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Automated neurological brain disease detection in magnetic resonance imaging using deep learning approaches
A neurological type of brain disease called multiple sclerosis (MS) impairs how well the nervous system is able to function efficiently and causes people to experience visual, sensory, and problems with movement. Multiple methods of detection have been proposed so far for diagnosing MS; among them, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has drawn a lot of interest from healthcare providers. The ability to quickly diagnose lesions related to MS depends on a fundamental understanding of the anatomy and workings of the brain that MRI technology provides doctors. Using an MRI for diagnosing MS is tedious, time-consuming, and prone to human error. In the present investigation, lesion activity involves preprocessing and segmentation of the MS images from two time points using deep learning approaches. 2024 by IGI Global. All rights reserved. -
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Ideal co-secure domination in graphs
A set S ? V of a graph G = (V, E) is a co-secure dominating set if for every u ? S, there exists v ? V \ S such that uv ? E and (S \ {u}) ? {v} is a dominating set of G. The minimum cardinality of a co-secure dominating set of G is the co-secure domination number and is denoted by ?cs(G). In this paper we initiate the evaluation of a domination parameter known as the ideal co-secure domination and is defined as follows: A set D ? V is an ideal co-secure dominating set of a graph G = (V, E) if for every u ? D and for every v ? V \ D such that uv ? E, (D \ {u}) ? {v} is a dominating set of G. The minimum cardinality of an ideal co-secure dominating set of G is the ideal co-secure domination number and is denoted by ?ics(G). We look to determine the ideal co-secure domination number of some families of standard graphs and obtain sharp bounds. We also provide the conditions necessary for the trees to have ideal co-secure domination number equal to n - 2. 2020 Author(s). -
Data Encryption and Decryption Techniques Using Line Graphs
Secure data transfer has become a critical aspect of research in cryptography. Highly effective encryption techniques can be designed using graphs in order to ensure secure transmission of data. The proposed algorithm in this paper uses line graphs along with adjacency matrix and matrix properties to encrypt and decrypt data securely in order to arrive at a ciphertext using a shared-key. 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. -
SECURE DOMINATION IN TRANSFORMATION GRAPH Gxy+
In this paper, we characterize graphs for which the secure domination number of the transformation graph Gxy+ is 1 or 2. Also we prove that for any connected graph G with at least 4 pendant vertices, the secure domination number is greater than or equal to the secure domination number of the transformation graph G-++. We also find a bound for the secure domination number of G-+ when G is a tree. 2024 Jangjeon Research Institute for Mathematical Sciences and Physics. All rights reserved. -
A comprehensive review on application of atomic force microscopy in Forensic science
The primary objective of forensic investigation of a case is to recognize, identify, locate, and examine the evidence. Microscopy is a technique that provides crucial information for resolving a case or advancing the investigation process by analyzing the evidence obtained from a crime scene. It is often used in conjunction with suitable analytical techniques. Various microscopes are employed; scanning probe microscopes are available in diverse forensic analyses and studies. Among these, the atomic force microscope (AFM) is the most commonly used scanning probe technology, offering a unique morphological and physico-chemical perspective for analyzing multiple pieces of evidence in forensic investigations. Notably, it is a non-destructive technique capable of operating in liquid or air without complex sample preparation. The article delves into a detailed exploration of the applications of AFM in the realms of nanomechanical forensics and nanoscale characterization of forensically significant samples. 2024 Elsevier Ltd and Faculty of Forensic and Legal Medicine -
Using Ensemble Model to Reduce Downtime in Manufacturing Industry: An Advanced Diagnostic Framework for Early Failure Detection
