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OrthoTrace - Fracture Detection from X-Ray Images Using YOLOv5
Rapid and correct diagnosis of bone fractures is important for appropriate and efficient management in clinical practice; however, traditional X-ray interpretation frequently involves diagnostic error, particularly in low resource environments. This study presents OrthoTrace, a YOLOv5-based deep learning system designed for real-time and lightweight fracture detection. The model was trained on a curated set of annotated X-ray images from the publicly available YOLOv5 dataset, which includes a range of upper and lower limb fractures across diverse anatomical regions regions ( 3,500 - 4,000 images; 70:20:10 train/validation/test split) and evaluated using accuracy, mean Average Precision (mAP), precision, recall, and F1-score. On the held-out test set, OrthoTrace achieved 90% accuracy and an mAP of 0.91, outperforming standard CNN baselines and approaching YOLOv8 performance while requiring significantly fewer computational resources. YOLOv5 can also identify fractures in real time, and draw bounding boxes with confidence scores around the specific areas of the X-ray with fractures. OrthoTrace can also be deployed in local or cloud environments. The novelty of OrthoTrace lies in its incredibly rapid inference, while requiring very little computing power. Although promising, the system is limited by dataset size and lack of external validation. This system holds clinical significance as it can support rapid, reliable fracture detection in low-resource or emergency settings, making real-time deployment feasible on standard hospital hardware. Future work will focus on expanding datasets, and enhancing robustness across various medical scenarios. 2025 IEEE. -
OTT Enchantment: Decoding the Secret of Millennials Subscription Intentions
This study explores the factors that affect intention and choices of millennials for subscription of Over-The-Top (OTT) platforms. The study involved a mixed-methods approach, involving exploratory and descriptive design. The outcome of the study showed that there is a profound impact of demographic variables on the subscription intention. Results also indicated that factors like convenient navigation, information seeking, and bingewatching impacted respondents attitudes towards purchasing OTT subscriptions. Moreover, factors like relaxation and voyeurism impacted respondents attitudes towards continuing OTT subscriptions. The research findings will be helpful for OTT companies to implement new distribution strategies with mobile operators to launch novel services like mobile-only packs and sachet pricing and thereby increase their user base. The study contributes significantly in understanding the viewership and subscription patterns of millennials. The study is exclusively an original contribution of the authors. 2024, Econjournals. All rights reserved. -
OTT Regulation, Platform Governance, and the Politics of Digital Misinformation in India
The rapid growth of Over-the-Top (OTT) platforms in India has significantly reshaped the entertainment industry. Audiences increasingly prefer streaming films and series over traditional cinema and television due to accessibility, affordability, flexibility, and on-demand viewing, even in rural and small-town regions. This shift reflects the empowerment of Indias digital media ecosystem. This paper analyses Netflix and Amazon Prime Video as case studies to support the research. However, the expansion of OTT platforms has also raised serious concerns regarding freedom of expression and content regulation. While creative autonomy promotes diverse storytelling and social commentary, it may also lead to the circulation of sensitive, offensive, or harmful content. Recently, the Indian government banned 25 OTT platforms for hosting obscene material without effective age-verification mechanisms exposing minors to such content. The Tandav controversy further illustrates the tension between artistic freedom and Indias cultural and religious sensitivities. Copyright 2026, IGI Global Scientific Publishing. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global Scientific Publishing is prohibited. Use of this chapter to train generative artificial intelligence (AI) technologies is expressly prohibited. The publisher reserves all rights to license its use for generative AI training and machine learning model development. -
Out of Box Thinking to Tangible Science: A Benchmark History of 3D Bio-Printing in Regenerative Medicine and Tissues Engineering
