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Enhancing Sign Language Recognition Through LSTM Model
Sign language recognition is a remarkable task in this project completed through two state-of-the-art methods, Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU). This way, the system is able to quickly process each frame of the webcam with real-time information regarding face, body and posture in order to extract critical values. this research seeks to provide the necessary resources and opportunities for deaf people to be able to communicate effectively, obtain an education and enjoy their lives as much as other human beings This makes it a very important tool for education where the system can convert sign motions into text on-the-fly. The data was collected through a live camera, and key points from face, body, and pose were detected for training the model. Kindergarten used the four categories of vegetables, fruits, colors and animals. There were 40 video sequences of 40 frames with a sign in each. the model tries to fit too much to noisy points of data. However comprehensive the training, after 19 epochs the validation accuracy is an impressive 93%. The oscillations in the truth values of models are indicative of some uncertainty in learning where the accuracy is still to be settled. The graph in general shows that the LSTM based sign language movement classifier has a good capacity to learn and identify sign language movements with high precision. 2025 IEEE. -
Enhancing Online Education Through Sentiment Analysis and Complex Systems Modelling
This research explores the application of sentiment analysis through the lens of complex systems modelling to enhance the quality of online certification courses, with a particular focus on global platforms such as Coursera. The COVID-19 pandemic catalyzed significant growth in online learning, creating an urgent need for adaptive and student-centric approaches to ensure relevance and effectiveness. Leveraging unstructured textual data from student reviews of courses, this study integrates methodologies from systems science, computer science, and education to address real-world challenges in online education. By employing both lexiconbased (SentiWordNet and VADER) and supervised machine learning techniques (Multinomial Naive Bayes, Support Vector Machine, and Stochastic Gradient Descent), the research conducts a detailed sentiment analysis to identify patterns, emergent behaviours, and feedback loops inherent in course design and delivery. Findings reveal that Support Vector Machine achieves the highest accuracy at 97.3%, offering insights that guide iterative improvements in course content and pedagogical strategies. The study demonstrates how interdisciplinary approaches to sentiment analysis can inform responsive education environments, aligning with broader societal goals of accessibility, inclusivity, and quality in online learning ecosystems. 2025, Binghamton University Libraries. All rights reserved. -
Enhancing Customer Experience and Sales Performance in a Retail Store Using Association Rule Mining and Market Basket Analysis
The retail business grows steadily year after year andemploys an abounding amounts of people globally, especially with the soaring popularity of online shopping. The competitive character of this fast-paced sector has been increasingly evident in recent years. Customers desire to blend the advantages of old purchasing habits with the ease of use of new technology. Retailers must thus guarantee that product quality is maintained when it comes to satisfying customer demands and requirements. This research paper demonstrates the potential value of advanced data analytics techniques in improving customer experience and sales performance in a retail store. Apriori, FP-Growth, and Eclat algorithms are applied in the real time transactional data to discover sociations and patterns in transactional data. Support, confidence and lift ratio parameters are used and apriori algorithm puts out several candidate item sets of increasing lengths and prunes those that fail to offer the assistance that is required threshold. We identified lift values are more when considering frozen meat, milk, and yogurt. if the customer decides to buy any of these items together, there is a chance that the customer will buy 3rd item from that group. Research arrived High confidence score is for Items like Semi Finished Bread and Milk so these products should be sold together, Followed by Packaged food and rolls. As retailers continue to face increasing competition and pressure to improve their operations, The aforementioned techniques may provide you a useful tool to comprehend consumer buying habits and tastes and for utilising that knowledge to come up with data-driven decisions that optimise product placement, enhance customer satisfaction, and attract sales. 2023 IEEE. -
Forecasting a Fast-Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) Company's Customer Repurchase Behavior via Classification Machine Learning Models
