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Global SDGs Strategic Policies: Catalyst for Digital Circular Economy
Theworldwide environmentalmovement originated with Rachel Carsons 1962 book Silent Spring, which cautioned the world about the adverse impact of chemical pesticides on ecosystem and sustainability. Thereafter, an unprecedent increase in global warming causing severer and harmful climate changes and environmental instabilities led to the establishment of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In 2015, the United Nations accepted them into its global agenda for eradicating poverty, protecting the environment, and promoting peace to all people by 2030. Unsustainable development leads to depletion of natural resources, which is not simply a moral or ecological issue but are pertaining to economics, development, human health, and justice. The interconnected 17 SDGs acknowledge that the decision made in one area will have its repercussions in other areas and insist to strike a balance between environmental, social, and economic dimensions of sustainability. The digital circular economy (DCE) has been well-known in recent years as a tool that answers some of the most urgent cross-cutting sustainable development challenges facing the globe. This model holds great promise for accelerating the 2030 Agendas implementation with the potential to achieve the various goals of sustainable development like SDGs 6 (energy), 8 (economic progress), 11 (sustainable cities), 12 (sustainable consumption and production), 13 (climate change), 14 (oceans), and 15 (life on land). This requires significant changes in the organization of societies and businesses to progress towards sustainable future. Limitations The study is limited to analyze the global SDGs and related policies that are helpful in catalyzing DCE. Findings This chapter analyzes the global strategic plans and policies aimed at enhancing SDGs affirming the significance of digital economy for synergizing with the SDGs. The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025. -
Climate Change and Mitigation Strategies: Stylized Facts of Leading Annex I and Non-Annex I Nations
Climate changeClimate change, driven by human activities, is one of the most critical global challenges that the world is currently facing. Over the last few years, several landmark agreements like the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement have reinforced the importance of framing international climate policies to mitigate the impact of climate changeClimate change. These policies and commitments align with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGsUnited Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)), particularly SDGSDGs 13, which calls for urgent action to combat climate changeClimate change and its impacts. This chapter examines the current trends in climate changeClimate change, focusing on rising global temperatures and the increasing frequency of extreme weather events. This study compares the impacts and responses of the top ten GDP nations categorized into Annex I (developed) and Non-Annex I (developing) countries, highlighting disparities in the trends, composition, and sources of greenhouse gas emissions. Furthermore, it explores various mitigationMitigation strategies, including renewable energyRenewable energy adoption, energyEnergy efficiency improvements, carbon capture, and storage technologiesTechnology amid international climate agreements. Understanding these differences can contribute effectively to understanding the climate changeClimate change landscape. This chapter emphasizes the need for coordinated and collaborative global efforts and equitable resource distribution to achieve meaningful climate action. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025. -
Beyond the Bottom Line: An Impact of CO2 Emissions and R&D on Corporate Sustainability in India
This paper evaluates the progress of Indian companies in adopting sustainable business practices, specifically focusing on carbon emissionsCarbon emission and research and development (R&D). It aligns with the United Nations Sustainable DevelopmentSustainable development Goals (SDGsSDGs), particularly SDG 9SDG 9, which aims to foster innovation, build resilient infrastructureInfrastructure, and promote sustainable industrialization. The study focuses on key targets, including CO2 emissions per unit of value-added, enhanced research and upgraded industrial technologyTechnology, and R&D expenditure. The research aims to assess company policies on carbon emissionsCarbon emission and analyze their investment in research related to this issue. The present research adopted a descriptive research design using secondary data from cement manufacturing companies to analyze the relationship between R&D spending and its impact on carbon emissionsCarbon emission from 2017 to 2022. A convenient sampling method was used to select the sample, and statistical methods such as correlation and regression analysis were applied to assess the relationship between the variables. The study has identified a twofold relationshipqualitative and quantitative between companies R&D spending and carbon emissionsCarbon emission within the framework of Sustainable DevelopmentSustainable development Goal 9. Focusing on cement manufacturing companies from 2017 to 2022, the findings show that increased R&D spending significantly reduces emissions by improving manufacturing processes through advanced technologyTechnology and machinery. However, the study is limited by the lack of detailed data on specific carbon-related R&D investments, making it challenging to gauge the exact impact. The precise proportion of R&D funds dedicated to reducing carbon emissionsCarbon emission remains unclear. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025. -
