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Detection of Fungi Diseases in Tomato Leaf Using ResNet-18 Approach
Agriculture is the largest and most vital sector of our economy, providing employment to over 70% of the Indian population. In an agricultural field identification and classification of disease in a tomato plant plays a vital role. If proper care is not taken in advance with this, it causes the serious effect on the tomato plants. The plants which are affected by the disease reflect on the quality and quantity of the production as well as the economy of the country. Tomato is one of the main vegetables in India which plays an important role in providing food for public needs and its a very vulnerable plant to insects and diseases caused by different pathogens like bacteria, virus, and fungi. This paper proposes a convolutional neural network (CNN) for automatic identification of plant disease caused by fungi. The proposed model attains the results of F1 score is 91% to differentiate tomato leaves in both healthy and unhealthy conditions. Measures like a high Area Under Curve (AUC) score on the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve, accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity show the models remarkable performance. The practical uses of this discovery for early illness detection in agriculture make it significant. With its exceptional specificity and precision, ResNet-18 serves as a potential tool for agriculture. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025. -
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Exploring Caregiving Experiences and Needs of Mothers of Children with Cerebral Palsy
Parents play a major role while caring for a child with Cerebral Palsy (CP). Each child with CP and their caregivers needs constant professional support in terms of medical care, psycho-education, guidance and support in order to achieve maximum functioning. Mothers of children with cerebral palsy are vulnerable because the caregiving may affect their personal and marital life, work, finances, relationships, and other responsibilities. Therefore, it is important to understand their experiences this study explores caregiving experiences and needs of mothers of a child with cerebral palsy. This qualitative exploratory study used semi-structured open-ended interviews for data collection from 25 mothers of children with Cerebral Palsy who attended regular clinical assessments at Unit of Hope OP clinic. The data were analyzed in Atlas. ti 8 trial version using thematic analysis. Six major themes emerged from the thematic analysis which includes: pathways of care, challenges in taking care of the child, impact (subjective and objective) on mothers and their family, coping mechanism and psycho-social needs. Mothers expressed that they experience unpreparedness; unsupportive interaction; insecurity/uncomfortable on caregiving by others; challenges in decision making, finding the right care, meeting individual family member???s needs; they had inappropriate expectations of improvement, difficulties in treatment adherence and lack of knowledge, lack of respite, lack of support from family members/relatives, changes in the family system, changes in personal life. Mothers had caregiver burden and emotional challenges. The mothers adopted both maladaptive and adaptive coping strategies. In this study, mothers expressed various needs like the need for professional support, the need for respite care, and the need for family support. In conclusion, having a child with cerebral palsy negatively affect the mothers. During the caregiving process, they have some unmet needs which need to be addressed. The findings of the study emphasize that it is important to understand the caregiving experiences and needs of mothers of children with cerebral palsy to plan interventions to support these mothers in caring for their child. -
Detecting Cyberbullying in Twitter: A Multi-Model Approach
With cyberbullying surging across social media, this study investigates the effectiveness of four prominent deep learning models - CNN, Bi-LSTM, GRU, and LSTM - in identifying cyberbullying within Twitter texts. Driven by the urgent need for robust tools, this research aims to enrich the field of cyberbullying detection by thoroughly evaluating these models' capabilities. A dataset of Twitter texts served as the training ground, rigorously preprocessed to ensure optimal model compatibility. Each model, CNN, Bi-LSTM, GRU, and LSTM, underwent independent training and evaluation, revealing distinct performance levels: CNN achieved the highest accuracy at 83.10%, followed by Bi-LSTM (81.90%), GRU (81.73%), and LSTM (16.07%). These differences highlight the unique strengths of each architecture in analysing and representing text data. The findings highlight the CNN model's superior performance, indicating its potential as a highly effective tool for Twitter-based cyberbullying detection. While the deep learning models explored here offer promising avenues for detecting cyberbullying on Twitter, their performance highlights the complexities inherent in this task. The limited space of tweets can often obscure the true intent behind words, making accurate identification a nuanced challenge. Despite this, the CNN model's robust performance suggests that carefully chosen architectures hold significant potential for combating online harassment. This research paves the way for further explorations in harnessing the power of AI to create a safer and more civil online experience where respectful communication can flourish even within the constraints of concision. 2024 IEEE. -
