deployment. 2024 IEEE. -
Nano A-AL203 particles agglomerated by spray dying to produce free following powders suitable for /
Patent Number: 202141035836, Applicant: Gowtham Sanjai.
This invention discloses a method to produce free flowing plasma sprayable powders comprised of nano a-Alumina grains, suitable for injection into the high temperature plasma stream of an atmospheric plasma spray system. The plasma sprayable powder particles will be in the range of 30-90 microns, but the grains within the powder particles will only be about 50 nanometers. This micron sized powder, when flowing through the high temperature plasma will dissociate to release the nano grains, resulting in 12 to 15 microns thick coatings, deposited on the substrate per individual pass. -
Nano A-AL203 particles agglomerated by spray dying to produce free following powders suitable for /
Patent Number: 202141035836, Applicant: Gowtham Sanjai.
This invention discloses a method to produce free flowing plasma sprayable powders comprised of nano a-Alumina grains, suitable for injection into the high temperature plasma stream of an atmospheric plasma spray system. The plasma sprayable powder particles will be in the range of 30-90 microns, but the grains within the powder particles will only be about 50 nanometers. This micron sized powder, when flowing through the high temperature plasma will dissociate to release the nano grains, resulting in 12 to 15 microns thick coatings, deposited on the substrate per individual pass. -
Nano Zinc Oxide Particle Synthesis from Bio-Waste Selaginella willdenowii Leaf Extract: A Multi-Faceted Approach for Environmental and Biomedical Applications
Selaginella willdenowii, a commonly used greenhouse fern, was often used as a biowaste to synthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) in an eco-friendly and cost-effective way. UV-Visible spectra studies were carried out to confirm the synthesis of S. willdenowii-mediated ZnO NPs (SW-ZnO NPs), and a peak at 367nm with a sharp band gap of 3.415eV was observed. The X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that the crystalline size of the synthesized SW-ZnO NPs was 11.971nm. The phytochemicals present in the extracts and the compounds involved in the reduction of metal to nanoparticles were determined by Fourier Transform Infrared analysis. Scanning electron microscopy was utilized to analyze the surface morphology and size of the obtained SW-ZnO NPs. The examination revealed that they exhibited a hexagonal shape, with an average size falling within the range of 17-23nm. Under ultra-violet light, reactive blue 220 and reactive yellow 145 dyes showed 78.06% and 60.14% degradation, showing potential photocatalytic degradation activity. The synthesized SW-ZnO NPs also exhibited antimicrobial activity against bacterial strains (Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis) and fungal cultures (Candida tropicalis and Candida albicans) showed cytotoxic activity against Hep-G2 cell lines. Our results suggest the green synthesized SW-ZnO NPs have potential photocatalytic, antimicrobial and cytotoxic potential. 2024 World Scientific Publishing Company. -
Nano ZnO@PEG catalyzed one-pot green synthesis of pyrano[2,3-d] pyrimidines in ethanol via one-pot multicomponent approach
A facile one-pot multicomponent protocol for the synthesis of bio-active Pyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives by a one- step condensation reaction of substituted aldehyde, malononitrile/methyl cyanoacetate, barbituric acid has been demonstrated using nano ZnO@PEG as a catalyst at room temperature. The present approach offers several advantages, such as shorter reaction time, higher yields, and environmental friendliness. Easy isolation of products, absence of column chromatographic purification, use of commercially available low-cost starting materials and reusability of the catalyst make the methodology viable in organic synthesis. 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Second International Symposium ''Functional Nanomaterials in Industrial Applications: Academy - Industry Meet''. -
Nano- from nature to nurture: A comprehensive review on facets, trends, perspectives and sustainability of nanotechnology in the food sector
Nanotechnology has underpinned vital progress in current research and has immensely promoted the food production chain. This review projected the critical intervention of nano-based technologies like modern advancements of nano-based biosensors in detecting mycotoxins, microbial contaminations, antibiotics, pesticides, food additives, and dyes. It also highlighted the starring roles of nanotechnology in terms of active, intelligent food packaging and food safety. These approaches have certainly intensified the strength of food processing technology and improved food quality and maintenance standards during shelf life. Apart from these trending facets, this review throw light on the utilisation of food waste for the biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles and the application of nano-based materials for the recycling process in food production units to ensure a complete cleaner technology. However, monitoring the chronic exposure of food contact nanomaterials should be critically evaluated to ensure food safety. Nanotechnology embraced an influential role in the food sector by providing effective avenues for energy conservation, sustainability, and cues to improve the capital funds well. 2021 Elsevier Ltd -
Nano-architectured polypyrrole based magnetic nanocatalyst for the N- arylation of imidazoles and fused imidazoles
A new magnetically recoverable polypyrrole supported copper based nanocatalyst was synthesized, characterized with various analytical techniques like Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Vibrating Sample Magnetometry (VSM), and Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) analysis. The loading of copper on the surface of the catalyst was found to be 4.23 wt%. The application of the synthesized nanocatalyst was checked for the N-arylation of imidazoles. Excellent catalytic performance was obtained with easy recoverability and reusability upto six cycles. The current green protocol makes it environmentally beneficial for scale-up industries. 2025 Elsevier B.V. -
Nano-architectured polypyrrole based magnetic nanocatalyst for the N- arylation of imidazoles and fused imidazoles
A new magnetically recoverable polypyrrole supported copper based nanocatalyst was synthesized, characterized with various analytical techniques like Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Vibrating Sample Magnetometry (VSM), and Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) analysis. The loading of copper on the surface of the catalyst was found to be 4.23 wt%. The application of the synthesized nanocatalyst was checked for the N-arylation of imidazoles. Excellent catalytic performance was obtained with easy recoverability and reusability upto six cycles. The current green protocol makes it environmentally beneficial for scale-up industries. 2025 Elsevier B.V. -
Nano-biosensor technologies for diagnosis of infectious diseases
The book offers a thorough exploration of revolutionary nano-biosensor technologies that enables rapid, accurate detection of infectious diseases, critical for effective disease management in today's world. Nano-Biosensor Technologies for Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases delves into the cutting-edge developments in nano-biosensor technology, a transformative innovation for the field of medical diagnostics. Nano-biosensors integrate nanomaterials like nanoparticles, nanowires, and nanotubes with biological recognition elements such as antibodies, nucleic acids, or enzymes to create highly sensitive and specific detection systems. These sensors exploit unique properties of nanomaterials to detect minute quantities of pathogens or biomarkers with remarkable accuracy, enabling early diagnosis and monitoring of infectious diseases. The integration of electrochemical, optical, and piezoelectric detection mechanisms further enhances the versatility and efficiency of these nano-biosensors, allowing for rapid, real-time analysis that is crucial for effective disease management. In the context of infectious diseases, nano-biosensors become particularly significant, as they can facilitate point-of-care testing (POCT), offering rapid and portable diagnostic solutions. This capability is invaluable in resource-limited settings and during outbreaks where traditional laboratory infrastructure may be lacking. The COVID-19 pandemic underscores the importance of swift and accurate diagnostic tools, spurring accelerated innovation and commercialization efforts in this domain. Nano-biosensors are now being developed and deployed to detect a wide range of pathogens with high sensitivity, providing a powerful tool in the global fight against infectious diseases. Nano-Biosensor Technologies for Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases provides a comprehensive overview of these technological advancements, exploring their applications, challenges, and future directions in the diagnosis and management of infectious diseases. 2025 Scrivener Publishing LLC. All rights reserved.