With numerous businesses offering clients equivalent products, the FMCG (Fast Moving Consumer Goods) industry is very competitive. Retaining client loyalty and encouraging them to return to make product purchases is a big concern for businesses in this sector. One of the main issues this bleak business needs to overcome is customer retention. Failure to repurchase by customers is a sign that they do not trust the brand, which will increase attrition rates and have an adverse effect on the company's revenue. These issues were addressed by attempting to predict the customer repurchase rate and approaching the target segments in accordance with that prediction, but this was done entirely from the perspective of the consumer and not from the retailer, and it ignores other factors like location, the salespeople they work with, the wholesaler they are affiliated with, and the customer programme they have chosen. The retailer's repurchase pattern must be predicted using a more accurate and effective model that considers all the variables. Retailers play a significant role in the supply chain for FMCG businesses. Different models like KNN, Nae Bayes and Logistic Regression was explored to find the best fit. By keeping them, the business can forge enduring connections that are crucial for preserving stabilityand dependability in the distribution network and having the resources necessary to serve its clients. 2023 ACM. -
Optimising lead qualification through machine learning: A customer data-driven approach
Lead generation is the process of turning an outside person or business into a customer of the business. Traditionally, marketing personnel must conduct significant follow-ups in order to convert even one potential consumer. Converting bad client leads can cause businesses to burn through cash reserves. As a result of this, it is now necessary to develop an automated system that can correctly anticipate whether or not a lead should be explored (converted to a customer or not). In this study, an attempt is made to evaluate historical data for leads produced by other businesses in order to train and validate a machine learning (ML)/deep learning (DL) model and test it against real-world characteristics to categorise them as hot leads (convert to customers) or cold leads (failed leads). This can be achieved by employing ML algorithms, low codeno code libraries, such as PyCaret in Python, and can be used to make predictions regarding probable lead creation, propensity to convert generated leads and optimal actions on the leads by communications teams. Supervised ML algorithms such as logistic regression, decision trees, random forests and other models using a Python library were built to score leads for identifying potential conversions. With good and broad lead-scoring models in place, businesses can optimise their CTI actions on the basis of lead prioritisation and let go of non-prospect leads at the right time to cut costs and enable efficiency. The result of this study reveals that 52 per cent of the sample of 74,779 leads are cold leads and 48 per cent are hot leads that are sales qualified. The leads are qualified using the lead score matrix. This method can aid digital businesses to remove unqualified leads and manage leads better, and therefore improve the quality of the leads sent to clients. This, in turn, will improve conversion rates for individual customers. These increased conversion rates will enhance the business strategy of digital marketing firms. Henry Stewart Publications. -
Nano-architectured polypyrrole based magnetic nanocatalyst for the N- arylation of imidazoles and fused imidazoles
A new magnetically recoverable polypyrrole supported copper based nanocatalyst was synthesized, characterized with various analytical techniques like Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Vibrating Sample Magnetometry (VSM), and Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) analysis. The loading of copper on the surface of the catalyst was found to be 4.23 wt%. The application of the synthesized nanocatalyst was checked for the N-arylation of imidazoles. Excellent catalytic performance was obtained with easy recoverability and reusability upto six cycles. The current green protocol makes it environmentally beneficial for scale-up industries. 2025 Elsevier B.V. -
Green synthesis of palladium nanoparticles from Polyalthia longifolia leaves and Evaluation of its catalytic and antibacterial Activities
This study focuses on the green production of palladium nanoparticles utilizing a sustainable and non-hazardous extract derived from the leaves of Polyalthia longifolia (Pl). The synthesized nanoparticles was named as Pl/Pd (0) and were characterized using TGA, ICP-AES, TEM, FESEM, and XRD analysis. The average size of Pl/Pd (0) nanoparticles was found to be 12 nm and showed excellent activity towards the Suzuki coupling and nitroarene reduction reactions. The catalyst also gave good results for the reusability test for both the reactions. It is noted that the same can be reused in the reaction upto to 5 consecutive cycles. In addition to its catalytic activity, the antibacterial activity of the Pl/Pd(0) was also evaluated against Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria. The nanoparticles had an inhibitory effect on both the test pathogens. 2025 Elsevier B.V. -
