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Synergistic interfacial passivation of dye-sensitized solar cell photoanodes using Myristica fragrans pulp-derived carbon dots and Ag nanoparticles
Interfacial charge recombination at the photoanode remains a critical factor in limiting the performance of Dye-sensitized solar cells. The photoanodes play a crucial role in efficient electron injection and transport with minimised recombination reactions, directly influencing the efficiency of the cell. This work investigates the use of carbon dots (CDs) derived from Myristica fragrans fruit pulp via a one-step hydrothermal process as a component in photoanodes. The TiO2 photoanode is modified by in situ deposition of silver nanoparticles (ANP) and CDs directly onto the metal-oxide semiconductor matrix via photoreduction. The passivated cell exhibited ?28 % increase in efficiency over the pristine cell, attaining 6.39 0.20 %, with a current density of 14.74 0.28mAcm?2, and an open-circuit voltage of 0.76 0.02 V. Herein, the passivation of TiO2 has altered the optical bandgap of the photoanode from 3.23 eV to 1.75 eV, thereby enhancing light absorption towards the visible and near-IR region. Furthermore, the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect of ANP and the charge-transfer mediator properties of CDs synergistically enhance charge mobility, thereby improving photoanode performance by reducing recombination. With a charge-transfer resistance of 6.87 ? and an electron lifetime of 47.19 s, the work explored here serves as an appropriate passivation layer, providing a clean interface between the layers. 2026 Elsevier B.V. -
An enhanced hybrid framework for IoT healthcare security using blockchain-driven multimedia data analysis and cybersecurity techniques
In the era of digital healthcare, safeguarding sensitive patient information while ensuring real-time access and decision-making is paramount. This study presents a novel Hybrid Blockchain-IoT Framework for secure healthcare data management, integrating Elman neural networkbased Blowfish encryption with blockchain and deep anomaly detection. The framework leverages IoT sensor data and utilizes a Proof-of-Authority (PoA) consensus mechanism to ensure tamper-proof transaction recording across decentralized nodes. A Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) autoencoder combined with a Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier enables accurate anomaly detection, while cryptographic functions ensure privacy and data integrity. The proposed system is evaluated using a healthcare dataset comprising over 1000 patient records across three network configurations (195, 585, and 1171 nodes). Results demonstrate a Wormhole Attack Probability (%) as low as 1.1%, Product Drop Ratio (%) between 1.2 and 2.7%, and Authentication Delay under 111 msoutperforming existing systems. Although the anomaly detection accuracy (98.98%) and F1-Score (0.90) are slightly below leading deep learning models, our framework uniquely combines encrypted transmission, distributed validation, and intelligent threat detection in a practical healthcare setting. The architecture ensures security, scalability, and efficiency, positioning it as a robust solution for next-generation smart healthcare ecosystems. 2026 The Authors -
Enhancing environmental sound classification with weighted attention-based spectrogram fusion and overlapping pre-patching
Environmental Sound Classification (ESC) remains challenging due to the diverse and overlapping acoustic characteristics of real-world environments. Traditional models relying on single-feature representations such as Mel spectrograms often fail to capture the full range of spectral and temporal details. This paper introduces a novel algorithm Weighted Attention-based Spectrogram Fusion (WASF) that adaptively integrates Mel spectrograms, Cochleograms, and Correlograms using a hierarchical attention mechanism across channel, temporal, and frequency dimensions. Compared to traditional fusion techniques, WASF uses a learnable attention mechanism to dynamically weight each feature's importance over time and frequency, improving the model's capacity to focus on important acoustic cues. In addition, an overlapping pre-patching strategy is proposed to preserve local temporal continuity, enhancing transformer-based modeling. Proposed model demonstrates superior performance with 95.71 % accuracy on UrbanSound8K, 93.97 % on ESC-50, and 94.91 % on ESC-10 datasets. Extensive ablation studies and interpretability analysis validate the effectiveness of each component, demonstrating robustness across diverse acoustic environments and noise conditions. The computational efficiency and interpretable attention patterns make our approach suitable for real-time deployment in smart city applications, surveillance systems, and assistive technologies. 2025 Elsevier B.V. -