India's Consumer Protection Bill 2015: Redefining notions of liability
The legislative validation of the concepts of product liability and unfair contractual terms through the Consumer Protection Bill (CPB) paves the way for attuning Indian consumer laws with the global wavelength. Though the Indian judiciary has dealt with issues concerning product liability and unfair contractual terms, legal certainty has remained elusive, necessitating predictability. The extension of consumer protection to the domain of e-commerce further reformulates the existing notion of liability and the prevalent impunity. This paper analyses the manner in which the CPB redefines the notions of liability and the existent lacunae that need to be remedied. The Author 2017. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. -
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Fabrication of Molecularly Imprinted Electrochemical Sensors for Food Additives
Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) have emerged as a promising technique for the newlinepreparation of synthetic polymers with specific binding sites for target molecules. These polymers have found applications in various fields, including sensing, where they serve as a recognition element for the detection and quantification of analytes in chemical and biological environments. In recent years, MIPs have been utilized as sensing materials for biomolecules, food additives, pesticides, metal ions, and other target species. This work presents the development of MIP-based electrochemical sensors for the selective and rapid detection of food additives, namely tartrazine, 4-hexylresorcinol, butylated hydroxy anisole, and brilliant blue FCF. Conducting polymers, metal nanoparticles and 2D material-based electrode modifications have been employed in newlinethe preparation of MIPs for electrochemical sensing applications. Investigations reveal newlinea significant enhancement in the electrochemical oxidation/reduction current of the analytes upon the surface modifications applied to the Carbon Fibre Paper (CFP) substrate. The surface morphology of the modified electrodes was characterized using techniques such as Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Electron Diffraction X-ray (EDX), X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Optical newlineProfilometry, and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Nyquist plots newlinedemonstrated the lowest charge transfer resistance at the finally modified working newlineelectrodes compared to other control electrodes. Optimization of experimental newlineconditions, including pH effects, investigation of reaction mechanisms through scan rate variations, determination of the number of cycles required for film newlineelectrodeposition to achieve maximum current response, and determination of the potential window, was carried out using cyclic voltammetry (CV). The quantification newlineof analytes was performed using Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV). -
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Exact solution of non-coaxial rotating and non-linear convective flow of cual2 o3 h2 o hybrid nanofluids over an infinite vertical plate subjected to heat source and radiative heat
This paper investigates the non-linear convective flow due to non-coaxial rotation of vertical planar plate by utilizing three different liquids namely H2 O (water), Al2 O3 H2 O (nanofluid) and CuAl2 O3 H2 O (hybrid nanofluid). The impacts of Rosselands radiative heat and internal heat generation are also included in this study. The non-coaxial rotation of the plate crafts sine or cosine oscillations in its plane and the liquid at infinity. The density-temperature relation is studied which is nonlinear and causes a nonlinear convective heat transfer. The dynamic viscosity, thermal conductivity, density and specific heat of hybrid-nanofluids are assumed to vary with the volume fraction. These thermophysical properties of hybrid and nanofluids are determined by phenomenological laws and mixture theory. The simulation of the flow was carried out using the appropriate values of the empirical shape factor for five different particle shapes (i.e., sphere, hexahedron, tetrahedron, column and lamina). The LTM (Laplace Transform Technique) is employed to find the exact solutions. The flow, skin friction and thermal features are scrutinized with the discrepancy of governing parameters. The effective fluid properties and the Nusselt number are also calculated for sixteen different hybrid-nano-liquids. 2019 by American Scientific Publishers All rights reserved. -
Establishing a service composition framework for smart healthcare system
As the idea of location awareness has already matured and numerous applications are flooded in today s word, the logical next step reasons out, to context-awareness. Though the idea of context-awareness has been in the newlineresearch field for close to two decades, the recent advancement in Internet of Things has brought a more compelling thrust in its research. Sensor networks integrating billions of sensors and actuators will be prevalent in the near future producing big data. Filtering and analysing this data with the contextual information will yield more significant results. But deducing the newlinecontext information itself poses many challenges and unresolved research problems. Context-awareness systems involve acquiring, analysing, reasoning the data and composing the services for suitable action. Service newlinecomposition either by orchestrating or choreographing technique has been deployed in certain applications, however, each domain