Studies on single crystals and thin films on tin sulfide (SnS) for photovoltaic applications
There is an increasing demand for renewable energy sources due to the limited availability of fossil, risk factor associated with nuclear fuel and due to growing environmental concern. Photovoltaic (PV) energy conversion has the potential to contribute significantly to the electrical energy of the main obstacles preventing production and application on a large scale. Availability of the materials and their processing cost are the two major constraints associated with the presently leading PV technologies. Hence, cost of the electricity produced by these technologies are not yet competitive compared to the electricity produced by conventional sources. -
Ayurvedic Ethics: Traditional Foundations and Contemporary Relevance
Ayurveda is a widely practised traditional medical system in India in which clinical practice and moral philosophy are intrinsically linked. Classical concepts, such as Sadv?tta (good conduct) and Chikits? Chatu?p?da (four pillars of treatment), define physician duties, patient care, and community responsibility, reflecting a holistic approach to health. This short communication examines how these frameworks, rooted in historical and cultural contexts, can inform contemporary debates on medical ethics. It explores their continuing relevance in strengthening patientphysician trust, promoting equitable access to care, and shaping the moral responsibilities of healthcare providers in an era of increasing commercialisation. Drawing on these enduring principles, the paper argues that Ayurvedic ethics can offer culturally grounded yet adaptable guidance for modern medical practice. By integrating these insights into present-day discourse, Ayurvedic ethics contribute to inclusive, context-sensitive, and ethically robust approaches to healthcare ethics that address both local traditions and the universal principles of compassionate, ethical medical care. Journal of Research on History of Medicine. -
Cognitive and Motor profiles of Preterm Infants with Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy (HIE): A Case Report
Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy (HIE) significantly impacts infants' cognitive and motor development, necessitating tailored evaluation tools for early identification and intervention. To address this need, this study aimed to build new normative data for the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler DevelopmentTM, Fourth Edition (BayleyTM-4), specific to HIE. A cross-sectional analysis of 54 infants across three age groups (6, 12, and 18 months), consisting of 18 each, revealed significant deficits in the cognitive and motor domains compared with those of matched controls. These findings highlight the need for HIE-specific benchmarks to improve diagnostic accuracy and inform targeted interventions. Establishing these norms can enable clinicians to design personalized strategies to enhance developmental outcomes. 2025 EL-MED-Pub. All rights reserved. -
Retrospective Analysis of Premature Infant Characteristics: Risk Factors, Complications, and Predictive Insights
Premature birth remains a significant global health challenge, contributing to high rates of neonatal morbidity and mortality. This retrospective study analyzes the key characteristics, risk factors, complications, and predictive outcomes affecting preterm infant outcomes. Utilizing established theoretical frameworksincluding the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD), the Bioecological Model, and the Neurodevelopmental Framework this research examines the interplay of prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal influences on neonatal health. A comprehensive analysis of neonatal morbidity trends from 2018 to 2020 highlights both advancements and persistent challenges in neonatal care. By integrating clinical data with theoretical insights, this study provides a refined understanding of the factors influencing preterm infant health. The findings offer valuable implications for improving neonatal risk assessment models, optimizing clinical interventions, and enhancing long-term developmental outcomes for preterm infants. 2025 EL-MED-Pub. All rights reserved. -
Studies On Single Crystals and Thin Films of Tin Sulfide(SnS) For Photovoltaic Applications