Cancer-associated mutation at glycine 400 in TIP60 disrupt its phase separation property and catalytic activity resulting in compromised DNA damage repair function of the cell
TIP60 is a tumor suppressor with histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activity, playing a crucial role in regulating chromatin architecture by acetylating histones to enhance accessibility for other regulatory factors. Its function is vital for several key cellular processes, including DNA damage repair, apoptosis, and autophagy. While the downregulation of TIP60 has been associated with various cancers, the effects of naturally occurring mutations in TIP60 on its function in malignancies remain poorly understood. In this study, we explored how cancer-related mutations in TIP60 impact its structure and function. Several deleterious and destabilizing missense mutations were identified and analyzed for structural changes. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed alterations in protein conformational stability and radius of gyration due to these mutations, supported by significant changes in TIP60's solvent accessibility and intramolecular hydrogen bonding. Biochemical assays with recombinant proteins showed a loss of catalytic activity in the G400W mutant. Live cell imaging indicated abnormal localization of the G400W mutant within the nucleus. Additionally, we observed aberrant phase separation of TIP60 caused by the G400W mutation. Notably, the G400W mutation impairs TIP60's catalytic function, preventing effective DNA repair and leaving the genome vulnerable to further mutations. Our findings highlight cancer-associated mutations in TIP60 that may contribute to the molecular mechanisms underlying cancer initiation and progression. 2025 Elsevier Inc. -
Bioprospecting of fish scale waste as a cost effective substrate for crude protease production using Stenotrophomonas koreensis SH32 and its multifunctional applications: A sustainable strategy for circular bioeconomy
In this study Stenotrophomonas koreensis SH32 bacterial strain previously isolated from waste dumped soil was screened for protease production through qualitative and quantitative methods. The protease enzyme production in based media was optimised using response surface methodology (RSM). Under optimised conditions 295.11 IU/mL of protease activity was recorded from the crude enzyme that marked a 5.76 fold increase in protease activity as compared to unoptimised condition (51.21 IU/mL). The crude enzyme was further explored for its dehairing activity using goat skin, destaining activity using chicken blood stained cloth and metal recovery property from old X-ray films. Further the plant growth promoting characteristics and antagonistic activity of the proteolytic strain against common phytopathogenic fungi was evaluated. The results suggested that the bacteria was positive for indole acetic acid, siderophore and ammonia production. The bacterial culture also showed antagonism against Cladosporium tennuisimum, Talaromyces albobiverticillius and Fusarium solani. The plant growth promotion activity of the bacteria was further confirmed by plant growth test using Solanum lycopersicum amended with fish scale hydrolysate produced through bacterial fermentation. A significant increase in length (8.3 cm) was observed in plants treated with fish scale hydrolysate as compared to the control (6.5 cm). 2025 -
FeCl3/KOH two steps activated biocarbon with hierarchical porosity and oxygen-rich for enhanced supercapacitor applications
Biomass waste derived from jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) cores is used to fabricate hierarchical porous activated carbon through chemical activation with Iron(III) chloride (FeCl3) and potassium hydroxide (KOH). Jackfruit is an abundant agricultural by-product in tropical regions, including India, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka. The activated carbon derived from jackfruit provides a sustainable, low-cost, and high-performance alternative to conventional carbon materials for supercapacitors, thereby aligning with waste valorisation strategies. The prepared carbon displays hierarchical porous structures of both micro and mesopore architectures. They are amorphous and contain functional oxygen groups, as confirmed by X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). A high surface area (1251m2g?1) was obtained via Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis. The electrochemical performances, via cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and galvanostatic charge/discharge (GCD) show high specific capacitance of 310Fg?1 at 0.8Ag?1 from GCD, 331Fg?1 at 10mVs?1 from CV, and a charge transfer resistance of 0.1410?cm2, in three electrode configuration and showing good cycling stability of 87% over 2500 cycles. These results suggest that the activated carbon offers potential application in low-cost and renewable production of carbon materials for supercapacitors applications. 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies. -
