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SDG-4 Across the Asia Pacific Countries: The Way Forward
This chapter will describe the future directions toward achieving SDG-4 targets put forth by the United Nations 2030 Agenda in 2015. This chapter would provide a summary of each of the selected Asia Pacific (APAC) countries present status on quality education and an individual plan that needs attention and immediate action. Furthermore, throws light on utilizing artificial intelligence (AI) in enhancing the quality of education. Future education will certainly have AI-enabled systems in place to educate the 21st-century learners. The chapter will provide a forecast of future requirements and the timeline to achieve the SDG-4 target indicators as envisioned by the UN at the beginning. This chapter takes the analytical and critical approach to inform the respective stakeholders of the APAC countries to march forward in achieving the set target by 2030. Copyright 2026 by G S Prakasha and Hideki Maruyama Published under exclusive licence by Emerald Publishing Limited -
SDG-4 Education and Sustainable Development: Mapping Initiatives in India
This chapter, in keeping with the larger theme of the volume, will present a critical overview of the steps taken by the Indian Government toward the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs), in particular Goal 4: Inclusive and equitable quality education and to promote lifelong opportunities for all. The initiatives are mapped across primary, secondary, higher, and technical education from 2015 to 2024. The chapter looks at policy initiatives, budgetary allocation to education in the Five-Year Plan (20152020), infrastructure development, and inclusivity. The Indian state has always been conscious of its responsibility toward education. Through this chapter, the authors can help situate the position of the Indian education system vis-vis global indicators like SDGs. Moreover, the chapter will attempt to demonstrate the marked changes in the education system in India in the 21st century. The chapter argues that Indian educational initiatives since independence have prioritized quality, inclusive, and lifelong learning, aligning with the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) established in 2015. Hence, India had always addressed these concerns systematically, and now, identifying with UN SDGs has a global benchmarking. The chapter begins with a brief introduction of the developmental goals set by the United Nations and discusses its transition from millennium development goals (MDGs) to SDGs. This is followed by an overview of educational landmarks in the short history of Indias independence. The last section looks at policy initiatives and legislation across primary, secondary, and higher education, focusing largely on the two decades of the 21st century. Copyright 2026 by G S Prakasha and Malavika Menon Published under exclusive licence by Emerald Publishing Limited -
SDG-4 in Action: Teachers Training in Classroom Pedagogical Practices
Education has the potential to change the culture of society. It is the education that can change the youth and adults mindset in support of achieving all United Nations sustainable development goals (UN SDGs). Since students understanding and implementation of the SDGs begins from their schools, teachers should be given considerable training and awareness to be equipped to implement the SDGs in their lesson plans on a regular basis. Nevertheless, teachers must strongly uphold the responsibility of supporting the UN SDGs and then must pass on to the younger generation. Thus, the present chapter aims to suggest teacher activities that can enhance teachers understanding of SDGs. It further suggests pedagogical practices for teachers in their regular classroom to develop a deeper understanding and the need for achieving UN SDGs among students. Thus, the present chapter comprises two sections. This chapter presents 14 teacher development activities on SDG-4 target indicators and 13 classroom activities to develop awareness on SDG-4 target indicators among students. The chapter suggests teachers to create activities that can generate critical thinking about sustainability as per the nature of their cohort, class size, context, and the facilities available in their school and immediate surroundings. Copyright 2026 by G S Prakasha and Anthony Kenneth Published under exclusive licence by Emerald Publishing Limited -
SDG-4 Quality Education in South Korea: SDG-4 Perspective