The fourth industrial resolution marks a significant shift that uses emerging technologies such as intelligent automation, extensive machine-to-machine communication, and the internet of things (IoT) to modernize conventional manufacturing and industrial methods. The examination of vast data gathered in modern industrial facilities has not only greatly leveraged artificial intelligence (AI) tools but has also driven the development of innovative technologies. In this context, a novel framework for predictive maintenance in the production sector is introduced in this research, which depends on an ensemble model. First, a set of input features are collected from sensors. Then, data normalization technique is applied to standardize and prepare data for further analysis. These normalized input features are then used to train an ensemble classifier. In the ensemble model, multilayer perceptron (MLP), K-nearest neighbors (KNN), and support vector machine (SVM) are serve as base classifiers. Efficacy of the designed framework is validated using predictive maintenance dataset. Results demonstrated that the proposed ensemble model exhibited improved accuracy compared to individual base classifiers. The results further demonstrated that the implemented model had superior efficiency compared to the other benchmark models. 2025 selection and editorial matter, Amit Kumar Tyagi, Shrikant Tiwari, and Gulshan Soni; individual chapters, the contributors. -
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Use of waste foundry sand in precast concrete paver blocksa study with belgaum foundry industry
The current study was undertaken at CHRIST (Deemed to be University) in Bangalore to investigate the potential of using waste sand from Belgaum foundries as fine aggregate in the production of precast concrete paver blocks. Concrete paver blocks were manufactured as per the recommendations of IS 15658:2006. M-35 grade of concrete with block thickness of 60mm was considered as the design parameter. Waste Foundry Sand (WFS) and ground-Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) were replaced for manufactured sand and cement, respectively. WFS replacement rates were 15, 30, and 45% by weight of the manufactured sand, and that of GGBS was 30% constant by weight of cement. Obligatory performance tests were conducted as per Indian standards, which included compressive strength, water absorption, and abrasion resistance. Accordingly, paver blocks with 45% WFS showed satisfactory results and can be considered into non-traffic to light-traffic category, which finds application in places like building and monument premises, paths and patios, landscapes, public gardens, and parks. Cost comparison of conventional paver blocks with WFS paver blocks showed approximately 4.8% reduction in the cost of paver blocks containing 45% WFS. Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd 2020. -
Compressed unfired blocks made with iron ore tailings and slag
Growing demand for houses in urban India has increased the requirements for construction materials such as clay fired bricks and cement blocks. At the same time, conventional practice of brick manufacturing is not environment friendly due to high energy consumption and CO2 emissions during various stages of its production. Therefore, recent trend in research has been directed towards utilization of various industrial wastes and methods, which emerge as sustainable alternatives for environmental concerns arising in the construction industry. This study focused on utilizing mining waste, namely iron ore tailing (IOT) in development of stable blocks. It has reported various properties of compressed unfired blocks formed by IOT and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) in varying proportions and with a fixed amount of lime. The combination of GGBS and lime was found to be suitable in stabilizing IOT towards block production. Furthermore, a maximum compressive strength of 7.7 MPa was achieved for blocks after 28days of air curing. Also, the addition of GGBS has reduced the water absorption and apparent porosity of the IOT blocks, confirming the positive interaction between IOT, GGBS and lime. It also indicates the prospective of blended binders in improving the compactness of the blocks, which will have direct influence on the durability and service life of the blocks. Finally, the results show that most of the developed blocks satisfy the requirement of IS 1077 specification and can be used in various applications such as load and non-load bearing walls, framed structures, foundations and pedestrian walkways. 2022 The Author(s). This open access article is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 4.0 license. -
Alkali-activated bricks made with mining waste iron ore tailings
In India, the enormous growth in the housing sector has put tremendous pressure on construction materials such as bricks. Conventional brick production methods include fired bricks and cement blocks. However, conventional methods significantly contribute to environmental carbon emissions and therefore alternative brick production methods have caught the attention of several researchers. Furthermore, the waste generated in various industries can be a useful resource for the construction industry, and in particular, voluminous waste is generated during the beneficiation stage of iron ore concentrate, which can be integrated into the construction industry to achieve sustainable practice. With this quest in mind, this study proposes the utilization of mining waste iron ore tailing (IOT) in alkali-activated bricks. For this purpose, six different brick compositions