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Combatting Phishing Threats: An NLP-Based Programming Approach for Detection of Malicious Emails and Texts
Attackers are employing more advanced strategies to trick people into divulging private information or carrying out harmful deeds, and phishing is still a serious cybersecurity risk. We provide a new method in this study that combines algorithms based on AI-based expert systems and deep learning (ML) with the use of NLP-based programming (NLP) approaches to identify fraudulent emails and messages. Using a variety of datasets that include samples of both authentic and phishing messages, our approach preprocesses textual data, extracts relevant characteristics, and trains AI-based expert systems and deep learning models. Metrics including accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score are used to assess the effectiveness of different AI-based expert systems and deep learning methods, such as logistic regression, random forests, decision trees, and neural networks, among others. To collect semantic information and increase detection accuracy, we also investigate the integration of sophisticated NLP-based techniques, such as word embeddings. The efficacy of our suggested strategy in reducing this common cybersecurity issue is highlighted by our results, which show promising performance in correctly recognizing phishing attempts. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2024. -
Combating Evolving Threats: A Systematic Review of Online Ad Fraud Detection
This systematic review investigates online ad fraud detection and brand safety research from 2011 to 2024. The analysis reveals a continuous battle against click fraud and its evolving forms. Machine learning has become a cornerstone of detection efforts, offering superior capabilities compared to traditional methods. The rise of mobile advertising necessitated the development of specialized solutions to address distinct user behavior and data patterns on this platform. However, research highlights an expanding threat landscape beyond click fraud, encompassing impression fraud and placement fraud. Brand safety concerns have also gained prominence, emphasizing the importance of protecting brand reputation. The review underscores the need 2025 by IGI Global Scientific Publishing. All rights reserved. -
COLPOUSIT: A Hybrid Model for Tourist Place Recommendation based on Machine Learning Algorithms
Tourism is an important sector for a country's economic growth. The travel recommendations should be made focused on better growth and attract more travelers. There is a huge amount of travel information and ideas available on the web that allows the users to make poor travel decisions. This paper focuses on building a hybrid travel recommender system by implementing collaborative-based, popularity-based, and nearby place weighted recommender system. The proposed system recommends the travel spots to the users based upon their interests and other criteria specified. In order to implement these methods, we applied a comparative study on different machine learning algorithms for collaborative-based approach and have performed weighted hybridization. These methods provide a personalized and customized list of similar places with respect to places of interest to the users. Thus, a hybrid system built using these methods provides a better recommendation of places with the advantages of these methods. The obtained results confirm that the hybrid method better than other recommender approaches when used separately. 2021 IEEE. -
Colouring of (P3? P2) -free graphs
The class of 2 K2-free graphs and its various subclasses have been studied in a variety of contexts. In this paper, we are concerned with the colouring of (P3? P2) -free graphs, a super class of 2 K2-free graphs. We derive a O(?3) upper bound for the chromatic number of (P3? P2) -free graphs, and sharper bounds for (P3? P2, diamond)-free graphs and for (2 K2, diamond)-free graphs, where ? denotes the clique number. The last two classes are perfect if ?? 5 and ? 4 respectively. 2017, Springer Japan KK, part of Springer Nature. -
Coloring of Non-zero Component Graphs
The non-zero component graph of a finite dimensional vector space V over a finite field F is the graph G(V?) = (V, E), where vertices of G(V?) are the non-zero vectors in V, two of which are adjacent if they share at least one basis vector with non-zero coefficient in their basic representation. In this paper, we study the various types of colorings of non-zero component graph. (2024), (Universidad Catolica del Norte). All rights reserved. -
Coloring of n-inordinate invariant intersection graphs
In the literature of algebraic graph theory, an algebraic intersection graph called the invariant intersection graph of a graph has been constructed from the automorphism group of a graph. A specific class of these invariant intersection graphs was identified as the n-inordinate invariant intersection graphs, and its structural properties has been studied. In this article, we study the different types of proper vertex coloring schemes of these n-inordinate invariant intersection graphs and their complements, by obtaining the coloring pattern and the chromatic number associated. 2024 The Author(s) -
Colorimetric Indicator Solution from Sappan Heartwood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) Extract for Milk Quality Monitoring
This study utilizes Caesalpinia sappan L., traditionally valued for its culinary and medicinal uses, to develop a colorimetric indicator solution for monitoring milk spoilage. The indicator provides real-time updates on milk freshness through color changes induced by biochemical alterations during spoilage. The color of the indicator solution transitions distinctly from orange-red to orange to yellow as the pH shifts from 7.00 to 5.50 to 3.50, correlating with progressive stages of spoilage. An orange-red color was observed for the fresh stage, orange color for about to be spoilt, and yellow color for the spoilt stage of milk samples. The colorimetric changes are attributed to the presence of Brazelin in Caesalpinia sappan L. Digital images of the indicator solution treated with milk samples were analyzed using RGB (red, green, and blue) indices, with the green chromatic shift serving as a reliable parameter for quantifying color changes, providing reliable assessment of milk spoilage. Findings of this study highlight a simple, accessible, and accurate method for milk quality monitoring that requires no specialized equipment or trained personnel, making it suitable for food safety practices in resource-limited settings. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2025. -