Oxygen surface-functionalized carbon dots derived from waste cassava peel for UV shielding applications
UV radiation, falling in the wavelength range between 290nm and 400nm, which reaches the Earth's surface, is capable of causing potential damage to human cells, especially the skin. Sun protection products, which were earlier treated as skincare utilities, have now become indispensable and fall under the category of healthcare commodities. The requirement for skin- and environment-friendly UV absorbers that are reliable enough to substitute synthetic ones is spiking day by day. In this work, we report the conversion of waste cassava peels into UV-absorbing carbon dots through a facile one-step microwave-assisted solvothermal route. The as-synthesized carbon dots, when dispersed in NMP, show intense absorption in the UVA and UVB region, which can be effectively used for UV shielding applications. In-vitro studies based on transmittance data show that dispersion is capable of blocking 90% of the UV rays at a concentration of 0.2mg/mL, and at 0.5mg/mL, an SPF of 35+ was obtained, corresponding to a shielding capability of more than 97%. The conversion of cassava peel waste into UV-absorbing carbon dots adds to the value of this agricultural waste and, on crossing the compatibility standards, would provide a suitable alternative for existing synthetic UV shielding materials. 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies. -
Valorization of lignin to produce nanofibers of industrial importance
Lignin nanofibers (LNFs) have emerged as promising materials for various environmental applications due to their unique properties, abundance, and sustainability. This review examines recent advances in LNF synthesis and their environmental applications, lignin types are discussed in relation to nanofiber production. Synthesis techniques are evaluated, with electrospinning emerging as a versatile method for producing LNFs with diameters typically in the nanometer range. The intrinsic properties including molecular weight, polydispersity, and glass transition temperature, significantly influence nanofiber formation and performance. Environmental applications of LNFs are extensively reviewed, highlighting their potential in adsorption of pollutants, air filtration, energy storage devices, and as catalyst supports. Despite significant progress, challenges remain in large-scale production, consistency of properties, and economic viability. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of LNFs technology, addressing both opportunities and challenges in leveraging this sustainable material for environmental solutions. 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies. -
Chlorella vulgaris-mediated sustainable biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles for wastewater remediation and antibacterial applications
This investigation examines the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (SNPs) using Chlorella vulgaris as a reducing and stabilizing agent. Algae-mediated SNPs (ASNPs) were tested for the potential application in sewage water remediation and as an antibacterial agent. Biogenic ASNPs demonstrated excellent stability and a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak at 440 nm. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDAX) spectroscopy analysis and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy investigation indicated the role of biomolecules originating from the algal extract, which play a crucial role in the green synthesis process of ASNPs. Dynamic light scattering analysis yielded a hydrodynamic mean particle size of 200 nm and a zeta potential of around 18 mV. Observation under electron microscopy presented the morphological diversity with a prominent signature of elemental silver in ASNPs. A domestic waste sewage sample collected from a sewage treatment plant presented elevated levels of alkalinity, salinity, and biological oxygen demand (BOD). ASNP treatment normalises most of the water parameters, while algal extract alone could produce minimal effects. The antibacterial evaluations against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, well-known opportunistic pathogens responsible for a wide range of hospital and community-acquired infections, showed dose-dependent effects. These findings highlight the dual functional role of C. vulgaris-mediated SNPs as an effective, eco-friendly solution for both wastewater remediation and antibacterial application. 2025 Elsevier Ltd -
FaithfulNet: An explainable deep learning framework for autism diagnosis using structural MRI
Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) can decode the black box models, enhancing trust in clinical decision-making. XAI makes the predictions of deep learning models interpretable, transparent, and trustworthy. This study employed XAI techniques to explain the predictions made by a deep learning-based model for diagnosing autism and identifying the memory regions responsible for children's academic performance. This study utilized publicly available sMRI data from the ABIDE-II repository. First, a deep learning model, FaithfulNet, was developed to aid in the diagnosis of autism. Next, gradient-based class activation maps and the SHAP gradient explainer were employed to generate explanations for the model's predictions. These explanations were integrated to develop a novel and faithful visual explanation, Faith_CAM. Finally, this faithful explanation was quantified using the pointing game score and analyzed with cortical and subcortical structure masks to identify the impaired brain regions in the autistic brain. This study achieved a classification accuracy of 99.74% with an AUC value of 1. In addition to facilitating autism diagnosis, this study assesses the degree of impairment in memory regions responsible for the children's academic performance, thus contributing to the development of personalized treatment plans. 2025 Elsevier B.V. -
Hybrid Mobile-Spinalnet with feature extraction for brain tumor detection using MRI images
Brain tumors are deadly and can hinder the normal functioning of the human body. Generally, surgical methods are preferred for treating brain tumors. Early and accurate detection remains a problem, due to the complexity of tumor shapes and poor generalization to diverse tumor types. To address this, a hybrid Mobile-SpinalNet is established in this paper for the detection of brain tumors with Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) images. This system involves seven stages, including input image acquisition, image preprocessing, skill stripping, tumor segmentation, data augmentation, feature extraction, and brain tumor detection. Initially, image acquisition is carried out, and then the input image is preprocessed by using a Mean filter. Subsequently, the skull stripping is performed using Fuzzy C-Means (FCM). After that, by using the TransUNet, the tumor region is isolated in the segmentation module. Furthermore, the data augmentation is carried out, and then the feature mining takes place in the feature extraction phase to excerpt features such as Speeded Up Robust Features (SURF), Oriented Fast and Rotated BRIEF (ORB), Fuzzy Local Binary Pattern (FLBP) and statistical features. At last, the brain tumor is identified by employing a hybrid Mobile-SpinalNet. This framework fuses the MobileNet and SpinalNet depending on regression modeling with applied Fractional Calculus (FC). The Mobile-SpinalNet is validated for its efficacy by comparing it to other techniques, and it showed better performance with a precision of 0.953, accuracy of 0.943, and recall of 0.970. 2025 Elsevier Ltd -
Hybrid feature optimization and radial basis function networks for cardiovascular disease prediction
The study addresses the critical challenge of accurately predicting cardiovascular disease (CVD), a leading cause of mortality worldwide, where early diagnosis is crucial for effective intervention. Traditional models often struggle with high-dimensional data, imbalanced classes, and nonlinear feature interactions, limiting prediction reliability. Motivated by these gaps, this research proposes a hybrid methodology integrating Harris Hawks Search (HHS) for feature optimization with Radial Basis Function Networks (RBFN) to enhance CVD risk assessment. The HHS algorithm efficiently selects key predictive features such as chest pain type and number of vessels, reducing dimensionality while preserving vital information. Trained on optimized features, the RBFN classifier achieved superior performance with 92.1% accuracy, high sensitivity, and specificity, surpassing conventional models like Logistic Regression (81.2%) and Random Forest (86.7%). Ablation studies confirm each component's contribution, with significant gains validated statistically (p < 0.05). The hybrid model also offers computational efficiency with training times around 31.7 s. Future work aims to validate this approach on diverse, larger datasets and integrate it into real-time clinical decision support systems, advancing personalized, interpretable, and efficient cardiovascular healthcare tools. 2026 Elsevier Ltd -
Arecanut organic residue-enhanced polymer films: An efficient catalyst for amidation reactions