were synthesized with fly ash, GGBS, and IOT along with Na2SiO3 sol. The raw materials were characterized using various techniques such as X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and particle size analysis (PSA). Furthermore, a series of standard tests were conducted on the developed bricks to evaluate their strength and durability properties. The developed bricks have presented a maximum compressive strength of 18.45 MPa and minimum water absorption of 12.6%. Besides, the alkali-activated bricks have shown excellent resistance to brick ageing which was attributed to improvement in the microstructure of bricks due to the filling up of voids with products of the polymeric reaction. Finally, it was interesting to notice that with 8% Na2SiO3 as an alkaline activator and with the combination of fly ash and GGBS more than 50% IOT can be utilized to produce good quality bricks at ambient curing conditions. 2022 The Authors -
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A study of airfoil flap deflection angle using cfd simulation techniques
This research aims with the advent of advancements in the evaluation of liquids and gases, Computational Fluid Dynamics technique has found widespread applications in various fields including aerodynamics. The wing is an important aerodynamic feature that has seen modifications in recent years to suffice the growing need for a greater maximum lift coefficient (CL). Existing designs make use of greater lift gadgets such as flaps and slats these are enhancers of the lift force and are at large used as attachments on the main wing body. This project investigates the 4 digit NACA 2412 airfoil improved using a 5 digit NACA 24012 Fowler flap. The two airfoils are set at particular angles to each other with an overlap and gap distance. Optimization of the flap deflection angle ?flap, the horizontal gap, and overlap between the flap and wing is simulated using CFD tools and the obtained coefficients of lift and drag experimentally validated to determine the optimum model configurations. It is noted that the coefficients of lift and drag increase to a certain point as the flap deflection angle increases. However, beyond a certain angle, CL drops. This new multi-element wing configuration will find its applications in low-speed aircraft used for general aviation and to reduce the need for longer runways. TJPRC Pvt. Ltd. -
Experimental investigation of turbulent flow behavior in an air to air double pipe heat exchanger using novel para winglet tape
Double pipe Heat exchangers are some of the important equipment which is seen in a variety of industrial applications. In the current study a new type of insert, namely Para-Winglet Tape inserts are investigated for thermal and flow behavior from Reynolds number 6000 to 30000. The Para-Winglet Tape inserts are investigated for three sets of pitches and para-inclinations. The inclusion of para-winglet tape on the tube has intensified the turbulent kinetic energy and has resulted in recirculation in-between the inserts. The arrangement of the para-winglet tape has proved their worthiness over the plain tube. The highest Nusselt number was obtained for Case9 at Reynolds number 30000 with an enhancement of 407% and the least was obtained by Case7 at Reynolds number 6000 with an enhancement of 88% compared to plain double pipe heat exchanger. The highest friction factor was obtained for Case3 at Reynolds number 30000 with an enhancement of 846% and the least was obtained by Case7 at Reynolds number 24000 with an enhancement of 286% compared to plain double pipe heat exchanger. The maximum and minium performance optimization index value of 2.69 and 1.09 was achieved for Case9 and Case1 at Reynolds number 30000 and 6000. 2020 The Author(s). -
Numerical study of thermal performance in a circular pipe using angle plate inserts directed in horizontal and vertical directions
A novel type of angle plate inserts (APIs) was designed to improve the convection heat transfer in a circular pipe. In the present work characteristics of heat transfer, flow resistance, and overall thermo-hydraulic performance of turbulent airflow in a circular tube fitted with APIs were investigated at the Reynolds numbers range of 6000-18000 through numerical simulation. Our main attention was paid to the effects of the APIs with forward or backward arrangements, and the angle plates with various inclined angles (? = 30, 45 and 60) inserted in the circular tube for a constant pitch of 0.03 m. The results show that the Nusselt number is augmented by 2.39-4.63 times (Nu = 124.25-239.76) as that of the smooth tube. The value of performance index (PI) lies in the range of 1.34-1.63, which demonstrates that the angle plate insert has a very good overall thermo-hydraulic performance. The numerical results obtained were compared with those from plain tubes of published data and empirical relations. The maximum increases in Nusselt number for the inclined forward angle plate insert were 1.34 to 1.5 times and, while those for the backward angle plate insert were 1.46 to 1.63 over the plain tube, respectively. The friction factor ( f ) resulted in an increase of 4.28-23.12 times in case of forward arrangement and 8.09-31.76 times in case of backward arrangement. In addition, the use of the angle plate insert strip with backward arrangement leads to better overall enhancement ratio than that with forwarding arrangement around 8% to 9%. 2018 Pushpa Publishing House, Allahabad, India. -