This chapter focuses on some of the best quality measures in education adopted by South Korea. It describes the educational initiatives and reforms brought into the South Korean education system to enhance the quality of education at all levels. This includes initiatives incorporated from 2015 to 2023 in early childhood, primary, secondary, and higher education. The chapter brings forth the current status and statistics enhancing the quality of education as envisaged by the UNs Sustainable Development Goal (SDG)-4 target indicators 4.1 to 4.7, including educational innovations, new policy frameworks, policy implementation, and the establishment of newer educational institutes that enhance the quality of education. The chapter reports the current status of gender equity in the enrollment ratio, employment ratio, dropout ratio, population ratio, education attainment, literacy ratio, and teacher ratio. The chapter uncovers the latest initiatives that bring quality to education in assessment and evaluation, new pro-grammes, interdisciplinary research, centers of excellence, entrepreneurial education, inclusive education, and education of the vulnerable population. The chapter further reports projects initiated to enhance the quality of education, including peace education, happiness curriculum studies, resilience education, educational infrastructure, learning environment, scholarships, recognition, information and communication technology, artificial intelligence, and teacher education. Copyright 2026 by Chunghee Chung, Gyewan Moon, Guydeuk Yeon and Sanskriti Rawat Published under exclusive licence by Emerald Publishing Limited -
SDG-4 Research Insights on SDG-4 Among Asia Pacific Countries
Educating all is a global movement for years; however, providing education with quality, equity and justice is a matter of concern. Despite United Nations (UN) determination to achieve all 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs) by 2030, achieving the SDG-4 has its own challenges. Thus, the present chapter of the volume aims to capture insights from research that has occurred pertaining to SDG-4 since 2015. The study explored research journal databases mostly indexed in Scopus or Web of Science. It did not include findings from any predatory journals. The study revealed significant research works that are conducted to support quality education among Asia Pacific (APAC) countries, viz., India, Japan, Australia, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, the Philippines, South Korea and a few other. Some of the milestones mentioned are nutritious food, health and hygiene, environmental education, inclusivity, climate education, STEM education and robotics. The current chapter suggests that future researchers conduct systematic studies and qualitative research to capture the nuances of SDG-4 implementation across the world. Copyright 2026 by G S Prakasha and Anthony Kenneth Published under exclusive licence by Emerald Publishing Limited -
Search and analysis of giant radio galaxies with associated nuclei (SAGAN): III. New insights into giant radio quasars
Giant radio quasars (GRQs) are radio-loud active galactic nuclei (AGN) that propel megaparsec-scale jets. In order to understand GRQs and their properties, we have compiled all known GRQs (the GRQ catalogue) and a subset of small (size < 700 kpc) radio quasars (SRQs) from the literature. In the process, we have found ten new Fanaroff-Riley type-II GRQs in the redshift range of 0.66 < z < 1.72, which we include in the GRQ catalogue. Using the above samples, we have carried out a systematic comparative study of GRQs and SRQs using optical and radio data. Our results show that the GRQs and SRQs statistically have similar spectral index and black hole mass distributions. However, SRQs have a higher radio core power, core dominance factor, total radio power, jet kinetic power, and Eddington ratio compared to GRQs. On the other hand, when compared to giant radio galaxies (GRGs), GRQs have a higher black hole mass and Eddington ratio. The high core dominance factor of SRQs is an indicator of them lying closer to the line of sight than GRQs. We also find a correlation between the accretion disc luminosity and the radio core and jet power of GRQs, which provides evidence for disc-jet coupling. Lastly, we find the distributions of Eddington ratios of GRGs and GRQs to be bi-modal, similar to that found in small radio galaxies (SRGs) and SRQs, which indicates that size is not strongly dependent on the accretion state. Using all of this, we provide a basic model for the growth of SRQs to GRQs. ESO 2022. -
Search Engine Optimization for Digital Marketing to Raise the Rank, Traffic, and Usability of the Website
According to the Content Marketing Institute, 93% of online experiences start with search. That is the explanation search. Thats why search promoting is a crucial procedure for all organizations to improve and develop their organizations. At that time the marketers and the clients who paid for advertisements started analyzing SEO and SEM. Web crawler promoting expands the perceivability of sites through SEO or through paid publicizing with the plan of expanding traffic to the site. SEM eludes to all advertising exercises that utilization web index innovation for promoting purposes. These incorporate SEO, paid postings and advertisements, and other web crawler related administrations and capacities that will expand reach and introduction of the site, bringing about more prominent traffic. 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. -
Search for brown dwarfs in IC 1396 with Subaru HSC: interpreting the impact of environmental factors on substellar population