Colorimetric and theoretical investigation of coumarin based chemosensor for selective detection of fluoride
Coumarin based Sensor 1 has been designed and synthesized to recognize fluoride ion visually with high selectivity and sensitivity over other anionic analytes through color change from very faint yellow to pink in acetonitrile. The probable binding phenomenon in solution phase has been explained by 1H NMR study of sensor 1 with different concentration of fluoride ions. The binding constant of the sensor 1 with fluoride has been determined as 3.9 104 M?1 and the lower detection limit 6.5 M of the sensor 1 towards fluoride, which has made the sensor 1 as a promising backbone for selective detection of fluoride. For the practical application, test strips based on sensor 1 were fabricated, which could act as a convenient and efficient naked eye F?test kits. The experimentally observed absorption maxima along with its binding nature with fluoride ions also have been supported through theoretical calculations using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. 2022 -
Color image segmentation based on improved sine cosine optimization algorithm
Segmentation refers to the process of dividing an image into multiple regions based on some criteria such as intensity and color. In recent years, color image segmentation has received considerable attention from the researchers. However, it is still a highly complicated task due to the presence of more attributes or components as compared to monochrome images. Numerous meta-heuristics algorithms are developed to determine the optimal threshold value for segmenting color images efficiently. This paper presents an enhanced sine cosine algorithm (ESCA) to seek threshold for segmenting color images. Sine cosine algorithm (SCA) is a population-based optimization algorithm which has the ability of preventing local minima problem. First an input image is transformed to CIE L*a*b* color reduced space. ESCA is applied to determine the optimal threshold values for segmentation. The performance of the proposed method is tested on color images from Berkeley database, and segmentation results are compared with two metaheuristic algorithms, namely particle swarm optimization (PSO) and standard SCA. Experimental results are validated by measuring peak signalnoise ratio (PSNR), structural similarity index and computation time for all the images investigated. Results revealed that the proposed method outperforms the other methods like PSO and SCA by achieving PSNR of 23dB and SSIM of 0.93 and also require less time for finding optimal threshold values than PSO and SCA. 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature. -
Color Connections inn-Inordinate Invariant Intersection Graphs
Investigating different properties of algebraic graphs is a curious avenue of research in algebraic graph theory, as these algebraic graphs are well-structured classes of graphs. In these lines, various structural properties of the algebraic intersection graph, called the n-inordinate invariant intersection graphs, have been studied in the literature. Color connections in graphs is the assignment of colors or equivalently, labels to the entities of a non-trivial connected graph, whose protocols are defined based on the connectivity aspects. In this article, we study the different color connections in the n-inordinate invariant intersection graphs and their complements, called the n-inordinate invariant non-intersection graphs. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2026. -
Colonoscopy contrast-enhanced by intuitionistic fuzzy soft sets for polyp cancer localization
Medical images often suffer from low contrast, irregular gray-level spacing and contain a lot of uncertainties due to constraints of imaging devices and environment (various lighting conditions) when capturing images. In order to achieve any clinical-diagnosis method for medical imaging with better comprehensibility, image contrast enhancement algorithms would be appropriate to improve the visual quality of medical images. In this paper, an automated image enhancement method is presented for colonoscopy images based on the intuitionistic fuzzy soft set. The fuzzy soft set is used to model the intuitionistic fuzzy soft image matrix based on a set of soft features of the colonoscopy images. The technique decomposes the fuzzy image into multiple blocks and estimates a soft-score based on an adaptive soft parametric hesitancy map by using the hesitant entropy for each block to quantify the uncertainties. In the processing stage, an adaptive intensity modification process is done for each block according to its soft-score. These scores are accurately addressed the gray-level ambiguities in colonoscopy images that lead to better results. Finally, the enhanced image achieved by performing a defuzzification together with all unprocessed blocks. Qualitative and quantitative assessments demonstrate that the proposed method improves image contrast and region-of-interest of polyps in colonogram. Experimental results on enhancing a large CVC-Clinic-DB and ASU-Mayo clinic colonoscopy benchmark datasets show that the proposed method outperforms the state-of-the-art medical image enhancement methods. 2020 Elsevier B.V. -
Colonialism and Communalism: Religion and Changing Identities in Modern India