Global Energy Governance: Need for a Paradigm Shift
Talk on energy has been a contentious one in all climate talks. It has been the source of climate challenge and also a key to climate change solution. So far, energy production through fossil fuelscoal, oil and gashas been one of the major sources of greenhouse gas emission contributing to the global climate change. They account for over 75% of global greenhouse gas emissions and nearly 90% of all carbon dioxide emissions which have a catastrophic effect on the life on earth. Climate change has cross-border ramifications; it has a deep impact on life system across the globe. Developed and developing countries fight and indulge in politics as to the use of kind of energy, and access to resources. They blame each other as to the nature, cause and impact of climate change. Recognising the requirement of access to resources by all countries, especially developing countries, for the achievement of sustainable social and economic development, and to control greenhouse gas emission the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) 1992 came with the idea of common but differentiated responsibilities and called for all necessary action among the nations including technology transfer to countries dependent upon fossil fuels. But the desired energy transition has not happened so far putting the future of the planet to risk. Further, the process of globalisation and privatisation has added on to the problem by unregulated promotion of private corporations who flagrantly violate environmental norms with impunity across the globe. In the light of the above, this chapter aims at looking into a shift in the approach towards governance of global energy and orient it towards a common globalised perspective in contrast to the present nation-state perspective. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025. -
Regression Analysis for Longitudinal Aging Study in India Data
This paper examines the Longitudinal Aging Study in India (LASI) and its role in providing valuable insights into the health, social, psychological, and economic well-being of the older Indian population. The paper examines the use of dependent independent variables in a multiple linear regression model, tests assumptions of linearity, and examines the significance of the overall model and the individual variables. There are 190 variables in the dataset being used. This paper presents the results of comparing the regression models obtained through basic, forward, and stepwise selection methods where the model obtained using the stepwise selection method, when all the linearity assumptions are satisfied, explains 86.51% of the variation in the dependent variable and the Adjusted R-squared of the model is 0.8374. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025. -
Between Empires: The Treaty of Lausanne and Its Reflection on Indias Path to Independence
This chapter reconceptualizes the Treaty of Lausanne (1923) as a global inflection point whose significance extended beyond the Near East into debates within the Indian independence movement. Commonly understood as the diplomatic settlement that secured international recognition for the Turkish Republic under Mustafa Kemal Atatk, Lausanne is treated here not as the cause of subsequent religious reforms, but as the formal acknowledgment of a new political order already unfolding through earlier Kemalist measures, including the abolition of the Sultanate (1922) and the proclamation of the Republic (1923). Rather than arguing that Lausanne directly enabled the abolition of the Caliphate or determined the course of Indian nationalism, this chapter suggests that it symbolically reflected a broader reconfiguration of sovereignty in the postwar world. In British India, these developments coincided with the decline of the Khilafat Movement and prompted leaders such as Mahatma Gandhi and Maulana Abul Kalam Azad to reassess strategies grounded in transnational religious solidarity. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2026. -
Bionanosensors in the Detection of Foodborne Microbial Pathogens
Food safety is of paramount importance especially in this era of extensive use of packaged and processed foods. The reasons for this are manifoldpathogens becoming more resilient and resistant and evolving at higher rates. The conventional ways of detection demands sophisticated instruments, time, trained personnel etc. Hence there is a dire need to devise user-friendly, highly sensitive and low-cost biosensors for foodborne microbial detection be it in fresh unprocessed plant products or processed food items. Nanobiosensors (NBS) owing to their high sensitivity, small size, very high surf to volume ratio which when combined with high accuracy optical imaging offer promising solutions to this global public health concern. The present review gives a glimpse of the latest technologies in the field of NBS in food borne microbial detection which includes graphene nanomaterials, quantum dot nanomaterials, metal nanoparticles and metal organic frameworks, carbon dots etc. The advantages of these NBSs, possible problems which can come up while upscaling the technique and its potential applications are also discussed. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2026. -