Young stellar clusters are predominantly the hub of star formation and hence, ideal to perform comprehensive studies over the least explored substellar regime. Various unanswered questions like the mass distribution in brown dwarf regime and the effect of diverse cluster environment on brown dwarf formation efficiency still plague the scientific community. The nearby young cluster, IC 1396 with its feedback-driven environment, is ideal to conduct such study. In this paper, we adopt a multiwavelength approach, using deep Subaru HSC along with other data sets and machine learning techniques to identify the cluster members complete down to ? 0.03 M? in the central 22 arcmin area of IC 1396. We identify 458 cluster members including 62 brown dwarfs which are used to determine mass distribution in the region. We obtain a star-to-brown dwarf ratio of ? 6 for a stellar mass range 0.03-1 M? in the studied cluster. The brown dwarf fraction is observed to increase across the cluster as radial distance from the central OB-stars increases. This study also compiles 15 young stellar clusters to check the variation of star-to-brown dwarf ratio relative to stellar density and ultraviolet (UV) flux ranging within 4-2500 stars pc?2 and 0.7-7.3 G0, respectively. The brown dwarf fraction is observed to increase with stellar density but the results about the influence of incident UV flux are inconclusive within this range. This is the deepest study of IC 1396 as of yet and it will pave the way to understand various aspects of brown dwarfs using spectroscopic observations in future. 2024 The Author(s). -
Search for low-mass objects in the globular cluster M4. I. Detection of variable stars
With every new discovery of an extrasolar planet, the absence of planets in globular clusters (GCs) becomes more and more conspicuous. Null detection of transiting hot Jupiters in GCs 47 Tuc, ? Cen, and NGC 6397 presents an important puzzle, raising questions about the role played by cluster metallicity and environment on formation and survival of planetary systems in densely populated stellar clusters. GCs were postulated to have many free-floating planets, for which microlensing (ML) is an established tool for detection. Dense environments, well-constrained distances and kinematics of lenses and sources, and photometry of thousands of stars simultaneously make GCs the ideal targets to search for ML. We present first results of a multisite, 69-night-long campaign to search for ML signatures of low-mass objects in the GC M4, which was chosen because of its proximity, location, and the actual existence of a planet. M4 was observed in R and I bands by two telescopes, 1 m T40 and 18-inch C18, of the Wise Observatory, Tel Aviv, Israel, from 2011 April to July. Observations on the 1 m telescope were carried out in service mode, gathering 12 to 48 20 s exposures per night for a total of 69 nights. C18 observations were done for about 4 hr a night for six nights in 2011 May. We employ a semiautomated pipeline to calibrate and reduce the images to the light curves that our group is developing for this purpose, which includes the differential photometry package DIAPL, written by Wozniak and modified by W. Pych. Several different diagnostics are employed for search of variability/transients. While no high-significance ML event was found in this observational run, we have detected more than 20 new variables and variable candidates in the M4 field, which we present here. 2016. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. -
Season of Hate and Intolerance: Revisiting Ambedkar and Periyars Path to Social Justice
While India celebrates 75 years of being an independent republic, the rise in hate crimes fueled by caste and religious prejudices poses a serious threat to the constitutional values and secular fabric of the nation. Despite the constitutional safeguards, Dalits and religious minorities continue to face discrimination, violence and social exclusion, making social justice an elusive goal. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar and E. V. Ramasamy Periyar (hereafter referred to Periyar) promoted the idea of self-respect, arguing that it is crucial for social cohesion and the realization of social justice. Drawing on recent cases of hate crimes reported in Tamil Nadu, this study examines the complexities of caste dynamics and the emergence of religious intolerance in contemporary times. It argues that rejuvenating the concept of self-respect offers a transformative pathway toward achieving social justice. It also offers a few constructive possibilities to strengthen the application of self-respect in the pursuit of social justice. It concludes by highlighting the scope for a scholarly engagement on the idea of self-respect and exploring it as a broader, emancipatory framework for social justice beyond the socio-political context of Tamil Nadu. , Copyright Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. -
Seasonal study on the Aquatic and Terrestrial Habitat of Edayar region, Ernakulam, Kerala, India