Advancements and developments in the 3D bioprinting have been promising and have met the needs of organ transplantation. Current improvements in tissue engineering constructs have enhanced their applications in regenerative medicines and other medical fields. The synergistic effects of 3D bioprinting have brought technologies such as tissue engineering, microfluidics, integrated tissue organ printing, in vivo bioprinted tissue implants, artificial intelligence and machine learning approaches together. These have greatly impacted interventions in medical fields, such as medical implants, multi-organ-on-chip models, prosthetics, drug testing tissue constructs and much more. This technological leap has offered promising personalized solutions for patients with chronic diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders, and who have been in severe accidents. This review discussed the various standing printing methods, such as inkjet, extrusion, laser-assisted, digital light processing, and stereolithographic 3D bioprinter models, adopted for tissue constructs. Additionally, the properties of natural, synthetic, cell-laden, dECM-based, short peptides, nanocomposite and bioactive bioinks are briefly discussed. Sequels of several tissue-laden constructs such as skin, bone and cartilage, liver, kidney, smooth muscles, cardiac and neural tissues are briefly analyzed. Challenges, future perspectives and the impact of microfluidics in resolving the limitations in the field, along with 3D bioprinting, are discussed. Certainly, a technology gap still exists in the scaling up, industrialization and commercialization of this technology for the benefit of stakeholders. 2023 by the authors. -
Out of South America Into India: Unusual Long Distance Dispersal of a Plant GenusLepidagathis (Acanthaceae)
Background: Lepidagathis Willd. (Barlerieae, Acanthoideae, Acanthaceae) is a pantropical plant genus with about 156 species. Classification of Lepidagathis and Lophostachys has been under debate for long. The genus is mainly Asian in distribution, followed by Africa, with an odd distribution of over a quarter of its diversity in the Neotropics. Aims: Given its pantropical distribution, we hypothesised that this pattern may be due to long distance dispersal followed by radiation in either the Old World or New World. Therefore, we aimed to test the monophyly of the Old World and New World species and trace its ancestral area using molecular dating and biogeographical analysis. Materials and Methods: We used 28 Lepidagathis sensu lato (s.l.) species, with seven molecular markers (ITS, trnL-LF, trnSG, trnGR, psbA-trnH, rps16 and rbcL), and conducted single-gene phylogenies. Later, we used a concatenated dataset of five markers (ITS, trnL-LF, trnSG, trnGR and rps16) to perform molecular dating based on secondary calibration as well as primary calibration. For historical biogeography, we applied two schemes: one treating peninsular Indiahome to about 35 speciesas a distinct region, and another grouping it with Southeast Asia. Results: Our study of the 28 species resolved Lepidagathis into three well-supported clades and supported its broad circumscription (sensu lato), including the former Lophostachys. The combined gene phylogeny places the African monotypic genus Schaueriopsis variabilis and the Asian genus Chroesthes within Lepidagathis s.l. Historical biogeography under the DIVALIKE+J model identified Africa as the most likely ancestral area for the genus, with Indian endemic species derived from Neotropical ancestors. In an alternative scheme, which included India within Asia, it was inferred that Lepidagathis s.l. has evolved from Asia, with all three lineages within Lepidagathis s.l. also with Asian ancestry. Discussion: The timing of the dispersal events out of Africa into the neotropics, and dispersal into the paleotropics, was during the late Oligocene, suggesting that it must have been long-distance dispersal, as there were no land bridges connecting the Americas with the Old World. Conclusion: This phylogenetic study, together with the biogeographical analysis demonstrates that Lepidagathis and Lophostachys represent independently evolving lineages that can be recognised as distinct subgenera. Moreover, Lepidagathis s.l. provides strong evidence for long-distance intercontinental dispersal events, inferred to have occurred during the late Oligocene. Our biogeographical analysis, along with the genus's greatest species diversity in Asia, supports an Asian origin for Lepidagathis as the more plausible scenario. 2026 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. -
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Outcome Evaluation of Child Sponsorship Programme of A Non-Governmental Organization
Child sponsorship programme is a vital tool for the integral development of the children at risk. Family based child sponsorship programme is one of the best services for the marginalized children which ensure their education while also respecting the rights of the children. The current study attempts to evaluate the outcome of child sponsorship programme of a non-Governmental organization newlinethrough a mixed method. Quasi-experimental post-test only design is the methodology used to conduct the study. The study evaluated the programme with regard to Self-esteem, Achievement motivation and family functioning of the sponsored children. The data was collected from 80 individuals for the quantitative study; using 3 standardized scales. Thematic analysis of qualitative data collected by interviewing 5 pairs of beneficiaries of the child sponsorship programme. The data was analysed using SPSS and R. The findings that there is a significant difference in terms of self-esteem and achievement motivation between the two groups of children. With regard to family newlinefunctioning conflict is much lesser among sponsored children (M=20.75) while compared to non-sponsored children (M=43.80). In terms of parenting and intimacy, the sponsored children are having higher score. Also, it was found out that self-esteem significantly mediated the impact of family functioning on achievement motivation of the individual(plt0.05). It is noticed that the effect of family functioning on achievement motivation was 0.504 and the direct effect was found to be 0.333. Selfesteem was found to strengthen the impact of family functioning on achievement motivation.Academic excellence improves the employability of respondents. Employment of newlinethose who received sponsorship can provide financial stability to the family. Therefore, this evaluation study confirmed the phenomenal effect of child sponsorship newlinein realizing inclusivity goals, as well as facilitate the personal, familial, economic, and social growth of sponsored children. -
