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A facile, green synthesis of carbon quantum dots from Polyalthia longifolia and its application for the selective detection of cadmium
Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) has received world-wide recognition for their outstanding physicochemical properties that have the ability to substitute the semiconductor quantum dots. Herein, we have developed a strategy to determine the presence of Cd2+ using CQDs as a fluorescence probe. The CQDs were synthesized from the leaves of Polyalthia longifolia (a natural source) through a one-step hydrothermal method. The CQDs obtained from Polyalthia longifolia (p-CQDs) was characterized using XRD, TEM, FTIR, Raman Spectroscopy, XPS Studies, UVVisible spectroscopy and PL Spectroscopy. The p-CQDs displayed bright red fluorescence under the UV light, with good water solubility, and appreciable photostability and a quantum yield of 22%. The p-CQDs had a quasi-spherical morphology with an average particle size of 3.33 nm. The p-CQDs showed high selectivity and sensitivity for the detection of Cd2+ with a low limit of detection of 2.4 nM and a wide linear range of 7.3 nM12 ?M. The PL intensity of the p-CQDs showed a quenching effect in presence of Cd2+ and the mechanism of quenching was validated via fluorescence lifetime decay studies. We have also studied the effectiveness of the fluorescent probe developed for Cd2+ sensing in real samples of ground water and industrial effluents. 2022 Elsevier Ltd -
New Horizons in the Synthesis, Properties, and Applications of MXene Quantum Dots
The progress of MXenes, a 2D layered structural material since its discovery in 2011 recently arouses a great deal of attention due to their plethora of applications in a diverse range of fields. Their excellent properties in terms of surface chemistry, optical activity, electrical conductivity, presence of abundant active catalytic sites, tunable band gap structure, ease of surface functionalization, and good biocompatibility make them an ideal candidate. The authors aim to guide the readers through various aspects such as their unique properties, synthesis techniques, and the recent advancements associated with MXene quantum dots (QDs). Herein, this review serves as a one-stop point for prospective researchers to gain a better understanding of the application of MXene QDs in various fields including electrochemical detection, biomedical applications, and energy conversion and storage applications. 2023 The Authors. Advanced Materials Interfaces published by Wiley-VCH GmbH. -
The Renaissance of Ferrocene-Based Electrocatalysts: Properties, Synthesis Strategies, and Applications
The fascinating electrochemical properties of the redox-active compound ferrocene have inspired researchers across the globe to develop ferrocene-based electrocatalysts for a wide variety of applications. Advantages including excellent chemical and thermal stability, solubility in organic solvents, a pair of stable redox states, rapid electron transfer, and nontoxic nature improve its utility in various electrochemical applications. The use of ferrocene-based electrocatalysts enables control over the intrinsic properties and electroactive sites at the surface of the electrode to achieve specific electrochemical activities. Ferrocene and its derivatives can function as a potential redox medium that promotes electron transfer rates, thereby enhancing the reaction kinetics and electrochemical responses of the device. The outstanding electrocatalytic activity of ferrocene-based compounds at lower operating potentials enhances the specificity and sensitivity of reactions and also amplifies the response signals. Owing to their versatile redox chemistry and catalytic activities, ferrocene-based electrocatalysts are widely employed in various energy-related systems, molecular machines, and agricultural, biological, medicinal, and sensing applications. This review highlights the importance of ferrocene-based electrocatalysts, with emphasis on their properties, synthesis strategies for obtaining different ferrocene-based compounds, and their electrochemical applications. 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG. -
Investigating the Electrochemical Behavior of Flowerlike-Co-Pi-Decorated Ti3C2TxMXene for Cathodic CO2Utilization: A Sustainable Approach
The rising CO2 concentration in the atmosphere has sparked the need for research communities and industries to shift toward embracing technologies prioritizing CO2 conversion and utilization. This research presents the fabrication of flowerlike cobalt-inorganic phosphate-decorated Ti3C2Tx MXene-modified carbon fiber paper (Co-Pi/Ti3C2Tx/CFP) electrode for electrochemical CO2 fixation via benzyl chloride transformation to produce industrially and pharmaceutically important phenylacetic acid (PAA). The multilayered Ti3C2Tx, having a large specific surface area, functions as the nucleation centers for the deposition of Co-Pi and enhances its physical, chemical, and electron transmission attributes. The Co-Pi anchored to Ti3C2Tx in turn modifies the interlayer properties of MXene, prevents restacking of the layered MXene structure, provides additional electrocatalytic sites, and escalates the electrocatalytic efficiency. Cyclic voltammetry and potentiostatic electrolysis studies revealed a higher current response, lower reduction potential, and increased productivity at the Co-Pi/Ti3C2Tx/CFP electrode for benzyl chloride transformation with CO2 coupling, yielding the desired carboxylic acid. Under optimal conditions, potentiostatic electrolysis at ?1.6 V for 8 h yielded up to 62% PAA, following a diffusion-controlled two-electron reduction mechanism. Furthermore, the electrodes showed good repeatability, reproducibility of electrochemical responses, and excellent stability over 60 days. 2025 American Chemical Society -
An extensive critique on expert system control in solar photovoltaic dominated microgrids