Bionanosensors in the Detection of Foodborne Microbial Pathogens
Food safety is of paramount importance especially in this era of extensive use of packaged and processed foods. The reasons for this are manifoldpathogens becoming more resilient and resistant and evolving at higher rates. The conventional ways of detection demands sophisticated instruments, time, trained personnel etc. Hence there is a dire need to devise user-friendly, highly sensitive and low-cost biosensors for foodborne microbial detection be it in fresh unprocessed plant products or processed food items. Nanobiosensors (NBS) owing to their high sensitivity, small size, very high surf to volume ratio which when combined with high accuracy optical imaging offer promising solutions to this global public health concern. The present review gives a glimpse of the latest technologies in the field of NBS in food borne microbial detection which includes graphene nanomaterials, quantum dot nanomaterials, metal nanoparticles and metal organic frameworks, carbon dots etc. The advantages of these NBSs, possible problems which can come up while upscaling the technique and its potential applications are also discussed. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2026. -
Understanding the Unique Elements of Japanese Business Culture: Key Learnings to Apply in the Indian Context
Japanese business culture has been one of the driving forces behind the country's sustained economic growth in the late-twentieth century. This growth has set the tone for investment in a globally leading education, health and infrastructure system. This chapter seeks to understand the transmission mechanism: what are the unique aspects that make Japans business culture consistently successful, regardless of political and economic transitions? Primarily using the concept of Nemawashi, the chapter attempts to conduct a systematic literature review, with corresponding empirical evidence to demonstrate that these methods have been successful. While many studies have previously focused on a particular case study, this chapter establishes cultural aspects at an overall level, which is necessary to make broad research inferences. Finally, the chapter strives to understand how these cultural learnings can be beneficial for India, in context of its own business environment. Bilateral trade between India and Japan has reached US$22.8 billion in Financial Year 202324, necessitating the exchange of business culture as well. Thus, the Indo-Japan economic relationship is constantly referred to in this chapter, to make meaningful suggestions. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025. -
Advancing Sustainable Agriculture Through Artificial Intelligence: Harvesting Greener Future
The growing population of the globe is expected to reach 10 billion by 2050. Its demands have led to widespread food insecurities and hunger, which conventional farming failed to address. To meet such a grim scenario, the United Nations drafted the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to end hunger (SDG 2), promote sustainable consumption and production (SDG 12), and promote life on land (SDG 15). To achieve these goals, the global farming system needs to make a substantial transition by adopting alternative methods and approaches. The concept of sustainable agriculture is an integrated system of animal and plant production practices to satisfy human food and fiber requirements. It enhances environmental quality, efficient use of energy resources, economic viability of farm operation, and quality of life of farmers and society. It has emerged as a viable alternative to meet such goals. Sustainable agriculture practice incorporates the true spirit of the abovementioned SDGs by combining the aspirations of the present and future generations. Smart technologies, which include the use of robotics, intelligent sprayers, satellite drones, Internet of Things (IoT) devices, and climate sensors, appear as supplementary tools for sustainable agriculture to mitigate the accelerated demands of food across the globe. The advancement of artificial intelligence (AI)/IoT technologies has the potential to monitor the agricultural environment to ensure high-quality products. According to the World Economic Forum (WEF), the integration of AI into the farming sector can provide an adequate food supply to the people. Such integration of smart technologies with sustainable agriculture has significant advantages for the world in achieving sustainable development goals. However, smart technologies are not free from challenges due to their novelty, complications related to the control and operation of IoT/AI machines, data sharing and management, interoperability and large amounts of data ownership, analysis, and storage. Keeping in view the above, this chapter explores the integration and interaction of AI-enabled smart technologies and smart agriculture analysing key challenges involved in this regard. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2026. -
Flourishing in the Digital Era: Building Collective Well-being in Online Communities