Outward Foreign Direct Investment From India ; A Sectoral Analysis
New opportunities have arisen as the global economy has been more integrated, with globalization and liberalization of government policies. As the world becomes more globalized, businesses boost their investments to keep up with demand. Trade and foreign investments are two notable paths to global integration, with trade being the traditional path. As an FDI pioneer and promoter, the FDI of the upper-middle-income countries became an essential source of integration with the low and middle-income countries. With globalization and liberalization policies India has become the most significant emerging economy. Economic policies urged Indian enterprises to compete internationally to keep up with fierce competitive environment and the adoption of new technology, such as expanding into new markets, acquiring assets and resources, and integrating their overseas operations. Outward FDI (OFDI) has been used by Indian enterprises to meet these strategic needs. India's overseas investments have increased significantly since the 1990s. The majority of empirical research has focused on FDI from upper-middle-income nations. As low- and middle-income nations like India become more important players in the FDI flow, it's necessary to understand the patterns, motivations, and factors that influence the location and impact of OFDI from these countries. Existing Studies focused on Inward FDI (IFDI), but this study focuses on Outward FDI (OFDI) from India. Earlier OFDI research has mostly focused on firm-specific advantages. This study examines India's OFDI trends, as well as changes in host country location determinants, sectoral composition, and their influence on both the home and host countries. In view of the changing direction of OFDI in India, this study compares investment motives and location factors between the upper-middle-income and low and middle-income countries complying with the international categorization established by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) in its publication, the World Investment Report (WIR). This study analyzes the determinants and impact of India's OFDI in the home and host country during the period 1991-2020 in the context of Dunning's eclectic paradigm (OLI paradigm) and Investment Development Path (IDP) theory, using OFDI data from 1991 to 2020, which is longer than other studies by India's OFDI. This study employs panel data methodologies to identify crucial aspects and empirically test the nature of India's OFDI, which includes market seeking, resource seeking, technology and strategic asset seeking. The study uses a time series method to empirically test the relationship between India's OFDI, Trade and GDP. The results reveal that India's OFDI is motivated by market seeking, resource seeking, and technology seeking motives in upper-middle-income and low and middle-income countries. The results emphasize strategic assets as a significant motivation for investing in upper-middle-income countries rather than low and middle-income countries. India's OFDI is also actively linked to host country policies such as openness, corruption and market size. OFDI from India affects exports, as OFDI and exports are two means of internationalization. Theoretically, OFDI leads to further exports (positive or complements) or replaces exports with production (negative or substitution). Empirical testing of the OFDI-trade relationship shows a significant long-term positive relationship between the two. The study divided into five chapters. Chapter one comprises the introduction, backdrop of Global Outward FDI, India's FDI inflows and outflows, India's outward FDI, Need and Significance of the study. The second chapter consists of the literature review, theories of FDI, Statement of Problem. The third chapter deals with the methodology, research gap, research question, objectives of the study, and statistical tools used for the study. The fourth chapter focuses on the determinants of India's OFDI towards upper-middle and low and middle-income countries and the impact of India's OFDI on upper-middle and low and middle-income countries are analyzed in chapter three. It followed by a Geographical and sectoral analysis of India's OFDI in upper-middle and low and middle-income countries and a region-wise analysis in chapter five. Chapter six presents the study results, factors affecting India's Outward FDI among upper-middle and low and middle-income countries, followed by practical, theoretical and policy implications of the Study. -