The thesis is concerned with linear and nonlinear Rayleigh-Bard electroconvection in a horizontal porous layer. Modified Darcy law is employed to describe the fluid motion. The effect of non-classical heat conduction, chemical reaction, thermal radiation and finite amplitudes on the onset of Darcy electroconvection is considered. The findings of the problems investigated in the thesis may prove useful in heat transfer application situations with dielectric fluids as working medium. The summary of the problems addressed in the thesis is given below.Effect of non-classical heat conduction on Rayleigh-Bard newlineconvection in a horizontal layer of porous medium saturated with a dielectric fluid The method of small perturbations is used to examine the effect of non-classical heat conduction on the onset of Darcy electroconvection. Exact solutions for both stationary and oscillatory instability are obtained and known results have been deduced as limiting cases of the present study. It is shown that electroconvective instability in a Darcy porous layer is hastened by increasing the strengths of second sound and electric newlineforces and that the presence of second sound and dielectrophoretic force leads to shorter wavelength electroconvection. Further, it is found that the effect of Vadasz number is to advance the onset of oscillatory Darcy newlineelectroconvection and oscillatory instability sets in before stationary convection provided that the Vadasz number and the Cattaneo number are sufficiently large. Rayleigh-Bard convection in a horizontal layer of porous medium saturated with a chemically reacting dielectric fluid The problem of the effect of chemical reaction on the onset of Darcy electroconvection in a horizontal porous layer heated from below is newlineinvestigated. It is assumed that the fluid experiences a zero-order exothermic chemical reaction and that there exists a local thermal equilibrium between the fluid and the solid phases. -
Microhardness studies of vapour grown tin (II) sulfide single crystals
Earth abundant tin sulfide (SnS) has attracted considerable attention as a possible absorber material for low-cost solar cells due to its favourable optoelectronic properties. Single crystals of SnS were grown by physical vapour deposition (PVD) technique. Microindentation studies were carried out on the cleaved surfaces of the crystals to understand their mechanical behaviour. Microhardness increased initially with the load, giving sharp maximum at 15 g. Quenching effect has increased the microhardness, while annealing reduced the microhardness of grown crystals. The hardness values of as-grown, annealed and quenched samples at 15 g load are computed to be 99.69, 44.52 and 106.29 kg/mm 2 respectively. The microhardness of PVD grown crystals are high compared to CdTe, a leading low-cost PV material. The as-grown faces are found to be fracture resistant. 2015 AIP Publishing LLC. -
Photovoltaic structures using thermally evaporated SnS and CdS thin films
Polycrystalline tin sulfide thin films were prepared by thermal evaporation technique.The films grown at substrate temperature of 300 C had an orthorhombic crystal structure with strong preferred orientation along (111) plane.Electrical resistivity of the deposited films was about 32.5 ? cm with a direct optical band gap of 1.33 eV.Carrier concentration and mobility of charge carriers estimated from the Hall measurement were found to be 6.24 1015 cm- 3 and 30.7 cm2V- 1 s- 1 respectively.Heterojunction solar cells were fabricated in superstrate configuration using thermally evaporated SnS as an absorber layer and CdS, In:CdS as window layer.The resistivity of pure CdS thin film of a thickness of 320 nm was about 1-2 ? cm and was reduced to 40 10- 3 ? cm upon indium doping.The fabricated solar cells were characterized using solar simulator.The solar cells with indium doped CdS window layer showed improved performance as compared to pure CdS window layer.The best device had a conversion efficiency of 0.4% and a fill factor of 33.5%. 2013 Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved. -
Vacuum annealed tin sulfide (SnS) thin films for solar cell applications
Thin films of tin sulfide (SnS) were grown on a glass substrate at an optimum temperature of 300 C by thermal evaporation technique. Following the deposition, films were vacuum annealed at different temperatures in the range of 100 to 300 C for 2 h. The effect of annealing temperature (Ta) on the composition, surface morphology, microstructure, optical and electrical properties was investigated. Elemental analysis showed sulfur deficiency of annealed films and the Sn to S atomic percent ratio increased from 1.0 to 1.1. XRD analysis confirmed the orthorhombic crystal structure of the films with (111) preferred orientation and phase purity. Degree of preferred orientation decreased with increase in Ta and the diffraction peaks corresponding to other planes intensified. Increasing the Ta to 300 C led to an increase in crystallite size to 129 nm. Results indicated presence of several crystallites in the grains of as-deposited films. AFM studies revealed the fragmentation of larger grain and the average grain size reduced form 265 nm for as-deposited films to 132.8 nm for the film annealed at 300 C. An apparent shift in absorption edge towards longer wavelengths is observed for films annealed at Ta > 200 C. The optical constant such as optical band gap, extinction coefficient (k), absorption coefficient (?) and refractive index (n) have been evaluated. The optical band gap of SnS thin films varied marginally with the annealing temperature and remained in between 1.331.29 eV. The extinction coefficient of the film annealed at 300 C was enhanced and is found to be 0.85 at 700 nm. At the annealing temperature of 300 C, the SnS films had enhanced electrical properties: the electrical resistivity was 7.8 ? cm, the p-type carrier concentration was up to 2.17 1016 cm?3, and the mobility was about 36.9 cm2V?1s?1. The variation of physical parameters with Ta has been explained by taking into account the crystallite size and the presented values are discussed with relevance to solar cells. 2017 Elsevier B.V. -