The advent of the digital era has greatly changed the ways communities interact with one another and the ways they are formed, as well as offering new opportunities for collective flourishing. This chapter examines the impact of social media, digital classrooms, online workspaces, and technology-based platforms like Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality towards collective flourishing and to see how they can help build communities and support collective well-being in virtual environments. The chapter also looks at the impacts of these systems in digital fatigue, misinformation, and social exclusion on the one hand and how these are encouraging teamwork, collaboration, as well as shared development on the other. This advocates the balance in digital usage in real-life interactions and engagements to support sustainable collective flourishing in this new era. The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025. -
Marital Flourishing: A Systematic Review and a Conceptual Framework
Marital flourishing, a multidimensional construct rooted in positive psychology, represents the optimal functioning of a marital relationship, marked by emotional intimacy, mutual support, resilience, and shared purpose. Despite increasing scholarly interest in relationship satisfaction and stability, the specific determinants of marital flourishing, particularly through the lens of attachment theory, remain insufficiently explored. This review synthesises findings from four peer-reviewed studies published between 2015 and 2024 to examine the theoretical and empirical connections between adult romantic attachment and the dimensions of flourishing marriages. The review follows a systematic narrative method. Drawing from the foundational work of Bowlby and the clinical framework developed by Sue Johnson in Emotionally Focused Couple Therapy (EFT), the paper proposes the Secure Attachment-Based Marital Flourishing Model (SAB-MFM). This conceptual framework highlights secure bonding as the core mechanism for relational thriving. This review highlights key takeaways for therapy, relationship education, and future research, offering practical insights for improving couple interventions and guiding new directions in the science of intimate relationships. The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025. -
From Madras to Tanzania: Exploring Nurse Migration in Benyamins Nishabda Sancharangal
This chapter examines Nishabda Sancharangal (Benyamin, 2020), a Malayalam Novel that reconstructs the life of a Syrian Christian woman from Central Travancore who pursued nursing education in colonial Madras. In 1941, her journey took her to Borneo in the Malay Archipelago and later to various locations across the British Empire, culminating in her tragic death in Ifakara, Tanzania, in 1954. By weaving together fragmented accounts from diverse sources, the novel maps her silent and often-overlooked migration within the Empire. Her letters to her family serve as crucial narrative devices, revealing her motivations and sacrifices. She willingly endured hardship, war, and relentless toil to secure a better future for her family who faced their own internal migration from Central Travencore to North Malabar in search of cultivable land. The chapter also examines the transformations within the Syrian Christian community in the early twentieth century, shaped by socio-economic crisis in the agrarian sector and patterns of both internal and transcontinental migration. The novel highlights the transition from a predominantly agrarian way of life to one defined by migration and care labour, positioning these shifts within the broader colonial enterprise. Through this lens, the chapter explores the far-reaching impact of empire on the rural lives of an agrarian community, illuminating the intersections of labour, gender, and displacement. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025. -
Human-Centered Intelligence in Financial Decision-Making
In the rapidly evolving landscape of twentyfirst-century finance, digitized financial services have become ubiquitous, with Artificial Intelligence (AI) emerging as a transformative force. This chapter investigates consumers contemporary dilemma in personal finance, navigating the intersection between traditional reliance on social networks for financial wisdom and the allure of AI-driven FinTech solutions. The study, encompassing 163 individuals, explores their financial decision-making preferences to discern whether they gravitate toward human connections or AI. The literature review categorizes findings into Digital Financial Literacy, FinTech, and Financial Socialization, offering insights into aspects such as autonomy, confidence, subjective well-being, and the digital divide. The chapter employs regression analysis, revealing the substantial impact of human connection and artificial intelligence on financial well-being. The significant relationships are the predictive power of these variables in shaping financial outcomes. This comprehensive exploration contributes valuable insights into the dynamic interplay between human connections and AI in personal finance. It provides a structured overview of key themes and emphasizes the need for a balanced approach that leverages the strengths of both human connections and AI to enhance overall financial well-being. The findings are helpful for individuals navigating the contemporary financial landscape, emphasizing the importance of informed decision-making that integrates the strengths of interpersonal relationships and cutting-edge AI technologies. The nexus of personal relationships, social networks, and AI has wide-ranging socioeconomic implications for various domains, individuals, households, and financial institutions. Financial well-being and artificial intelligence are emerging subjects of paramount importance in the current phase of the economy. Closer collaboration between these will likely generate new and useful insights into the financial decision-making of individuals and households. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2026. -
