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Development and Validation of Work Environment Services Scale (WESS)
Purpose: This study presents a nine-factor, 32-item measure of work environment scale in the service sector. A healthy work environment is one in which employees trust the people they work for, have pride in what they do, and enjoy working with the people (Levering and Moskowitz, 2004). Methodology: This instrument builds on the conceptual model espoused by Insel and Moos (1974), Gordon (1973), Fletcher and Nusbaum (2010), Amabile et al. (1996), and Spector (2003). The scale included items elicited through a literature review, the use of the Delphi technique with a panel of experts, and tested on 824 full-time employees from nine service sector industries and five major cities in India. Findings: The Work Environment Services Scale (WESS) is a reliable and valid scale useful for measuring the nine work environment factors in the Indian services organization, with its own norms and a detailed manual. Originality/Value: The prevailing scales for measuring work environment do not capture the influence of ethics, recreation facilities, and the impact of social giving on the work environment. Most scales were suitable for sectors in the Western context, and there were no Indian scales measuring service employees' perception of their work environment. 2021 Harold Andrew Patrick et al., published by Sciendo 2021. -
Development and Validation of the UV-Spectrophotometric Method for the Determination of Cordycepin, a Nucleoside
The primary, bioactive component of Cordyceps militaris, known as cordycepin (3'-deoxyadenosine), has been utilized extensively as a traditional medicinal ingredient and a nutritious diet in Asian nations. To determine the amount of cordycepin in the C. militaris, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is shown to be an effective, sensitive, and straightforward analytical technique. Other methods for estimating cordycepin include near infrared spectroscopy and capillary electrophoresismass spectrometry. The UV-Vis spectroscopy approach was used to quantify cordycepin, and the results were statistically confirmed and compared with an HPLC method. For linearity, repeatability, precision, reproducibility, limit of detection and limit of quantification, the method was verified. The established approach can be utilized for routine, quality control analysis of cordycepin, as it is easy to use, sensitive, accurate, precise, repeatable, and most importantly, cost-effective. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2024. -
Development and Validation of the Social Media Self-Esteem Scale for Adolescents
Development of the self is a vital aspect during the period of adolescence. Interaction with peers contributes to the development of various aspects of self. Due to the technological advances in todays times, adolescents interact with their peers through social media sites and portals. It is essential to study this development in light of the increasing use of social media by adolescence. Thus, the study aimed at developing an item pool to tap the construct of social media influencing self-esteem of adolescents following the procedure of tool construction. Participants included adolescents ranging between 16 to 18 years of age, who have at least one social media account for personal use. There were 110 participants for the first phase and 397 participants for the second phase of the study. The scale has eight items with the overall reliability of .7. It indicates a fitting measure of self-esteem influenced by social media, with looking-glass self theory, according to which individuals develop their self, based on their perceptions of others responses to their behaviour. Copyright 2020, IGI Global. -
Development and Validation of the Multidimensional Psychosocial Risk Screen (MPRS): An Approach towards Primary Prevention
Background: The prevalence of mental health problems in adolescents has been identified as a global concern. Early screening and identification can offer benefits in terms of primary prevention and reduced healthcare costs. This study aimed to develop a tool to assess the risk of developing mental health problems in adolescents. Methods: The study followed an exploratory sequential design and was divided into five phases. The Multidimensional Psychosocial Risk Screen (MPRS) is a newly developed self-report measure. The various steps in its development and validation have been elaborated. The MPRS was evaluated with a sample of 934 adolescents aged 12-18, spread across the 8th-12th grade. Results: Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses revealed a robust factor structure. The extracted five factors were named as Parent-Child Relationship (PCR), Self-Concept (SC), Teacher-Student Dynamics (TSD), Social Media Use (SMU), and Peer Interaction (PI). The reliability of the subscales ranged from 0.60 to 0.80. The overall reliability of the scale was good (a = 0.87). Convergent validity of the scale was established using standard measures of risk factors and emotional and behavioural problems. Conclusions: The MPRS can be considered an effective tool with an adequate factor structure and good psychometric properties. It can be beneficial in the early detection of vulnerabilities to mental health problems in adolescents and, therefore, seen as a key element in primary prevention and fostering individualized interventions. 2023 The Author(s). -
Development and Validation of the Brief Financial Resilience Scale