requires unique methodology. Healthcare has always been the top priority when it comes to newlineapplying novel technologies. Applying context-awareness computing in the healthcare service sector is of paramount importance. newlineThe problem context for this research lies in a cardiology speciality hospital s Intensive Therapy Unit or the post-surgery recovery ward which has lot of scenarios emanating that involves course of actions to be delivered by the healthcare professionals depending on the context. Depending on newlinemere human service may not be adequate. With the available advancements in technologies, it would be possible to leverage optimum service in that time critical situations, provided technology can sense the changes in context and act accordingly. The course of actions to be taken involves an amalgamation of understanding the location, presence availability, relevance of and coordination among various departments, machines and personnel. This can be summarized as Response with Context-Awareness . newline -
Design and Implementation of Smart Manufacturing Systems Through AR for Data-Driven Digital Twin System
Modification of size, residual stress, and surface roughness have an enormous impact on a complex mechanical products final machining quality. Machine quality can be ensured using Digital Twin (DT) technology by checking the real-time machining process. The virtualreal separation display method is the most modern DT System (DTS). It results in the ineffective transmission of the necessary restricting the use of the DTS by processing data on-site technicians to support field processing. Augmented Reality (AR) monitoring the manufacturing process approach to solve this problem is proposed based on the DT. First, the dynamic multi-view for AR is built using data from multiple sources. Second, real-time monitoring of complex products intermediate processes incorporates AR to encourage communication between the users of the DT machining system. The outcome of the system can prevent errors that cannot be fixed. An application case for observing will be used to confirm the viability and the efficacy of the proposed method. 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. -
ML Algorithms and Their Approach on COVID-19 Data Analysis
This chapter begins with characterizing Supervised Learning and Unsupervised learning and investigates Machine Learning algorithms in every one of the sub domains of Regression, Classification, Clustering, and so forth. It also talks about the engineering of calculations like Linear Regression, Logistic Regression, K-Means, K Nearest Neighbors, Hierarchical, DB Scan, Decision Tree, Random Forest Regression, and Random Forest classifier. Utilization of every algorithm to investigate the dataset will be displayed by carrying out it on renowned dataset model, and output of each piece of code is displayed with their preview. This section likewise takes care of the issue of predicting the future number of COVID-19 cases and the precision behind each model or algorithm is shown and investigated utilizing different measurements dependent on situation or issue articulation, for example, either issue is on forecast or order. This chapter does not focus on the solution of COVID-19 data analysis or expectation, rather it will be followed and will task different models dependent on need with conclusive target being clear comprehension of the Machine Learning algorithms and its execution in Python. 2023 Scrivener Publishing LLC. -
Depiction ofNifty Midcap Index Efficiency Using ARIMA
In recent years, the desirability of midcaps in Indian stock markets has received considerable attention from researchers, academicians, and financial analysts due to expectation of multi-bagger returns. The present study is undertaken to determine the market efficiency of Indian stock market using Nifty Midcap Index at High Frequency. The market efficiency of Nifty Midcap Index is determined using ARIMA technique. The fitted ARIMA model had a MASE value close to one. Hence, the findings suggest that the Nifty Midcap Index is inefficient. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2024. -
Digitization of Monuments An Impact on the Tourist Experience with Special Reference to Hampi
The cultural heritage of India offers a deep examination of the country's political and historical evolution. Historical structures and monuments are among a nation's most valuable assets and a source of pride for Indian civilization. Monuments hold significant historical importance and exert a profound emotional influence on the community. Given the deterioration of culturally significant heritage monuments caused by factors such as weather, climate change, and human activity, as well as the threats these elements pose to numerous heritage sites of national and international significance, it is imperative to prioritize the recording, preservation, and conservation of these monuments. Events of cultural significance require comprehensive digital documentation and proper recording. As demonstrated by various programs and initiatives led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, the government is committed to enhancing the visitor experience at monuments and museums. The primary aim of the current study is to better understand how cultural heritage sites are digitized and to assess the implications of this process for enhancing the tourist experience. To address the research objectives, a survey was conducted to analyze digital requirements. The digitization of significant cultural heritage sites is vital for the long-term sustainability of the tourism industry. Many methods will be adapted as resources permit, ensuring the industry's steady growth over time. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025. -