Christhu Doss examines how the colonial construct of communalism through the fault lines of the supposed religious neutrality, the hunger for the bread of life, the establishment of exclusive village settlements for the proselytes, the rhetoric of Victorian morality, the booby-traps of modernity, and the subversion of Indian cultural heritage resulted in a radical reorientation of religious allegiance that eventually created a perpetual detachment between proselytes and the others. Exploring the trajectories of communalism, Doss demonstrates how the multicultural Indian society, known widely for its composite culture, and secular convictions were categorized, compartmentalized, and communalized by the racialized religious pretensions. A vital read for historians, political scientists, sociologists, anthropologists, and all those who are interested in religions, cultures, identity politics, and decolonization in modern India. 2024 M. Christhu Doss. -
Colonial Migration and Cultural Transformation in India and Burma: Exploring the Role of Transnational Mobility in Shaping Chettinad Heritage
Migration has played an important role in the transformation of tangible and intangible cultural heritage across regions, including in the Global South, especially among postcolonial nations, due to their longstanding people-to-people contacts leading to socio-economic and historical-cultural transferences over time. In the case of India, global migratory forces have irreversibly transformed its tangible and intangible sociocultural landscape into a form of syncretism reflected in our civilizational ethos of Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam. In this context, this paper explores the role of international in-/outmigration in historical and contemporary times toward the evolution of India's regional cultural identities using a case of Chettiars' migration from the hinterlands of Chettinad in present-day Tamil Nadu, which is in the south of the Indian subcontinent, to the far-flung nation state of Burma/Myanmar in the northeast, including their subsequent return, primarily during the 19th and the 20th centuries. Using the 3i Framework (Interests, Ideas and Institutions), the study explains the role of cross-border migration in shaping the tangible and intangible heritage of Chettinad, as reflected in its architecture, cuisine and social customs. 2026 Association for the Study of Ethnicity and Nationalism and John Wiley & Sons Ltd. -
Colonial legacies and regional separatism: comparative analysis of statehood demands in Coorg and North Bengal
This article presents a comparative study of statehood demands in two distinct regions of IndiaCoorg (Kodagu) in Karnataka and Darjeeling region of the Eastern Himalayas in West Bengalhighlighting how historical, cultural and political legacies have shaped regional separatist movements in these areas. By analysing the influence of colonial administration, regional identity and political marginalisation, this study uncovers the underlying drivers of these statehood demands and situates them within Indias broader socio-political landscape. The research employs a comparative framework supplemented with primary data to explore the complexities of regional movements, focusing on the interplay between cultural identity, economic disparities and the perceived neglect by central and state governments. The article also delves into how these demands challenge Indias federal structure, raising critical questions about regional autonomy, governance and the management of diverse identities within a democratic framework. Through a nuanced analysis of historical records, political discourse and socio-economic data, this study provides insights into the enduring nature of these movements and their implications for Indias federal polity. By addressing the factors that sustain such demands, the paper contributes to the scholarly discourse on identity politics, regional autonomy, and the governance challenges associated with statehood movements in Indias pluralistic society. 2025 The Round Table Ltd. -
Collision avoidance using gazebo simulator
Autonomous cars will make its complete presence on roads in the future. A major feature of autonomous cars currently under research is collision avoidance on roads. Better collision avoidance systems could result in a decrease in number of accidents. Smart collision avoidance systems could handle the increasing amount of vehicles on roads. Collision avoidance system provides alert to the autonomous vehicles if an unavoidable collision is detected. When the collision is definite to happen, collision avoidance system takes action by its own without any driver input (by braking or steering or both). Collision avoidance system does the obstacle avoidance by gathering information about the environment with the help of sensors embedded in the system. The effectiveness of collision avoidance system depends upon the speed at which the system reacts from the gathered inputs. This paper uses the Gazebo simulation to design and implement collision avoidance. This paper also present a simple and effective obstacle avoidance algorithm for a simulated robot. Turtlebots Obstacle Avoider algorithm is attached to the robot in the simulator with the support of ROS(Robotic operating system) to implement collision avoidance. BEIESP. -
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Collaborative Ventures Between Public and Private Sectors in Technology and Sustainability
Governance models are needed in this age when climate change, resource depletion, and environmental degradation are now accelerating the pace of life. This chapter is a systematic review method using thematic-content analysis, in reality, critically analyzes public-private collaborative ventures as public-private partnership (PPP) matters, positioning them as the device to connect government policy frameworks with private sector technological expertise and investment capacity. With renewable energy and waste management, among other low-carbon technology applications, coupled with much public ground governance, one finds PPPs at the interface be-tween technology policy and a green governance agenda. The chapter delves into the dynamics of government factors, barriers, and replicable strategies. It applies them here using the case-study methodology of the Rewa Ultra Mega Solar Project and the Indore Smart City waste management initiative. 2026 by IGI Global Scientific Publishing. All rights reserved. -