Reconstruction of sparse-view tomography via preconditioned Radon sensing matrix
Computed Tomography (CT) is one of the significant research areas in the field of medical image analysis. As X-rays used in CT image reconstruction are harmful to the human body, it is necessary to reduce the X-ray dosage while also maintaining good quality of CT images. Since medical images have a natural sparsity, one can directly employ compressive sensing (CS) techniques to reconstruct the CT images. In CS, sensing matrices having low coherence (a measure providing correlation among columns) provide better image reconstruction. However, the sensing matrix constructed through the incomplete angular set of Radon projections typically possesses large coherence. In this paper, we attempt to reduce the coherence of the sensing matrix via a square and invertible preconditioner possessing a small condition number, which is obtained through a convex optimization technique. The stated properties of our preconditioner imply that it can be used effectively even in noisy cases. We demonstrate empirically that the preconditioned sensing matrix yields better signal recovery than the original sensing matrix. 2018, Korean Society for Computational and Applied Mathematics. -
Developments in Feeds in Aquaculture Sector: Contemporary Aspects
Aquaculture, one of the largest protein food generating sectors, greatly relies on nutrition. Up to the present time, the dependency of the aqua feed sector on fish meal and fish oil as protein and lipid sources, respectively, was too high, which led to its inadequacy and over-exploitation of marine resources. Recently, numerous researches with locally available feed ingredients have been accomplished. There is urgency for a move from fish meal to plant/terrestrial animal/microbial proteins within the aquaculture industry as over-exploitation of wild fishes has negative ecological consequences. Plant proteins cannot successfully replace fish meal due to poor protein digestibility and essential amino acids imbalance, urging feed concerns to search for cheaper and nutritious fish meal alternatives from animal origin. In order to overcome the indiscriminate use of antimicrobial drugs, the concept of probiotics in aquaculture has received firm encouragement in recent years due to their wise inhibitory mechanisms and safeness. Negative perception for synthetic antioxidants among fish farmers and their unreliable nature has resulted in the research for non-synthetic, food derived antioxidants that could encounter and neutralize the detrimental effects of free radicals. In line with this, there is a strong captivation to research on the individual or synergistic effects of protein hydrolysates, peptide fragments, and free amino acids that could innately exhibit antioxidative activity. Commercialization of economical feeds with antioxidative feed ingredients could strengthen the profits of feed processors. Recent development in the aquaculture sector propelled by the application of biotechnological methods has clearly highlighted the need for development of functional feeds through incorporation of bioactive molecules. In the last few decades, the global aqua feed industry has witnessed milestones in the development of feed ingredients from waste raw materials and sustainable alternatives to antibiotics and chemicals used to tackle the disease outbreak in aquaculture. As the health and immunity of fishes primarily depend on their nutritional pattern, a great research interest is extended on incorporation of biomolecules like single-cell proteins, animal proteins, plant metabolites, biopolymers, and enzymes as feed ingredients to enhance the nutritive quality and immune tolerance in fishes. Besides the focus on the feed ingredients, the modification and development of fermentation strategies for producing probioticbased feed and enzyme-assisted bioconversion into valuable feed ingredients is also gaining more importance. This chapter deals with the recent development in the aqua feed industry with specific reference to the incorporation of non-conventional feed ingredients like animal/microbial proteins, biopolymers, enzymes, and other immunostimulatory compounds in aqua feed and their impact analysis in improving the growth profile and pathogen tolerance in fishes. The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022. -
Biotransformation of bovine tannery fleshing into utilizable product with multifunctionalities