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Effect of tungsten oxide thin films deposited on cerium oxide nano rods for electrochromic applications
Cerium oxide Nanorods were synthesized on Fluorine-doped Tin Oxide (FTO) coated glass substrate by hydrothermal process. Optimized Tungsten Oxide (WO3) films were coated on the top of cerium oxide (CeO2) Nanorods by a sputter deposition method. WO3 thin film was deposited at a constant substrate temperature of 300K under partial pressures of oxygen (ppo2) at 8 10?4 mbar. X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), UVVisible spectrometer, and cyclic voltammetry were used to analyse the films for material, optical, surface, and electrochemical properties. The improved CeO2/WO3 films increased the cathodic peak current which is related to their high active surface area and increased H+ ions intercalation in the films. In addition, the CeO2 Nanorods/WO3 hybrid films had a better electrochemical property in terms of the diffusion coefficient of 5.53 10?8 cm2/s. These structures produce considerable coloration efficiency when compared to pure WO3 (9.88, 10.19 and, 8.14 cm2/C at 700 nm). This study predicts that how varying concentrations of cerium oxide Nano rods change WO3 electrochemical behaviour which will help to choose the right rare earth elements and concentrations for energy-efficient smart windows. 2022 -
Synthesis, characterizations, and electrochromic studies of WO3 coated CeO2 nanorod thin films for smart window applications
In this work, Cerium oxide nanorods were synthesized on Fluorine doped Tin oxide (FTO) substrate by a hydrothermal technique involving Ce(NO3)36H2O (Cerium Nitrate Hexahydrate) and CH4N2O (Urea). The DC magnetron sputtering was used to deposit a thin layer of WO3 on Cerium Oxide nanorods in the presence of argon gas at room temperature. With the prepared CeO2/WO3 thin films as the working electrode, saturated AgCl2 as the reference electrode, and platinum mesh as the counter electrode, a three-electrode electrochemical cell was developed with 0.5 M H2SO4 solution diluted in deionized (DI) water as the electrolyte. The electrochromic studies displayed a coloration efficiency of 10.14 cm2/C for 0.1 M film. SEM, UVVisible, XRD, and electrochemical analyzer were used to investigate the surface morphology, optical properties, composition, and electrochromic performance of the prepared thin films. A combination of CeO2 nanorods and WO3 coating has been proved to be a potential material for Electro Chromic Devices (ECD), because of its large charge capacity and optical transmission behavior. 2022 Elsevier B.V. -
The Illiberal turn in Indian democracy: shifting the trajectory of Indias foreign policy
Long-standing democracies such as India were not exempt from the global trend of democratic retreat. India has come under increasing international attention due to certain domestic policies such as the revocation of Article 370 of the Indian Constitution, the National Register of Citizens and Citizenship (Amendment) Act passed under the Bharatiya Janata Party government. In addition to Indias democratic decline being reflected in global democratic rankings, this has induced strains on Indias foreign relations. In its pursuit of becoming a leading power, Indias perceived democratic backsliding is likely to influence the direction of its foreign policy. To discern the impact of its perceived illiberal turn on its foreign engagement, the role of democracy in Indias foreign policy needs to be explored. While attempts have been made to understand democratic backsliding through a theoretical lens, the impact of a nations democratic status on its foreign relations and policy remains a largely unexplored area. 2023 Taylor & Francis. -
Enhancing cybersecurity with distributed models and sparse mixture of experts
[No abstract available] -
Digitization of Monuments An Impact on the Tourist Experience with Special Reference to Hampi
The cultural heritage of India offers a deep examination of the country's political and historical evolution. Historical structures and monuments are among a nation's most valuable assets and a source of pride for Indian civilization. Monuments hold significant historical importance and exert a profound emotional influence on the community. Given the deterioration of culturally significant heritage monuments caused by factors such as weather, climate change, and human activity, as well as the threats these elements pose to numerous heritage sites of national and international significance, it is imperative to prioritize the recording, preservation, and conservation of these monuments. Events of cultural significance require comprehensive digital documentation and proper recording. As demonstrated by various programs and initiatives led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, the government is committed to enhancing the visitor experience at monuments and museums. The primary aim of the current study is to better understand how cultural heritage sites are digitized and to assess the implications of this process for enhancing the tourist experience. To address the research objectives, a survey was conducted to analyze digital requirements. The digitization of significant cultural heritage sites is vital for the long-term sustainability of the tourism industry. Many methods will be adapted as resources permit, ensuring the industry's steady growth over time. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025.