Collaborative service robots and employee career sustainability: a mixed-methods study of trust and innovativeness as moderators
Purpose This study aims to explore how the integration of collaborative service robots (cobots) in the workplace influences employees long-term career sustainability. Specifically, it investigates the moderating roles of perceived innovativeness, trust and employee type in this relationship. The research integrates insights from decent work theory, career sustainability theory, perceived innovativeness theory and initial trust theory to develop and validate a comprehensive conceptual framework. Design/methodology/approach A sequential mixed-method design was adopted. In Phase I, qualitative data were gathered through in-depth interviews with ten senior women managers from software development firms in India. Using grounded theory analysis via NVivo, key themes and constructs were identified. In Phase II, a structured questionnaire was developed based on these findings and distributed among employees working in manufacturing, logistics and hospitality sectors industries actively using service robots. A total of 755 usable responses were analysed using structural equation modelling with SmartPLS 4. Findings The analysis confirmed that humanrobot collaboration effectiveness, perceived working conditions and perceived autonomy significantly impact employees career sustainability, as reflected through their health, happiness and productivity. Furthermore, both trust in service robots and perceived organisational innovativeness emerged as significant mediators in these relationships. In addition, the strength of these relationships varied across managerial and non-managerial employees, highlighting the contingent role of employee type in shaping career sustainability outcomes in robot-enabled workplaces. Practical implications The findings provide actionable insights for HR professionals, technology managers and policymakers by underscoring the need for role-sensitive implementation strategies when introducing collaborative robots. Tailoring trust-building and innovation initiatives according to employee roles can help ensure that automation supports, rather than undermines, sustainable career development. Originality/value This study advances the human-centred automation literature by introducing employee type as a critical boundary condition in the relationship between collaborative robotics and career sustainability. Through a multidisciplinary and mixed-methods approach, it offers nuanced theoretical and practical contributions to understanding differential employee experiences in technologically augmented work environments. 2026 Emerald Publishing Limited -
Collaborative security approaches for IoT ecosystems
The surge in Internet of Things (IoT) devices has transformed numerous industries by enabling unparalleled connectivity and data sharing. Yet, this rapid growth has also exposed critical security vulnerabilities. This chapter delves into collaborative security strategies aimed at improving the safety and reliability of IoT ecosystems. A major vulnerability is weak authentication and authorization, often stemming from poor password practices or insufficient authentication mechanisms. Such flaws can result in unauthorized access, data breaches, and serious cyber threats, including Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks and Man-in-the-Middle (MITM) attacks. DDoS attacks can overwhelm essential IoT systems, like those in smart cities or healthcare, while MITM attacks can jeopardize data integrity during communication between devices and cloud services. Given that IoT devices frequently handle sensitive information, including personal and health data, ensuring their security is vital to avoid detrimental outcomes for users. Physical security risks also present a challenge, as the physical compromise of IoT devices can disrupt systems or pose risks to individuals. To address these threats, this chapter recommends several cybersecurity measures, such as secure design and development practices, robust authentication methods, and advanced encryption techniques. Secure device design should include mechanisms for safe firmware updates and employ Trusted Platform Modules for secure key storage. Effective authentication can be enhanced with multifactor methods, role-based access controls, and digital certificates. Data protection should involve encrypting data both in transit and at rest, as well as employing techniques like data anonymization and differential privacy. 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.. -
Collaborative Processes in the Development of the International Competences for Undergraduate Psychology (ICUP) Model
Across all nations, undergraduate psychology programmes aim to promote the acquisition of foundational psychology competences. Yet, until recently, a universally recognised model outlining essential competences did not exist. The International Collaboration on Undergraduate Psychology Outcomes (ICUPO) addressed this gap by developing the International Competences for Undergraduate Psychology (ICUP) Model. The aim of this article is to provide guidance about how other groups might successfully approach similar efforts to delineate discipline-specific key competences. We describe the processes that led to the development of the ICUP Model, framed by group development theory (Preparing, Forming, Storming, Norming, and Performing Stages), with additional consideration of individual ICUPO Committee member psychological needs for competence, relatedness, and autonomy. Each group development Stage section (a) describes project activities relevant to the characteristics of that Stage, and (b) lists key strategies employed and lessons learned, as well as commentary on psychological needs. To further enhance the value of this endeavour, the Discussion includes (a) commentary on the strengths and limitations of these theories for understanding and enhancing the effectiveness of such project processes, and (b) actionable insights for educational leaders undertaking similar projects. 2025 The Author(s). International Journal of Psychology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Union of Psychological Science.