This study examines the plant diversity and physicochemical characteristics of both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems in the industrialized region of Edayar, Kadungalloor, Ernakulam, Kerala, India. The research is conducted seasonally, encompassing the four seasons of Kerala: southwest monsoon, northeast monsoon, winter season and summer season. Edayar is home to approximately 400 industries. The main objective of this study is to assess the plant diversity with a specific focus on herb and macrophyte diversity, in the Edayar region, along with analyzing the physicochemical properties of soil and water. Random sampling using quadrat techniques is employed to collect data on species diversity. Diversity indices, such as the Simpson Index and Shannon-Wiener index are utilized to analyze the recorded species diversity. Scoparia dulcis L. among herb species and Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms among macrophytes were found dominating in all the seasons. The results for the physico-chemical analysis of water and soil were found approaching the threshold of standard limits.The findings provide valuable insights into plant diversity and ecological dynamics of the Edayar region, which have been significantly impacted by industrial activities. The outcomes serve as a basis for the development and implementation of effective conservation and management strategies to mitigate potential ecological risks associated with industrial activities in the region. 2024 World Researchers Associations. All rights reserved. -
Seasonal Variation of Physicochemical Parameters and Their Impact on the Algal Flora of Chimmony Wildlife Sanctuary
Background and Objective: The lack of biodiversity knowledge and biodiversity loss are the two inevitable truths around us. Algae are the most crucial organism in our entire biodiversity. The seasonal variation of algal diversity can monitor the environmental changes of the freshwater ecosystem. The present study was conducted because the seasonal changes of algal diversity in Chimmony Wildlife Sanctuary were utterly unknown. Materials and Methods: The algal samples were collected and preserved from ten stations for three seasons (pre-monsoon, monsoon, post-monsoon). The physicochemical parameters of water like temperature, pH, total dissolved solids, total dissolved oxygen, total alkalinity and light intensity of the sampling stations were recorded. Results: The study revealed that the seasonal variation of physicochemical parameters provoked a change in the diversity of Algae. The Chimmony Wildlife Sanctuary has its highest algal diversity during pre-monsoon season. The Chlorophyceae Algae were dominant during the pre-monsoon season, while the Cyanophycean Algae were dominant during monsoon season. The ANOVA (two-way) analysis showed no significant difference between stations and there is a considerable difference between seasons for dissolved oxygen, alkalinity, temperature and total dissolved solids. While for pH, it showed no significant difference between seasons and stations but for light intensity, it showed a substantial difference between stations and seasons. A negative correlation was observed between algal species and seasons. The temperature and dissolved oxygen showed a negative correlation. Conclusion: The physicochemical parameters were changed according to the seasonal variation. Since Algae act as a biological pollution indicator for all the water resources, the study of algal flora according to the seasonal variation is crucial. 2022 Joel Jose and Jobi Xavier. -
Second Language Learners problems in acquiring Reading and Writing skills in English: A Study at the Higher Secondary Level
This dissertation is the result of a study that aimed at identifying problems in Reading and Writing skills in English faced by students studying at the higher secondary level. The study, by way of a series of tests administered to students from three schools in Bangalore, and questionnaires administered to the teachers, along with interviews of the faculty, found that students faced problems in acquiring language skills, and the teachers certain challenges in imparting these skills to students. The sample consisted of 110 participants. It included three schools. The survey employed three research instruments for data collection: four tests, questionnaire and interview. By listening to the teachers through the interviews, and the evaluation of their caliber as teachers through the questionnaire, and through the results of the tests conducted for the students, the researcher was able to garner information that helped to make the dissertation more comprehensive by identifying the specific area that students face problems in and the reasons behind these problems. Based on the above-mentioned information, the researcher was able to propose a few suggestions for the learners, teachers and the management. The objective of the study was to motivate students and to develop an interest in English language learning so that they will be better-equipped to cope with the challenges of society in future. The results impelled the researcher to conclude that one cannot generalize that students from English medium schools would perform better. Students from the regional medium marginally out performed those of the English medium, and this was a surprising element of the study. This helped the researcher to understand that the role of the teacher in imparting skills is very important. It was noticed that if provided with better learning facilities, and adequate motivation, appreciation and encouragement, students from regional medium schools can do well on English language tests. -