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OUTWARD FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT FROM INDIA IN THE SERVICE SECTOR WITH REFERENCE TO IT INDUSTRY
Growing international integration through trade and investment is the emerging scenario of the 21st century. International Investment flows, particularly Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), have become a rising manifestation of this growing global linkage between nations. Outward Foreign Direct Investments (OFDI) from India in the service sector is emerging as a significant aspect of Indias international economic integration. Firms from India are incorporating outward foreign direct investment as part of their corporate strategy to compete globally and to acquire key assets. Outward investments is being adopted as part of their global strategy to emerge as leaders in their respective domain.As the significance of outward investment rises, it is important to understand the motivation and strengths behind such flows. With rising significance of services sector, more studies to explain the nature and factors behind outward FDI assumes importance. Therefore a focus on growth of OFDI from service sector like knowledge??intensive information-technology (IT) sector has become very relevant. IT firms from India have created a global presence and brand image. It is therefore important to consider various factors which give competitive advantage to the firms. The present study is divided into six chapters. The first chapter provides an overview and introduces the research issue. The second chapter comprises of a review of literature in the area. Research Methodology is outlined in the third chapter. The fourth chapter consists of an analysis of the trends in Indian outward foreign direct investment. The fifth chapter provides the analysis and interpretation of factors influencing foreign investments by firms. The sixth chapter gives the summary and conclusions of the study. Results of the study indicate that Indias outward foreign direct investment is showing a rising trend and that there are significant changes in the pattern of these outflows. The outflows by service sector firms have increased and there is also rising investment to developed countries. The changing trend is a reflection of the global aspirations of Indian firms and their willingness to compete in the world market. The study shows that India firms, though small in comparison to multinationals from developed world, do have competitive advantage. They have leveraged these advantages and acquired strategic assets to enhance their competitive position. The firms are gaining from experience and building tacit knowledge. These skills are applied to creating a network to supplement and augment their competitive advantage. In this endeavor, macro factors are also playing a significant role. Technological and information revolution has given firms an opportunity to strengthen their competitive advantage. In this endeavor, firms in developing country like India have benefited from a vast pool of educated, skilled and technically qualified human resource. They have been facilitated by a liberalized government policy and the domestic economic climate, which has given them opportunities for entrepreneurship. Rising outward FDI is a manifestation of these changes. As Indian firms seek to strengthen their competitive positions and augment their assets, the outflow of investment to nations that have intellectual assets will increase. At the same time the traditional motive of undertaking investments to seek larger markets is still important. Though India is still a fledgling in the spectrum of outward investments, Indian firms are fast rising up to the challenge of competitive global atmosphere with aggressive strategies. Indian economy is emerging as one of the largest economies in the world. With the second largest population in the world, India has to utilize every opportunity to build sustainable growth with greater international economic linkages with rest of the world. -
Overall system performance analysis with distributed generation
Transmission system loadability enhancement using modern techniques are one of the interesting research areas under power system planning studies. This paper address the location of Distributed Generation (DG) in the network not only loadability enhancement but also for transmission loss minimization and voltage stability enhancement. We have proposed a novel strategic approach for DG location and size by considering (N-1) line contingency criterion. The approach is analyzed with IEEE 14-bus and IEEE 30-bus test systems. The results are validating the proposed approach for real-time applications. 2016 IEEE. -
Overcoming barriers: Challenges and opportunitiesin multi-stakeholder collaboration for sustainable supply chain