Solar and wind power have recently become a potential option in power systems and act significantly to meet load penetration demands. The present growth of such renewable energy sources has shown an exponential increase. The high penetration of such system helps a grid effectively meet its load in an irregular demand but also creates some disturbances in the grid due to frequent additions and detachments of load or source. The way by which the renewable energy sources usually work in the on-grid mode is to be attached to and cut down from the grids without creating disturbances in a stable grid. Another important requirement is effective load management with fewer transmission losses. This article presents a detailed review of a microgrid and enumerates the possible methods for the analysis of the system, feature extraction, control methods, and options for machine learning. This paper examines the factors affecting the operations in a power system, their nature, interdependability, and controllability. It also inspects the various machine learning algorithms, their feasibility, and possible applications in power systems. The major contribution of the paper is the elucidation of expert system control methods for the performance improvement of solar PV assisted DC microgrids. The major objective of the paper is to provide an overview on various algorithms intended for the microgrid systems pertaining to its accuracy, precision, classification, prediction and forecasting. 2023 The Authors. IET Renewable Power Generation published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Institution of Engineering and Technology. -
Controlling Node Failure Localization in Data Networks Using Probing Mechanisms
In this paper, we prospect the potency of node failure localization in network communication from dual states (normal/fizzle) of the source to destination paths. To localize the failure nodes individually in the scheduled nodes, dissimilar path states must connect with various events of failure nodes. But, this situation is inapplicable or not easier to investigate or apply on enormous networks due to the obligation of any viable failure nodes. This objective is to deploy the set of adequate conditions for recognizing a set of failures in a set of arbitrary nodes which can be verified in a stipulated time. To avoid the above situation, probing mechanisms are assimilated additionally as a combination for network topology and locations of scrutinizes. Three probing mechanisms are considering which vary depending on measurement paths. Both the procedures can be transformed into single-node possessions by which they can be calculated effectively based on the given conditions. The exceeding measures are proposed for measuring the potency of failure localization which can be utilized for assessing the effect of different factors, which comprises topology, total monitors, and probing mechanisms. 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. -
Character recognition for Malayalam palm leaf manuscripts: An overview of techniques and challenges
Kerala is a small, ocean-facing state in South India and has been home to several ancient civilizations in the past. The yesteryears have rewarded the state with great cultural heritage, monuments, historic artifacts and the like. Palm leaf manuscript is one such antiquity. Before paper became common, palm leaf was the medium for writing in Kerala. Such manuscripts capture the glory of our past and deals with different domains such as arts, astrology, medicine, science, religion and spirituality. Palm leaf manuscripts have value both as a cultural asset and as a knowledge repository. Palm leaf manuscripts are organic and degrades with age. The environmental conditions can also accelerate its degradation. A viable solution in preserving the knowledge contained in these manuscripts is Handwritten Character Recognition (HCR). Digitized manuscripts have infinite life. Character recognition in Indian languages, including Malayalam, is considered a complex process mainly due to the size of character set, the similarity of characters and the presence of compound characters. This paper surveys existing works in the field of HCR relevant to Malayalam palm leaf manuscripts. 2023 Author(s). -
Convolutional bi-directional autoencoder assisted generative adversarial de-blurring framework for palm leaf character analysis
Palm leaf manuscripts have historically educated people on a variety of topics, including astronomy, mathematics, astrology and medicine. These manuscripts are constructed from dried palm leaves, which contain a wealth of information that remains largely untapped due to the challenges of digitalization and transcription. Recognizing the characters found in palm leaf manuscripts is a complex problem because blurred images of these manuscripts often conceal critical information. The present study proposes an automated de-blurring model to effectively identify exact Malayalam characters in palm leaf manuscripts. The input images are gathered from a real-time dataset to address this challenge. The Weighted Guided Image Filtering (WG_IF) method is employed to extract the detail layer, which not only reveals important information about the characters but also eliminates unwanted noise. The detailed layer is then input into the proposed Convolutional Bi-directional AutoEncoder assisted Generative Adversarial De-blurring (CBiAE_GADeblur) framework. This framework comprises two main blocks: the generator and the discriminator. The generator block uses the Convolutional Bi-directional Long Short Term Memory with AutoEncoder (CBLSTM_AE) method to produce de-blurred images. The discriminator block classifies these images as real or fake, enhancing the prediction accuracy of the palm characters. The proposed method demonstrates a superior accuracy rate of 98.25% in Prasavachikilsa and Vishavydyam datasets and exhibits lower time complexity. The motivation behind this research is to overcome the significant barriers posed by blurred palm leaf images, thereby unlocking and preserving the invaluable knowledge contained within these historical documents. Indian Academy of Sciences 2025. -