Biotic and Abiotic Elicitation for Enhanced Production of Stilbenes
Stilbenes are a class of phytoalexins with important pharmacological characteristics, such as anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antioxidant effects. These substances have drawn interest due to their possible uses in the pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and cosmetic sectors. Nevertheless, the endogenous production of stilbenes in plants is often limited, necessitating the development of strategies to boost their yield. Elicitation has been shown to be a viable strategy for increasing stilbene biosynthesis in plants by utilizing both biotic and abiotic elicitors. This review delves deeply into the most recent developments in biotic and abiotic elicitation methods used to boost stilbene production. The mechanisms by which different biotic elicitors, including plantmicrobe symbiosis, pathogen infection, and microbial interactions, stimulate the biosynthesis of stilbenes are discussed. Discussion of the molecular mechanisms behind elicitor-induced stilbene biosynthesis emphasizes the activation of key biosynthetic pathways, regulatory genes, and transcription factors. It has been demonstrated that elicitors like methyl jasmonate, chitosan, and fungal extracts, as well as UV-C light and cyclodextrins, increase the expression of key enzymes like resveratrol synthase (RS), stilbene synthase (STS), and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), which, in turn, increases the accumulation of stilbenes. Recent developments in metabolic engineering are emphasized as promising methods to further increase stilbene yields, such as gene editing and overexpressing biosynthetic genes. By integrating these strategies, we focus on offering a thorough insight into the elicitation processes that can be harnessed to optimize stilbene production, thereby contributing to the development of sustainable and efficient production systems for these valuable phytochemicals. To aid in the development of superior and scalable methods for producing these valuable compounds, this review attempts to provide a thorough understanding of how to improve stilbene production biotechnologically by integrating insights on biotic and abiotic elicitation. 2025 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. -
The Nanoparticle Revolution in Agronomy: A New Frontier for Crop Enhancement
Rapid population expansion and environmental concerns in agriculture necessitate innovative and long-term solutions to fulfill the worlds increasing food demand. Recent nanotechnological breakthroughs have demonstrated extensive use in agricultural protection and postharvest. Engineered nanoparticles are critical for plant control, seed germination, and genetic modification. Nanoparticles might be used to distribute fertilizers, insecticides, herbicides, and plant growth regulators in a more focused and controlled manner. In the food industry, this improves crop growth and production capacity by reducing chemical-based pesticides and their water solubility, protecting agrochemicals from deterioration, enhancing soil health, and naturally controlling crop pathogens, weeds, and insects. Despite the potential benefits of nanomaterials, their full adoption in agriculture has yet to be realized, owing primarily to concerns about nanoparticle absorption, translocation, bioavailability, and ecotoxicity. Understanding the underlying mechanisms and reactions caused by nanoparticles using molecular techniques is crucial for evaluating nanomaterials biological potential. This chapter discusses nanoparticles role in enhancing plant development and soil fertility, managing plant diseases, and addressing plant and soil toxicity. It discusses nanotechnologys potential to combat abiotic stress in crops, improve growth, absorption, and translocation, and highlights critical applications for sustainable agriculture and food systems, including stress management. The importance and significance of nanotechnology in addressing agricultural and food sector difficulties and concerns, as well as the limitations and future potential of nanoparticles, are critically explored. 2025 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. -
Urbanization, Carbon Emissions, and SDG Aligned Strategies for Sustainable Cities
With the rapid growth in urbanization, carbon emission has emerged as the major challenge. Urban areas are a major contributors of global carbon emissions with transportation, factories and construction sectors contributing to the majority of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Urbanisation also demands excessive energy and creates pollution. Many prior studies have reported the direct relationship between rapid urbanization and an increase in carbon emissions. This chapter aims to highlight the carbon emission related challenges to o the urbanization and actions to address those challenges. Further, this chapter also outlines various SDGs aligned strategies to reduce the carbon emissions due to urbanization and suggests policy actions to adopt green technologies that resulted in the level of carbon footprint. It provides important insights into low-carbon transportation systems, smart waste management system and green digital infrastructure to reduce the carbon footprint in the urban area and help achieve SDG7, SDG9, SDG11, and SDG 15. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2026. -