Financial resilience refers to the ability to withstand and recover from financial adversity. Despite its increasing relevance, there is a notable lack of well-constructed and psychometrically validated tools to measure this construct. This study aimed to develop and validate the Brief Financial Resilience Scale (BFRS), based on Salignac et al. (Social Indicators Research, 145(1), 1738, 2019) multidimensional framework. The process involved content validation using Lawshes method, followed by item analysis, exploratory factor analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis using data from a community sample of 433 Indian millennials. The results support a two-dimensional structure: (a) financial resources and access, and (b) financial knowledge and behavior. The final 10-item BFRS demonstrated acceptable reliability (Cronbachs alpha = 0.885) and construct validity. The scale would be useful for policymakers, practitioners, and researchers in identifying vulnerabilities and design targeted interventions within diverse socioeconomic contexts. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2025. -
Development and validation of superstitious beliefs scale
Superstitions though considered as irrational beliefs are widely prevalent in all cultures. Most of the existing work on superstitions are predominantly based on traditional western beliefs. The relevance of established superstition scales which are developed in western societies in collective societies need to explored. Interdependent nature of self which is a characteristic of collectivistic culture also has a role in belief formation. The present study aims at developing a new self-report measure of superstitious beliefs scale. Study 1, focused on exploring the factor structure and establishing reliability over a sample of 338 undergraduate students. The 17-item Superstitious Belief Scale (SBS) developed distinguishes a six-factor structure namely, Popular Beliefs, Belief in Good Luck, Belief in Bad Luck, Personal Superstitions and Social Superstitions. The six-factor structure was evaluated on a new sample (N = 483) using confirmatory factor analysis in Study 2. The internal consistency values of the new SBS over Studies 1 and 2 indicated high reliability. The findings have important implications for existing theory on superstitions. The new framework proposes and demonstrates the need to base the understanding of measurement of superstitious beliefs relevant in India. AesthetixMS 2020. -
Development and Validation of Service-Learning Experience Scale
The growing integration of service-learning into academic content reflects higher education institutions efforts to provide an environment that strengthens teaching, learning, and service to the community. This research article documents the development and testing of an instrument that measures service-learning experiences among higher education students in India. Our study involved the voluntary participation of 290 students; data was collected through Google Forms. The resulting scale measures six major aspects of students experiences in service-learning projects: curriculum, meaningful service, student learning and reflection, faculty support and involvement, peer support and participation, and accomplishment. The demonstrated scale showed an adequate degree of reliability. The content validity confirmed that positive experience is accounted for by service-learning projects, which is the objective of the instrument. The study will be valuable for faculty members to create effective service-learning courses and help students engage in such activities in an organized manner. Copyright 2025 by the University of Georgia. -
Development and validation of screening tool for excessive and problematic use of internet and digital devices (STEPS-IDD) based on the WHO framework (ICD-11) for addictive behaviours
Background: The widespread use of internet and digital devices has been accompanied by growing concern regarding harms associated with their excessive or problematic use. The World Health Organization has also formally included some of these in its latest classificatory system (ICD-11) under the category of disorders due to addictive behaviours. However, a validated, comprehensive screening tool aligned with ICD-11 that screens for these potentially addictive behaviours is lacking. This study aimed to develop and validate the Screening Tool for Excessive and Problematic use of Internet and Digital Devices (STEPS-IDD), designed to assess multiple addictive behaviours based on ICD-11 criteria. Methods: STEPS-IDD was developed based on the ICD-11 framework for disorders due to addictive behaviours It was applied to assess well-established behavioural addictions like gaming and gambling disorder, as well as less-established but widely researched ones such as problematic use of social media, online shopping/buying, OTT content watching, and pornography watching. Face validity was established through expert review and feedback. Construct validity was evaluated through exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and Cronbach's alpha coefficients were estimated to assess internal consistency. To examine concurrent validity, correlations between scores obtained on the newly developed STEPS-IDD sub-sections and the previously validated Gaming Disorder and Hazardous Gaming Scale (GDHGS) and modified GDHGS for other behaviours were assessed. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analyses were conducted to determine optimal STEPS-IDD cut-off scores for different behaviours. Results: Data from a total of 112 college students (64.3% female) with a mean age of 20.5 years were analyzed. STEPS-IDD demonstrated good construct validity, with EFA revealing predominantly unidimensional factor structure for most behavioural domains. Internal consistency was excellent (Cronbach's ? = 0.860.91 across sub-sections). Concurrent validity was supported by moderate to strong positive correlations (r = 0.440.76) of STEPS-IDD sub-sections with corresponding GDHGS and modified GDHGS scores. ROC analyses yielded optimal cut-off scores with high sensitivity and acceptable specificity for different behaviours, and fair to excellent overall diagnostic accuracy. Conclusion: STEPS-IDD is a psychometrically robust, brief yet comprehensive screening tool grounded in the ICD-11 framework, for the risk stratification in the context of addictive behaviours related to the use of the internet and digital devices. 2026 Balhara, Singh, Majumdar, Ayoob and Singh. -