This research introduces an innovative approach to repurpose agricultural by-products as catalysts in chemical synthesis, addressing waste disposal challenges. Composite films were developed using arecanut organic residue, an underexploited by-product, blended with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and chitosan. The films were synthesized through solvent casting and thermal curing, with experimental parameters systematically optimized. Physicochemical characterization confirmed successful integration of components and revealed structural properties. The catalytic efficiency of the films was evaluated in amide synthesis, a key reaction in pharmaceuticals. A blend of 1.5 g PVA, 0.3 g chitosan, and 1 mL arecanut residue achieved a 95 % yield in ester-amine reactions, attributed to synergistic interactions between the polymer matrix and reactive sites. The films exhibited excellent reusability, maintaining catalytic efficiency over three cycles. This study highlights the potential of arecanut residue-based composites as sustainable, efficient catalysts for industrially relevant transformations. 2025 Korean Physical Society -
Flexible and sustainable dielectric materials from natural rubber and Caryota urens extract for wearable and soft electronic devices
This study explores the structural, mechanical, and dielectric properties of natural rubber (NR) blended with Caryota urens fruit extract (CUFE), with and without glutaraldehyde (GA) crosslinking, for sustainable dielectric materials. CUFE, rich in hydroxyl groups, was incorporated at varying concentrations to improve interfacial polarization and dielectric response. FTIR confirmed successful blending and crosslinking, while SEM revealed enhanced homogeneity with CUFE and GA treatment. Mechanical tests showed improved tensile strength and elongation at break, with optimum performance at 10 wt% CUFE. GA crosslinking enhanced dimensional stability but reduced elasticity due to network formation. Dielectric analysis indicated higher capacitance and lower impedance with increasing CUFE, driven by ionic and interfacial polarization. GA-crosslinked blends exhibited superior dielectric efficiency, with lower energy loss and higher charge storage capability. With flexibility, tunable conductivity, and strong dielectric performance, NR/CUFE blends show promise for flexible capacitors, wearable electronics, sensors, and sustainable devices. 2025 Korean Physical Society -
Cotton-derived carbon fibers and MoS2 hybrids for efficient I3? reduction in bifacial dye-sensitized solar cells
In light of recent advancements, a novel platinum-free counter electrode for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) has been developed utilizing hierarchical MoS2 structures in conjunction with bio-derived carbon materials. Carbon fibers produced from cotton and molybdenum-doped carbon rods synthesized from melamine were fabricated through a straightforward hydrothermal process, which significantly enhanced both electrocatalytic activity and stability. The resulting counter electrodes exhibited notably low charge transfer resistances of 9.45 ? and 6.43 ?, thus facilitating efficient redox reactions. Consequently, DSSCs incorporating these materials achieved remarkable power conversion efficiencies of 7.04 % and 7.58 %, surpassing traditional platinum-based counter electrodes, which recorded an efficiency of 7.50 %. Furthermore, the high optical transmittance of these materials renders them suitable for bifacial DSSCs, broadening their potential applications. This research underscores the promise of bio-inspired carbon composites as sustainable and efficient alternatives in solar energy technologies, offering an environmentally friendly substitute for conventional noble metal electrodes. 2025 Elsevier Ltd -
Mixed CoO/Co3O4 phase nanoparticles encapsulated in a carbon shell derived from Co-MOF as a bifunctional electrocatalyst for scalable hydrogen production
Designing high-performance and long-lasting electrocatalysts is essential to enable large-scale green hydrogen generation through water electrolysis. Herein, we present a bifunctional electrocatalyst, C@CoxOy-B/P-700, obtained by pyrolyzing a Co-MOF under N2 atmosphere, followed by phospho-boronization. Extensive characterization revealed the formation of nanoparticles composed of combined Co3O4 and CoO phases encapsulated by a thin carbon shell. This unique architecture provided electron transport and active site accessibility, while the co-incorporation of boron and phosphorus induced abundant oxygen vacancies, enhancing intrinsic kinetics. In alkaline media, low overpotentials of 220 and 79 mV are required at 10 mA/cm2 for OER and HER, along with excellent durability, maintaining performance over 10,000 cycles and 100 h of continuous operation. When implemented in a symmetric two-electrode configuration, it achieves a current density of 10 mA/cm2 at just ?1.57 V, rivalling noble-metal-based systems. Furthermore, scale-up in a zero-gap alkaline electrolyzer confirms industrial applicability, requiring ?1.72 V to achieve a 500 mA/cm2 at 60 C with a negligible degradation rate. These results emphasize the promise of C@CoxOy-B/P-700 as a sustainable and scalable solution for next-generation hydrogen production. 2025 Elsevier Ltd. -