Optical and electrical properties of SnS semiconductor crystals grown by physical vapor deposition technique
Tin sulfide (SnS) is a material of interest for use as an absorber in low cost solar cells. Single crystals of SnS were grown by the physical vapor deposition technique. The grown crystals were characterized to evaluate the composition, structure, morphology, electrical and optical properties using appropriate techniques. The composition analysis indicated that the crystals were nearly stoichiometric with Sn-to-S atomic percent ratio of 1.02. Study of their morphology revealed the layered type growth mechanism with low surface roughness. The grown crystals had orthorhombic structure with (0 4 0) orientation. They exhibited an indirect optical band gap of 1.06 eV and direct band gap of 1.21 eV with high absorption coefficient (up to 103 cm-1) above the fundamental absorption edge. The grown crystals were of p-type with an electrical resistivity of 120 ? cm and carrier concentration 1.52015 cm-3. Analysis of optical absorption and diffuse reflectance spectra showed the presence of a wide absorption band in the wavelength range 3001200 nm, which closely matches with a significant part of solar radiation spectrum. The obtained results were discussed to assess the suitability of the SnS crystal for the fabrication of optoelectronic devices. 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. -
Photovoltaic Structures Using Thermally Evaporated SnS and CDS Thin Films
Thin Solid Films, Vol-545, pp. 543-547. ISSN-0040-6090 -
ANALYSING THE SAFETY OF A CAMPUS USING SPATIAL SYNTAX
Everybody has been in campus environments and academic buildings at some point in their lives. The layout of these structures is crucial because it influences how a person behaves and presents themselves. The use of space syntax enables us to examine how individuals behave in relation to their surroundings and how places are used. The nature of the space and the way people move through it have improved because of the application of space syntax in campus planning.A primary concern is safety, this paper is devoted to comprehending how various user groups navigate across a university. Here, we'll be looking at how students move around and behave in relation to how safe they feel on campus. Each user group's paths, nodes and gathering places will be recorded and we'll confirm both the original puiposes and the current uses of the spaces. Additionally, several maps will be created to support the study that the campus is a safe place to be, including axial mapping and analysis mapping, convex mapping and grid analysis mapping. This with a combination of survey shall be used to understand safety with respect to space syntax. ZEMCH Network. -
Nano-architectured polypyrrole based magnetic nanocatalyst for the N- arylation of imidazoles and fused imidazoles
A new magnetically recoverable polypyrrole supported copper based nanocatalyst was synthesized, characterized with various analytical techniques like Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Vibrating Sample Magnetometry (VSM), and Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) analysis. The loading of copper on the surface of the catalyst was found to be 4.23 wt%. The application of the synthesized nanocatalyst was checked for the N-arylation of imidazoles. Excellent catalytic performance was obtained with easy recoverability and reusability upto six cycles. The current green protocol makes it environmentally beneficial for scale-up industries. 2025 Elsevier B.V. -
Palladium immobilized on guanidine functionalized magnetic nanoparticles: a highly effective and recoverable catalyst for ultrasound aided Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions
We designed and prepared a palladium catalyst that can be magnetically recyclable by anchoring guanidine moiety on the surface of Fe3O4 nanoparticles, named Fe3O4@SiO2-TCT-Gua-Pd. It was established to be a potent catalyst for the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction (SMCR) in the EtOH/H2O system under ultrasonic conditions. FT-IR spectroscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) microanalysis, vibration sample magnetometry (VSM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) analyses were used to characterize the structure of the Fe3O4@SiO2-TCT-Gua-Pd nanoctalyst. The Fe3O4@SiO2-TCT-Gua-Pd catalyst produced favorable coupled products with excellent yields and was harmonious with various aryl halides and aryl boronic acids. The stability, low palladium leaching, and heterogeneous nature of the nanocatalyst were confirmed by a hot-filtration test. The palladium nanocatalyst could be easily recovered by magnetic field separation and recycled at least 6 times in a row without noticeable loss in its catalytic activity. 2023 The Royal Society of Chemistry.