Development and validation of multi-dimensional scale of grit
Positive psychology nurtures the potent qualities of individuals and aids them in carving a niche for themselves. Based on this theoretical foundation, a non-cognitive trait-like grit plays an imperative role in attaining high achievement. Previous studies have identified three dimensions of grit: perseverance of effort, consistency of interest and adaptability to situations. Recent research has criticized the dimension consistency of interest in a collectivist context. The present study provides an account of grit in view of eastern perspectives to check the suitability of the construct in India. Current findings provide a framework for the development and validation of Multi-Dimensional Scale of Grit reveals four dimensions of grit, namely, adaptability to situation, perseverance of effort, spirited initiative and steadfastness in adverse situations. It also provides an insight regarding the duration of goal attainment with respect to grit. The research conducted over three studies included Indian university students to develop and examine the psychometric properties of grit. Study 1 focused on item analysis and development of the factor structure through exploratory factor analysis. Study 2 confirmed the previously obtained factor structure through confirmatory factor analysis. In study 3, the psychometric properties of the scale were measured through test-retest reliability and validity, criterion, convergent and divergent. Results indicated that Multi-Dimensional Scale of Grit is a reliable and valid measure. It also indicated that the obtained 12 items and four dimensions were in synchronization with the relevant eastern perspective. 2021 The Author(s). This open access article is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 4.0 license. -
Development and validation of middle school under performers checklist in India through virtual platforms post-COVID-19
Education is a holistic development that must be nurtured through hybrid or virtual educational practices. The pandemic brought a sense of psychosocial distress among teenagers that urged the need to understand these psychosocial competencies. Often, our Indian education system is unable to assess the challenging psychosocial competencies of learners in varied learning platforms. Hence, there is a need in todays context to harness adolescents holistic learning to be more flexible, and interactive with innovative instructional methodologies, creative assessment strategies, and virtual resource tools. These psychosocial open learning resources need to be advocated by educators and counsellors for the well-being of teenagers. Thus, this quantitative study aimed to develop a checklist to identify the psychosocial concerns of underperformers in an open learning system. Hence, educators and counsellors must be equipped to recognise their psychosocial concerns to handhold them into becoming autonomous thinkers and contributors in their society. This would further establish the seed of sustainability. Thus, this study aimed to develop and validate a checklist as a psychometric measure to identify middle school underperformers social and personal abilities. The study group comprised 359 school educators and counsellors in Bangalore and Mashed, India (299 educators and 60 counsellors). The checklist was developed using Develop (2016) and Oldenburgs principles of scale development (2021). The Cranach coefficient of the checklist was.924 for 12 items. The statistical results indicated the validation of the checklist as a tool for identifying psychosocial challenges of eighth-grade underperformers as reliable. Exploratory Factor Analysis reduced these items into two distinctive factors. The findings suggest that the checklist can be used as an innovative educational toolkit to identify middle school underperformers personal and social abilities. Further experimentation of this study can be taken up with a larger intergenerational population. 2025 selection and editorial matter, Asma Parveen and Rajesh Verma; individual chapters, the contributors. -
Development and validation of gaming disorder and hazardous gaming scale (GDHGS) based on the WHO framework (ICD-11 criteria) of disordered gaming
This study aimed to develop and validate a brief psychometric scale for gaming disorder and hazardous gaming based on the WHO framework as defined in the ICD-11. The study was carried out among college students using face to face interview. A panel of mental health experts examined the face validity of the new Gaming Disorder and Hazardous Gaming Scale (GDHGS). An Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) using the principle component analysis (PCA) method with direct oblimin rotation on the five items of GDHGS was used for assessment of construct validity. The results of Kaiser Meyer Olkin (KMO) measure used for sampling adequacy and Bartlett's test (BT) of sphericity used to show the appropriateness of using factor analysis, confirmed the appropriateness of EFA for the present study sample. The factor analysis extracted single component with an eigenvalue of greater than one, which was further supported by the examination of scree plot. To examine the criterion related validity of the GDHGS, correlation between GDHGS and IGDS-SF scores was assessed. Spearman correlational analysis showed strong positive correlation of GDGHS score with IGDS-SF score (rs = 0.878, p < 0.01). Further, the sum of first four item score of GDHGS among participants diagnosed with GD (median: 15.00; IQR: 15.0015.75) was significantly greater than those without GD (median: 4.00; IQR: 3.006.50) according to the diagnostic interview based on the ICD-11 criteria (U = 0.000, p < 0.001). The internal consistency of GDHGS as measured by the Cronbach's alpha was 0.914. Further, the GDHGS did not have its reliability increased by removal of any of the five items included in the scale. Also, the threshold for significant floor and ceiling effect was not reached. In conclusion, GDHGS is a valid measurement scale for disorders involving gaming behaviour based on the ICD- 11 construct. 2020 Elsevier B.V. -