Educational Management System Using Hybrid Blockchain Network
This work explores integrating blockchain technology into the education system, focusing on academic Records and administrative control systems. It addresses challenges in data handling and security in centralized education administration. The proposed framework entails a Hybrid blockchain network that integrates elements of both private and public blockchains. In this architecture, the public network functions as a university network, while individual nodes within it represent distinct colleges, each equipped with its exclusive private network. Private blockchain manages registration, secure hash generation, and student assessment, while public blockchain handles record management. Adding a randomized mining algorithm to public blockchains and a proof of authority consensus mechanism strengthens transaction security. Introducing a voting miner selection algorithm in private blockchains further enhances security measures. This integration represents a strategic evolution in education management systems, unlocking new security, scalability, and performance possibilities. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2024. -
Sports Tourism and Community Development: Exploring the Links and Sentiments
Sports tourism has emerged as one of the most effective forms of tourism through its ability to satisfy the need of modern-day tourists who prioritize novelty, engagement, and experience. Meanwhile, the sustainable community (development) agenda is also parallelly getting its due attention in the form of SDG11. Recently, the power of sports tourism and events in harnessing community development has been discussed in various patches. However, the structure and mechanism of this growing linkage are rarely discussed holistically, making generalizability a challenging goal to achieve. Further, the aspect of sustainability needs to be studied more. In this regard, the authors of this chapter have attempted to develop a conceptual framework mapping the linkages of sports events and community development, keeping the sustainability agenda in the backdrop. Further, sentiment analysis through NVivo has been performed on all significant works to understand the general sentiments across various communities regarding sports tourism contributing to their development. While the framework development objective is conceptual in nature, the retrieval of the significant themes and sentiments is attained through analytical research. It is concluded that the impacts of sports tourism and events on communities align with the three (triple) bottom lines of sustainable development, i.e., economic, sociocultural, and environmental. These influences result in the sustainable development of the communities. Sentiment analysis points toward the positive sentiment for sports tourism resulting in community development in most cases analyzed. This research will assist both academicians and practitioners in better understanding the linkage between sports tourism and community development and devise measures to make this linkage more sustainable. Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd 2024. -
Traffic Optimization and Route Detection Based on Air Quality and Pollution Level
This research outlines the development of a groundbreaking Traffic Optimization and Route Detection system based on pollution and air quality. Urbanization has led to increased vehicular traffic, exacerbating concerns about air pollution and its adverse effects on public health. The proposed system aims to address this critical issue by integrating real-time environmental data into route recommendations, prioritizing routes that minimize exposure to high-pollution areas. Beyond improving air quality, the system promotes the health and well-being of commuters, encourages the adoption of eco-friendly transportation modes, and contributes to overall environmental sustainability. An air quality detection system is developed to gather data for the development of the system. This innovative approach aligns with the goals of efficient urban mobility, sustainable transportation, and data-driven decision-making. Through this research, we anticipate providing valuable insights into the potential impact of integrating pollution and air quality considerations into urban transportation systems, ultimately contributing to healthier and more sustainable urban environments. 2024 IEEE. -
Bounds related to product variants of graphs
Operations in graph theory have a significant influence in the theoretical and application aspect of the domain. Topological indices serve as a crucial component in chemical graph theory linked with some molecular structure. Recently, the study on the new graph product variants is initiated. In the article, the computation of some bounds for atom-bond connectivity index, inverse sum indeg index, geometric-arithmetic index and sombor index of graph operations notably the corona join product, subdivision vertex join product and the subdivision vertex-edge join is carried out. Palestine Polytechnic University-PPU 2023. -
Bounds of Sombor Index for F-Sum Operation
Graph operations have a major impact in the aspects of theory and empirical literature of the domain. For relating the molecular topology to any real chemical attribute, the conversion of the relevant details embedded into chemical structure to some numeric value becomes so vital which ultimately paves the way for the emergence of topological indices. Topological descriptor acts as an effective graph invariant in chemical graph theory associated with certain molecular structure. Recently, the study on the sombor index is initiated by I.Gutman [16]. In the article, we utilise combinatorial inequalities, including the general sum-connectivity index, the first general zagreb index and few other indices in their formulations, for the determination of bounds for sombor index for the F-sum operation of connected graphs. Palestine Polytechnic University-PPU 2023. -