Second Order Parallel Tensor on Almost Kenmotsu Manifolds
Let M be an almost Kenmotsu manifold of dimension 2n + 1 having nonvanishing ?-sectional curvature such that tr? > -2n -2. We prove that any second order parallel tensor on M is a constant multiple of the associated metric tensor and obtained some consequences of this. Vector fields keeping curvature tensor invariant are characterized on M. Kyungpook Mathematical Journal -
Sectoral correlations and interlinkages: NSE
An efficient portfolio is a well-diversified portfolio that gives the investor opportunities to earn money and provide cover against risks. Understanding the intersectoral linkages and correlations among various sectors in a stock market will help an investor to diversify the portfolio and reduce risk efficiently. This study aims at examining the underlying linkages and correlations among eight sectors in the Indian National Stock Exchange (NSE) using a Granger causality test under VAR environment. The results of the study based on nine years' data from 2009 to 2018 show that an effective portfolio can have two classifications -stocks from Pharma and Media as group one (defensive stocks) and picks from IT, Bank, Financial Services, Realty, Auto and FMCG sector as group two (somewhat Cyclical). The study further proves that the usual definition for cyclical and defensive sectors have undergone some profound changes. 2020 SCMS Group of Educational Institutions. All rights reserved. -
Secure & real-time status notification based dynamic messaging method using in-built message tool without using internet /
Patent Number: 201911045703, Applicant: Asik Rahaman Jamader.
The present invention disclosure is related to secure & real-time status notification based dynamic messaging method using in-built message tool without using internet. Advanced system, in-built tool, handy graphical user interface, and technique are delivered for electronics advances messaging communication with real-time status notification. A representation of the typing is shown on the destination device, with an indicator that modifies the appearance when the other member views the text. -
Secure and analytical agile framework for software continuous delivery /
Patent Number: 201741040903, Applicant: Anwin Varghese.
IT world thrives on quality software products that helps business sustain and grow. These software products help reduce the effort in time & bring in better economic efficiency making these products highly dependable. The challenge of having quality product releases frequently is not quite an easy task as it sounds. To meet this challenge of producing reliable software products, the IT managers & leads need a team of dedicated developers, system programmers, testers along with a highly efficient process in place. -
Secure and analytical agile framework for software continuous delivery /
Patent Number: 201741040903, Applicant: Anwin Varghese.
IT world thrives on quality software products that helps business sustain and grow. These software products help reduce the effort in time & bring in better economic efficiency making these products highly dependable. The challenge of having quality product releases frequently is not quite an easy task as it sounds. To meet this challenge of producing reliable software products, the IT managers & leads need a team of dedicated developers, system programmers, testers along with a highly efficient process in place. -
Secure and analytical agile framework for software continuous delivery /
Patent Number: 201741040903, Applicant: Anwin Varghese.
IT world thrives on quality software products that helps business sustain and grow. These software products help reduce the effort in time & bring in better economic efficiency making these products highly dependable. The challenge of having quality product releases frequently is not quite an easy task as it sounds. To meet this challenge of producing reliable software products, the IT managers & leads need a team of dedicated developers, system programmers, testers along with a highly efficient process in place. -
Secure and automated driving inspector powered by Arduino Raspberry Pi using deep learning /
Patent Number: 202141038074, Applicant: Raghunandan K R.
The product will be placed in the car that will read the carTMs diagnostic information such as acceleration, clutch, gear and braking. During the driving session, data from one or more sensors will be used to monitor driving test events. Each driving session and its related weights will be described in detail at these events. These weights are based on a rating system of the driving as well as the amount of time spent during driving. By delivering a driver feedback ranking, a driving session report will be generated.