Multi- stakeholder collaboration is increasingly recognized as a critical component of sustainable development, particularly in complex supply chains. A supply chain is a simple tool that sustainably excels in every TBL component. This Chapter emphasizes the adoption of sustainability in supply chains and its results which are influenced by two key elements. The first crucial component is the managerial orientation toward sustainability which is how managers and decision- makers see sustainability and how it relates to their incentives to carry out sustainability activities. National and international development organizations have started integrated multi- stakeholder projects supporting creative solutions to poverty and environmental degradation. Among the noteworthy projects are those that promote sustainable livelihoods market- driven human development and the use of ecosystem services to reduce poverty. Difficulties in communicating because of language, priority, expertise gaps, power imbalances, and divergent interests. 2025, IGI Global Scientific Publishing. All rights reserved. -
Overcoming challenges in 5G performance evaluation and QoE management
As the 5G technology is being rolled out in phases, the world over, there is a need for efficient and effective 5G network planning and Quality of Experience. One way a country planning to adopt 5G could plan the logistics of laying out the network, could be through learning best practices from peers. Which peer to follow is subjective to each country in question. Therefore, in choosing these references/benchmark countries, a thorough knowledge of their performance is vital. Yet another factor that impacts 5G network planning is effective QoE management. Proper QoS provisioning over the network is very important even as countries strive to cater the best possible services to their citizens. This is made possible by identifying improvement needs of countries on its user QoE. By quantifying this need, suitable benchmarks could be set and achieved in the short or long terms thereby enabling the countries to provide better services to their people. Determining the right benchmarking and evaluation technique is the need of the hour. 2025 -
Overcoming the barriers to multi-stakeholder collaboration in supply chains: Strategies to foster co-operation in complex supply chains
The supply networks form the backbones of the global economy as a flow of goods, services, and information across industries and geographies. Meanwhile, globalization and digitalization that promoted the increasing complexity of supply chains highlight even greater urgency for sustainable and responsible supply chain management. This chapter considers the manner in which multi- stakeholder collaboration can become an important enabler of sustainability within the supply chains since no individual stakeholder has a chance of unilaterally solving all of its various problems. From the case studies conducted on Sedex and the automotive sector, this study has shown that sustainability strategies take a diversified view-from corporate management to government bodies, NGOs, and local communities- to align priorities, bridge cultural gaps, and develop collective solutions that will drive systemic change. Given the nature of conflicting priorities, the research finds concentration on cross- industry cooperation and the role of external organizations in promoting responsible practices. 2025, IGI Global Scientific Publishing. All rights reserved. -
Overt dependence of health insurance industry on healthcare system
A vast majority of the population in the developing economies remains uninsured. Moreover, the informal sector that employs a larger section of the society is untouched by any of the government scheme. In this study, we use health belief model to examine the factors that induce willingness to buy health insurance among the illness and the non-illness group. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 1,339 participants above 20 years of age of which 351 had contracted illness in the past and 988 had not. Data was collected using questionnaire from four highly populated districts in India. The questionnaire was developed based on the constructs of health belief model. The data was statistically analysed. Kendalls Tau-b correlation technique was used to explore the relationship between perceived vulnerability and product aversion. Logistic regression was used to find out the odds at which each independent variable, categorised based on the health belief model, contributes to willingness to buy. The model was able to predict 15% of the variance for willingness-to-buy among the illness and 27% among the non-illness groups. Findings suggest that the perceived vulnerability reduced product aversion among the illness group. Mere presence of primary and super-specialty hospitals was not sufficient for the illness group to subscribe for health insurance. Income perceptions emerged as a significant predictor among the illness group. Presence of well-established hospital, income perceptions, and subjective norms were significant predictors among the non-illness group. The growth of the health insurance industry largely depends upon the presence of well-established hospitals. In the absence of adequate healthcare facilities, attempts by the insurers to promote insurance covers will become futile. Insurers should also consider alternate segmentation patterns albeit the present socio-demographic pattern, as the health risk experience differs among individuals. Asian Academy of Management and Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia, 2021. -
Overview of Cyber Security in Intelligent and Sustainable Manufacturing