Development and Validation of Emotion Recognition Software in the Indian Population
Though written extensively, recent debates on universality of emotions have shown that age, gender, and ethnicity have greater implications in the ability to identify expressions from faces. Facial emotion recognition deficits have been consistently shown in psychiatric conditions, which necessitates the need to construct a culturally sensitive tool. Fourteen actors depicted emotions such as happy, sad, anger, fear, surprise, disgust, and neutrality. From a total of 126 images, participants rated in terms of intensity and accuracy. Final software was developed with 28 images, and mean accuracy and reaction time were obtained. Friedmans significance test revealed a significant effect of emotion on its different dimensions. This study helped establish a culturally sensitive emotion recognition tool with the Indian population, which can be used in mental health settings for screening purposes and aid in developing rehabilitation modules. 2020, National Academy of Psychology (NAOP) India. -
Development and validation of analytical methods for the determination of anti-fungal drug in active pharmaceutical ingredient and other dosage forms
A simple and sensitive extractive spectrophotometric method is proposed for the determination of fluconazole drug, in pure form and in the available dosage forms. The method (A) is based on ion-pair formation between the fluconazole and Mo(V)-thiocyanate inorganic complex in the acidic medium and method (B) is based on ion-pair formation between the fluconazole and Co(II)-tetrathiocyanate inorganic complex in the acidic medium. For method (A), the formed coloured ion-pair is extracted with dichloromethane and absorbance is measured quantitatively with maximum absorption at 470nm. The molar absorptivity and Sandells sensitivity of the coloured species are 0.38x104 L mol-1 cm-1 and 0.8 ng cm-2 respectively. Beers law is obeyed between 4.0 -50.0 ?g mL-1 of fluconazole concentration. For method (B) the formed coloured ion-pair is extracted by using a mixture of (3.5:6.5) n-butanol : dichloromethane and the absorbance is measured quantitatively with maximum absorption at 620nm. The molar absorptivity and Sandells sensitivity of the coloured species are 0.268x104 L mol-1 cm-1 and 0.114 ng cm-2 respectively. Beers law is obeyed between 5.5.0-80 ?g mL-1 of fluconazole concentration. The first order derivative spectrophotometric method is also proposed for the determination of fluconazole in pharmaceutical formulations. The proposed methods are successfully applied for the assay of the fluconazole drug in different dosage forms without any interference from common excipients. The results are in good agreement with those obtained by the official pharmacopeial method. Keywords: Spectrophotometry, fluconazole, ion-pair complex, pharmaceutical preparation, molybdenum thiocyanate, cobalt thiocyanate. -
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Development and validation of an intimate relationship security scale
Relationships form an integral part of our lives, a key function being attachment. While newlineromantic relationships have mainly been studied with attachment theories as the basis,collectivistic cultures like India emphasize on togetherness more than individualism. To understand and measure security in any intimate relationship, a tool was developed, utilizing both qualitative and quantitative methods. An initial thematic analysis helped develop a basic model of relationship security that guided item generation. Items were developed to help newlinemeasure the newly operationalized construct, using stakeholders, literature review and social media. 520 participants, including both, marital and pre-marital and 7 experts, helped cut down the 206 item pool to (in the first phase of data collection) to 84 items. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted the second time on a sample of 486 participants that further narrowed down the scale to 58 items. The final confirmatory factor analysis, using SPSS AMOS, involved data collected from 408 participants. Validity, Reliability analysis and norms were developed for the final scale of 43 items. -
Development and validation of a multi-dimensional scale to measure the factors influencing fintech firms capacity to impact digital financial inclusion
The purpose of the present study is to develop a multi-item scale to measure the factors that affect fintech firms capacity to impact digital financial inclusion. Fintech, or financial service delivery supported by advanced technology, has tremendously changed the financial services landscape. It has a potential to improve digital financial inclusion and help the poor. Digital financial inclusion is important since it ensures cost-saving digital mechanisms to provide financial services to the financially excluded and underserved populations. Following an inductive method, a qualitative study was undertaken among managerial staff in fintech firms. The scale development process involved the collection of primary data for pre-testing the questionnaire. The study identified four factors that affect a fintech firms capability of impacting digital financial inclusion: resources and capabilities, business models, networks and partnerships, and market and environment. Digital financial inclusion scale is composed of digital skills, access, and quality of access. The final scale consisted of sixty-four items. Though financial inclusion is usually measured from a demand-side perspective, this study provides a supply-side measure for digital financial inclusion. Thus, it can help in identifying and understanding the factors that may hamper fintech firms capability to attain desirable outcomes with respect to digital financial inclusion. 2024 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. -