QSPR Analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Topological indices serve as a crucial component in chemical graph theory linked with some molecular structure. The First and Second Zagreb Indices are one among the earliest and extensively explored molecular descriptors. The study on equitable zagreb indices have been initiated earlier by Akram Alqesmah, Anwar Alwardi and R. Rangarajan based on the equitable degree of the vertices. In this paper, we introduce the first and second equitable and non-equitable zagreb polynomials and compute the exact values of the respective equitable and non-equitable zagreb indices for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. We have also utilised certain formulations for the determination of the corresponding relative equitable and non-equitable zagreb indices of the chemical graph. Further, QSPR analysis is carried out for the topological indices with regard to the physico-chemical properties of the polycyclic hydrocarbon molecules. 2022, Books and Journals Private Ltd.. All rights reserved. -
ON THE INDICES OF CERTAIN GRAPH PRODUCTS
Molecular descriptors are numerical graph invariants that are used to study the chemical structure of molecules. In this paper, we determine the upper bound of the Sombor index based on four operations involving the subdivision graph, semi-total point graph, semi-total line graph, and total graph related to the lexicographic and tensor product. The exact expressions of the first reformulated Zagreb index and the second hyper-Zagreb index of the tensor product are formulated on the basis of the four significant graphs. Further, the descriptors for certain standard graphs are obtained and the graphical comparison for the first reformulated Zagreb index has also been illustrated to understand the result better. 2025 University of Isfahan -
ON SECOND HYPER-ZAGREB INDEX OF CORONA PRODUCTS RELATED TO R-GRAPHS
The cognitive and evidential features of the graph discipline are significantly influenced by the implementation of graph operations. Molecular descriptor acts as a fundamental network invariant relevant to a particular molecular structure in the framework of chemical graph theory. The semi-total point graph features the edges of subdivision graph as well as the edges of the original graph. In this paper, we explore combinatorial inequalities associated with the edges, vertices and its corresponding neighborhood notions along with the inclusion of other molecular descriptors in the computations for the determination of exact expressions of second hyper-Zagreb index for certain corona products involving the semi-total point graph. 2023 Academic Publications -
QSPR ANALYSIS OF CERTAIN ANTI-HIV DRUGS
A broad spectrum of advanced medications appears yearly following the accelerated evolution of the chemical and pharmaceutical industry. In this paper, various degree-based and neighborhood degree sum-based topological indices of some anti-HIV drugs are explored applying the M-polynomial and NM-polynomial formulations. Moreover, QSPR analysis is carried out for the topological indices with regard to the physico-chemical properties of the anti-HIV drugs. The activity of nucleoside and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors is implemented as in drug configuration to manifest the significance of topological indices in the medicinal world. The procured outcomes affirm that topological indices being stud- ied reflect effective correlation in accordance to physical and chemical properties of the anti-HIV drugs and consequently can assist in development of advanced and promising pharmaceutical for HIV medication. 2022, RAMANUJAN SOCIETY OF MATHEMATICS AND MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES. All rights reserved. -
Bounds on Sombor index of graph operations
Operations in graph theory have a significant influence in the theoretical and application aspect of the domain. Topological indices serve as a crucial component in chemical graph theory linked with some molecular structure. Recently, Gutman initiated the study on the Sombor index. In this paper, the computation of some bounds for Sombor index of graph operation notably join, cartesian product, corona product, lexicographic product, tensor product and strong product is carried out. The computation has been utilized to determine the upper bounds of the index for the specified graph operations for some standard graphs like the path and cycle graphs. 2025 World Scientific Publishing Company. -
Bounds on Sombor Index for Corona Products on R-Graphs
Operations in the theory of graphs has a substantial influence in the analytical and factual dimensions of the domain. In the realm of chemical graph theory, topological descriptor serves as a comprehensive graph invariant linked with a specific molecular structure. The study on the Sombor index is initiated recently by Ivan Gutman. The triangle parallel graph comprises of the edges of subdivision graph along with the edges of the original graph. In this paper, we make use of combinatorial inequalities related with the vertices, edges and the neighborhood concepts as well as the other topological descriptors in the computations for the determination of bounds of Sombor index for certain corona products involving the triangle parallel graph. 2024 Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University. -
Extremal reformulated forgotten index of trees, unicyclic and bicyclic graphs
The reformulated forgotten index (RF) is the edge version of the ordinary forgotten index. We describe graph transformations, by means of which RF increases or decreases. Using these transformations, the trees, unicyclic, and bicyclic graphs extremal w.r.t. RF are characterized. 2024, University of Nis. All rights reserved.