Nano-architectured polypyrrole based magnetic nanocatalyst for the N- arylation of imidazoles and fused imidazoles
A new magnetically recoverable polypyrrole supported copper based nanocatalyst was synthesized, characterized with various analytical techniques like Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Vibrating Sample Magnetometry (VSM), and Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) analysis. The loading of copper on the surface of the catalyst was found to be 4.23 wt%. The application of the synthesized nanocatalyst was checked for the N-arylation of imidazoles. Excellent catalytic performance was obtained with easy recoverability and reusability upto six cycles. The current green protocol makes it environmentally beneficial for scale-up industries. 2025 Elsevier B.V. -
Surface bound copper- grafted TiO2 nanocatalyst for carbon-sulfur cross coupling reaction
This study reports the synthesis of TiO2-based nanocatalyst for efficient diarylsulfide synthesis via Ullmann-type reaction strategy, addressing challenges in conventional methods that are reliant on toxic reagents and harsh reaction conditions. The nanocatalyst comprises an amine-functionalized TiO2 core followed by copper doping. This nanocatalyst demonstrates exceptional performance in cross coupling reactions under mild conditions, achieving yields up to 5098 % with broad-substrate scope. The pure products were characterized using 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FT-IR, and mass spectrometry. The catalyst's heterogeneous nature enables easy recovery and reuse for upto 5 cycles without any significant activity loss. The synthesized nanocatalyst was characterized using various characterization techniques such as FT-IR, TGA, XRD, EDX, SEM, and STEM. This approach aligns with the green chemistry principles, minimizing waste and energy consumption and replacing highly expensive transition metal catalysts. The work highlights the potential of functionalized TiO2 nanomaterials in sustainable organic synthesis, contributing to SDGs 3 (Health through safer pharmaceuticals), 9 (industry innovation), and 12 (responsible production). 2025 Elsevier B.V. -
Blue LED photolytic method for the synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives from benzo [b]thiophene-2-carbaldehyde
This study presents a highly efficient and operationally simple protocol for synthesizing 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives. The protocol uses an inexpensive and readily available photocatalyst Mn2(CO)10, which plays a crucial role in the single-pot, four-component reaction involving benzo [b]thiophene-2-carbaldehyde, malononitrile, dialkyl acetylene dicarboxylate, and anilines in a blue LED (400500 nm) photocatalytic technique. The reaction conditions include the use of blue LEDs, a lower catalyst load, and green solvents like dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and water in a 1:1 ratio. The multicomponent photocatalytic approach negates the use of expensive catalysts and the necessity of multi-step routes, in addition to providing better atom economy and an easy work-up process, and it is environmentally benign. The derivatives were effectively synthesized in higher yields and characterized using 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and ESI-MS. The obtained 1,4 dihydropyridines also have tremendous capability for biological and pharmacological activities, opening exciting possibilities for future research and applications. 2025 -
Cerium-doped Co3O4 spinel structures synthesized by modified combustion route as an excellent material for electrochemical applications
This work shed light on the impact of cerium doping on the structural and electrochemical features of Co3-xCexO4(x = 0, 0.02, 0.04) synthesized via a facile and cost-effective modified combustion route. The structural, morphological and compositional investigations unveiled the formation of nanocrystalline structures with promising morphologies. BET and XPS methodologies explored the materials' porosity and electronic state of the materials. The electrochemical performance of the synthesized materials was evaluated by Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) at various scan rates, Galvanostatic Charge-Discharge (GCD) at different current densities, and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopic (EIS) techniques. GCD studies depicted an exquisite specific capacitance of 498 Fg-1 for Co2.98Ce0.02O4 at a current density of 1 Ag-1 and it displayed a capacitance retention of 95 % for over 2000 GCD cycles further it retains up to 90 % even after 3000 GCD cycles at a current density of 1Ag-1 juxtapose to other compositions. Our work emphasizes the importance of the material for energy storage applications. 2024 Elsevier Ltd and Techna Group S.r.l.