Development and Validation of a Framework to Identify High Potential Employees in Organizations
The present study aimed to develop and validate a multidimensional framework for identifying high-potential employees (hi-pots) to support succession planning and leadership development in organizations. A sequential exploratory mixed-methods approach was employed. In the qualitative phase, semi-structured interviews with seven organizational leaders were conducted to identify key traits and behaviors of hi-pots. The subsequent quantitative phase involved 276 managerial employees who responded to a newly developed measurement scale. The data were subjected to statistical validation to reinforce the proposed model. The validated framework comprises three dimensions: Foundation, growth, and career. The foundation dimension includes inherent traits such as optimism and sociability. The growth dimension, encompassing promotability, adaptability, and proactiveness, showed the strongest predictive power for leadership readiness. The career dimension involves performance-based competencies like technical proficiency and time management. Among these, the growth dimension emerged as the most influential for leadership potential. Organizations can utilize this framework for structured talent identification, improving leadership pipelines, and strategic HR planning. 2026 Econjournals. All rights reserved. -
Development and standardiztion of a tool to assess spirituality in families for family based interventions
The aim of the study was to develop and standardize a tool for family spiritual assessment. The sample consisted of 1502 Indian participants which included members from three religious backgrounds namely: Christianity, Hinduism and Islam. The data collected through face-to-face interview was analyzed using exploratory factor analysis (EFA), t-test and ANOVA. A five-item Likert-type tool developed was named as Family Spiritual Assessment Scale (FSAS) through a process of item development. EFA revealed that the 26-item tool with 5-factor solution had an excellent internal consistency of and#945;= .816. Religious factor, Spiritual factor, Mental health factor I (Positive emotions), Mental health factor II (Forgiveness) and Mental health factor III (Negative emotions) are the five important factors of the scale. Gender differences were found in the Spiritual factor, Mental Health, and Total newlinescore of the Scale, where females had higher scores than males. Post-hoc analysis newline(Bonferroni) revealed that total scores of all the three religions differed significantly. The results provide a sound foundation for the future research on spirituality. Family Spiritual newlineAssessment Scale, being the first in India, can be very beneficial to mental health newlineprofessionals and practitioners. -
Development and standardization of a tool to assess spirituality in families for family based interventions /
The aim of the study was to develop and standardize a tool for family spiritual assessment. The sample consisted of 1502 Indian participants which included members from three religious backgrounds namely: Christianity, Hinduism and Islam. The data collected through face-to-face interview was analyzed using exploratory factor analysis (EFA), t-test and ANOVA. A five-item Likert-type tool developed was named as Family Spiritual Assessment Scale (FSAS) through a process of item development. -
Development and standardization of a tool to measure direction, motive and affect of social comparison among adolescents
Social comparison process is a pervasive social phenomenon (Suls, Martin and Wheeler, 2002). People very often make a comparison with others either intentionally or unintentionally in their daily life. This phenomenon of perceiving self in one s social standing in comparison to others can influence different outcomes including self-concepts, self-esteem, and distinct feelings.This evaluative method provides useful information to generate accurate evaluation about one s abilities and opinion, especially on self-related dimensions. This concepts is very relevant to study in the adolescent population, as children s development of self is largely shaped by social environment experience with family and friends. Social comparison plays an important role in adolescents development of one self-concept especially self-esteem in important dimensions of self. Having outlined the relevance of social comparison theory in the context of this research, it is imperative to attempt this type of exploration and developing a concept based assessment tool to measure different facet of social comparison theory-direction, motive and affect. newlineThis study followed mixed design to better set the context through theoretical and empirical approach for the development for a new tool. In the initial phase, concept exploration was done through literature review to understand the conceptual framework of the approach, followed by qualitative exploration using interview method on 12 adolescents and 4 school counselors. This exploration let to the development of items based on eight dimensions of self, identified in this study. In the second phase, a pilot test was conducted on a sample of 237 adolescents and fulfilled the initial psychometric cleansing of the tool. In the third phase, the main test was administered to sample of 531 adolescents age between (12-16 years). The initial construct analysis was assessed using confirmatory factor analysis and the scale satisfied the model fit hypothesis using structural equation model (SEM).