Digital Payments and Fraud Risk: Technological Innovations and Global Regulatory Responses
In the digital age, financial crime has increased in magnitude and complexity because of high-velocity digital payments, cross-platform financial systems, and due to new forms of threat, like deepfakes and synthetic identities. Due to the increasing failure of the conventional, more rules-based methods of fraud control to detect these more sophisticated behaviours, there has arisen the need to adopt more sophisticated, technology-driven prevention methods. This paper discusses how financial-crime detection and AML/CFT processes are changing with the use of innovative tools, namely AI and machine learning analytics, privacy-preserving federated models, blockchain-based identity mechanism, and real-time digital-payment intelligence. The chapter methodologically follows the comparative case-based approach to analysis synthesising the evidence presented in regulatory publications, industry reports, and documented cases of technological deployments to define general trends, advantages, and shortcomings. The results indicate that technology-enabled systems are much more effective in detecting fraud, presenting few false positives, enhancing identity assurance, and sharing across institution intelligence at a faster rate as compared to traditional systems. This paper concludes that responsible AI architecture, real-time data network integration, and regulatory cooperation are essential to establishing resilient, future-ready models that will be able to defend financial ecosystems against the changing threats of the digital era. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2026. -
Harnessing Digital Marketing for Promoting Green Finance: A Strategic Approach to Building Climate Resilience
The study intents to utilize digital marketing strategies in order to foster green finance and influence climate-resilient?financial practices. Utilizing 250 survey respondents, the paper investigates how digital marketing intensity, content quality and platform interactiveness influence critical psychological dimensions (perceived green?value perception, trust in green finance and perceived transparency). SEM analysis shows that digital marketing exerts a significant positive effect on these?mediators, and the aforementioned mediators significantly affect individual green financial product investment intention. Furthermore, investment intention is found to be the most significant predictor of climate-resilient financial behavior, suggesting that behavioral pathways are instrumental to understanding the?digital engagementsustainable finance value chain. The findings provide an insight to the importance of transparent, trustworthy and engaging digital communication as a strategy for reducing information?asymmetry and building consumer trust towards green finance offering. Drawing on literature in sustainable finance, behavioral economics and digital communication, this contribution to a nascent literature on the use of digital tools to strengthen climate resilience?presents opportunities associated with each. The research also has practical implications for policy makers and financial institutions that wish to promote pro-environmental behaviour in the financing sphere with digital?means. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2026. -
Managing Climate Risk in Indian Banking: Regulatory Shifts and Institutional Responses
Climate change is widely discussed as a prominent risk aspect which can pose financial risks to financial entities. The risks may range from physical risks and transition risks and impact can be evident across all the global economies. In India, the banking sector is the most important component of its financial system and is entrusted with managing various financial risks and mobilizing funds for sustainable development. The timely guidance of the Reserve Bank of India (the apex regulatory body) has made Indian Banks factor in climate risk factor into their internal control, risk assessment and disclosure processes. This chapter examines the changing role of risk management practices in Indian Banking Sector, where climate change also has a key role now. This study also focusses on new policies, practices and response of individual banks. The large banks of India have set a path of climate risk management by starting a separate ESG and Climate Finance Unit, laying down an ESG financing framework, and adding climate scenario analysis in its risk assessment. Banks such as HDFC Bank, Yes Bank, Kotak Mahindra Bank, and Federal Bank have also advanced through financed emissions reporting, net-zero commitments, climate stress tests, and coal policy exclusions. In spite of these steps, the overall preparedness of the Indian banking sector is still limited, with most institutions still in the process of defining climate risk strategies. The key issues are availability of data, absence of uniform ESG metrics, and dearth of internal expertise. Institutional responses are compared and explained in this chapter and policy gaps that must be addressed in the short run. Through the presentation of regulatory changes and best practices, it emphasizes the importance of Indian banks moving away from reaction-driven risk management to proactive climate leadership and thus contributing to Indias larger environmental and economic objectives. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2026.