Leather industries aim at the transformation of putrescible animal raw hides and skins into a stable non-putrescible material (leather), ultimately resulting in solid wastes generation. Storage of limed bovine fleshing, a predominant proteinaceous solid waste material from pre-tanning processes is highly discouraged due to their putrescible nature. Diversely, bio-conversion of solid waste into a saleable product could be achieved by bacterial fermentation process. Lactic acid (LA) fermentation with Delimed Bovine Tannery Fleshing (DBTF) by Lactobacillus plantarum was experimented; incubation time, tapioca flour and lactose were the three prime independent variables studied. Maximum LA production in steam cooked DBTF medium was achieved with pH 6; inoculum 12.5% (v/w); lactose 8.81% (w/w) and tapioca flour 8.9% (w/w) at 96 hours of fermentation. Initial yield of about 4.56 g/L of LA (p <.05), upon statistical manipulation of the medium composition marked up to 12.36 g/L, enabling 2.7-fold increase in the LA production with DBTF as a relatively cut-rate substrate. Fermentation resulted in Fermented Fleshing Flour (FFF) with marked protein level of 76.32% and lower fibre content. Formation of protein hydrolysates and new acid groups in FFF were authenticated via Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopic (FE-SEM) and Fourier Transform Infra-red Spectroscopic (FTIR) analyses respectively. In situ acid (LA) generation and formation of protein hydrolysates/free amino acids during LA fermentation points to the antibacterial (against Gram-negative bacteria, followed by Gram-positive bacteria) and invitro antioxidative properties with dose dependency, of FFF, favouring its possible utilization in aqua feed industries as a superior grade proteinaceous feed ingredient with inbuilt bio-functionalities.. 2020 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. -
Valorization of bovine tannery fleshing waste as a fish meal replacer: a conceivable green approach
The study intended to utilize bovine tannery fleshing (BTF) a significant contributor of solid wastes in leather industries, in its unhydrolyzed form (raw fleshing flour [RFF]) as well as in fermented form (fermented fleshing flour [FFF]) as fish meal (FM) replacer in formulated aqua feeds. In line with this, experimental diets were formulated, characterized, and evaluated for their virtue. Improvement in the physical quality of diets was achieved with FFF incorporation, enabling better pelletability, palatability, and feed texture. As the formulated diets were of sinking type, feeding trials on column as well as bottom feeders were concertedly attempted, as a value-added application of proteinaceous feed ingredient (BTF) in aquaculture sector. FFF inclusion diets proved superior to RFF inclusion diets. Maximum protein and lipid retentions of 89% and 92% were evidenced. Fish feeding experiments disclosed the productive impact of substituting FM with FFF by 50 and 75% on the performance (fish growth) of Cirrhinus mrigala (19.03 cm final length, 112.89 g Kg-1 final body weight, and 99% survival rate) and Labeo rohita (22.19 cm final length, 214.99 g Kg-1 final body weight, and 97% survival rate) respectively, with enhanced muscle biochemical compositions. FFF inclusion diets best suited column feeders than bottom feeders, with acceptable feed conversion ratio (< 2) and about 65% and 69% of protein in Rohu and Mrigal, respectively after 90 days of feeding. Absence of feed related mortality and multimycotoxins in FFF inclusion diets authenticated its invulnerable nature, signifying the need of bacterial fermentation processes to pull out the maximum worth of the solid waste. Thus, bovine tannery fleshing (BTF) would probably be used as a relatively inexpensive, effectual, safe, and an absolute source of protein for marine animals, reinforcing aquaculture business to strengthen up its profitability and eventually; this is an assuring conscientious solid waste management strategy that could be scaled-up to develop high-quality aquaculture feeds. 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature. -
Perceived Discrimination and Happiness Among Tribal Unmarried Mothers
The present study aimed to understand the relationship between perceived discrimination and happiness among tribal unmarried mothers. The sample included 30 tribal unmarried mothers from the Wayanad district in Kerala, India. Data were collected using a socio-demographic response sheet, Oxford happiness questionnaire (Short form), and everyday discrimination scale. MannWhitney U test showed that tribal unmarried mothers did not differ in happiness concerning their income, education, putative father from the same tribe or not, and living status. Compared to those with higher income, mothers with lower income were higher in perceived discrimination. Correlation analysis revealed a negative relationship between perceived discrimination and happiness. Regression analysis confirmed that perceived discrimination is a negative predictor of happiness. 2022, The Author(s) under exclusive licence to National Academy of Psychology (NAOP) India.