With the advent of the Internet of Things (IoT), a new transformation is predominant in the manufacturing industry, termed Industry 4.0. The revolution of IoT with artificial intelligence, Web3, robotics, and automation has transformed the traditional manufacturing system into a smart manufacturing system (SMS) by adding an intelligent component capable of automatic data collection through using sensors, processing data autonomously, and controlling machines remotely. However, adding automated intelligence, autonomous systems, and real-time data processing presents an insecure surface to cyber attackers to penetrate these cyber-physical systems (CPSs) and cause physical damage. This chapter presents a detailed discussion of cyber threats and incidents in the intelligent manufacturing industry, along with the available acceptable mitigation strategies. A taxonomy of cyber attacks on intelligent manufacturing systems clearly shows the difference between information technology threats and smart manufacturing cyber-threats. A detailed discussion on the limitations of SMSs in implementing cyber security is presented. Finally, some innovative machine learningbased security mechanisms (ML-based intrusion detection systems) are discussed that promise to detect anomalies/intrusions in such systems. 2025 selection and editorial matter, Ajay Kumar, Parveen Kumar, Yang Liu, and Rakesh Kumar. -
Oxidation reactions of carbaryl in aqueous solutions
Hydroxyl radical induced oxidation of carbaryl has been studied using steady state photolysis followed by high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-Q-TOF-MS), pulse radiolysis, and theoretical (DFT) calculations. The reaction of ?OH with carbaryl resulted in a number of hydroxylated adduct radicals (?max - 330 nm and 390 nm; k2 - 1.2 1010 dm3 mol-1 s-1). The DFT calculations and results obtained from LC-Q-TOF-MS analysis shows the possible addition of ?OH at C1 (energetically most stable) and C7 positions of carbaryl leading to the generation of resonance stabilized hydroxycyclohexadienyl-type radicals as the immediate intermediates, which eventually converted into naphthol and a hydroxylated naphthols. LC-Q-TOF-MS results also revealed the formation of other hydroxylated derivatives and naphthoquinones that are most likely originated from the consecutive ?OH attack on the initially formed products. Naphthoquinones are found to undergo ring opening and the corresponding products are identified. The reaction of SO4?- with carbaryl, on the other hand, results the radical cation of parent molecule (?max - 320 nm and 390 nm) which exhibits reasonable stability in the pulse radiolysis timescale. Total organic carbon (TOC) analysis after H2O2/UV photolysis revealed that nearly 70% of the organic content is mineralized after 35 min of irradiation, which demonstrates the potential application of oxidative methods towards the degradation of carbaryl. 2021 Elsevier B.V. -
Oxygen surface-functionalized carbon dots derived from waste cassava peel for UV shielding applications
UV radiation, falling in the wavelength range between 290nm and 400nm, which reaches the Earth's surface, is capable of causing potential damage to human cells, especially the skin. Sun protection products, which were earlier treated as skincare utilities, have now become indispensable and fall under the category of healthcare commodities. The requirement for skin- and environment-friendly UV absorbers that are reliable enough to substitute synthetic ones is spiking day by day. In this work, we report the conversion of waste cassava peels into UV-absorbing carbon dots through a facile one-step microwave-assisted solvothermal route. The as-synthesized carbon dots, when dispersed in NMP, show intense absorption in the UVA and UVB region, which can be effectively used for UV shielding applications. In-vitro studies based on transmittance data show that dispersion is capable of blocking 90% of the UV rays at a concentration of 0.2mg/mL, and at 0.5mg/mL, an SPF of 35+ was obtained, corresponding to a shielding capability of more than 97%. The conversion of cassava peel waste into UV-absorbing carbon dots adds to the value of this agricultural waste and, on crossing the compatibility standards, would provide a suitable alternative for existing synthetic UV shielding materials. 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies. -
P type copper doped tin oxide thin films and p-n homojunction diodes based on them
P-type copper doped tin oxide (SnO2:Cu) thin films were prepared by chemical spray pyrolysis method on glass substrates for different doping concentrations. Their structural, optical, surface morphological, elemental and electrical studies were investigated. We fabricated two transparent homojunction diodes using optimized sample of SnO2:Cu which are p- SnO2:Cu/n-SnO2 and p-SnO2:Cu/n- SnO2:F.These diodes are reported for the first time by this method. 2021 Elsevier B.V. -
P-energy of generalized Petersen graphs
For a given graph G, its P-energy is the sum of the absolute values of the eigenvalues of the P-matrix of G. In this article, we explore the P-energy of generalized Petersen graphs G(p; k) for various vertex partitions such as independent, domatic, total domatic and k-ply domatic partitions and partition containing a perfect matching in G(p; k). Further, we present a python program to obtain the P-energy of G(p; k) for the vertex partitions under consideration and examine the relation between them. 2022 The authors.