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SPORTS FANDOM AND CONSUMER BUYING BEHAVIOUR
The dissertation aims to find whether the features of sports celebrity endorsements such as- credibility, ensured attention, high degree of recall of the product or service, psychographic connect, associative benefit, motivate a fan specifically, in this case, in their purchase decisions. It is an attempt to understand whether fan clubs, fans and fan cultures are unreceptive to the propagation of celebrity endorsements of products and services through conventional and unconventional advertising. The research aims to identify whether fandom of any kind influences their buying decisions. The theory employed in this research is the Two Step Flow theory of communication, wherein sports stars act as opinion leaders in advertising influence.The research is an attempt to understand if the growing sports celebrity brand endorsements actually have an effect on the buyer to the extent of buying decisions. By the end of the research conducted with the help of questionnaires that were administered to the target audience, the researcher aims to arrive at the conclusion, whether sports fandom indeed affects consumer buying patterns. -
Sports Tourism and Community Development: Exploring the Links and Sentiments
Sports tourism has emerged as one of the most effective forms of tourism through its ability to satisfy the need of modern-day tourists who prioritize novelty, engagement, and experience. Meanwhile, the sustainable community (development) agenda is also parallelly getting its due attention in the form of SDG11. Recently, the power of sports tourism and events in harnessing community development has been discussed in various patches. However, the structure and mechanism of this growing linkage are rarely discussed holistically, making generalizability a challenging goal to achieve. Further, the aspect of sustainability needs to be studied more. In this regard, the authors of this chapter have attempted to develop a conceptual framework mapping the linkages of sports events and community development, keeping the sustainability agenda in the backdrop. Further, sentiment analysis through NVivo has been performed on all significant works to understand the general sentiments across various communities regarding sports tourism contributing to their development. While the framework development objective is conceptual in nature, the retrieval of the significant themes and sentiments is attained through analytical research. It is concluded that the impacts of sports tourism and events on communities align with the three (triple) bottom lines of sustainable development, i.e., economic, sociocultural, and environmental. These influences result in the sustainable development of the communities. Sentiment analysis points toward the positive sentiment for sports tourism resulting in community development in most cases analyzed. This research will assist both academicians and practitioners in better understanding the linkage between sports tourism and community development and devise measures to make this linkage more sustainable. Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd 2024. -
Spotlighting recruitments: is AI dominating human resource practices? Qualitative research using NVIVO
Technology enriches and empowers organizations, making them more competitive and profitable. Any organization function is now technology-driven, helping to make faster and better decisions. Human resource management practices are also automated nowadays. Artificial Intelligence (AI) has gained enough importance in the recruitment process. Most of the literature emphasizes the use of technology and AI in establishing an effective and efficient recruitment process; however, the dominance of AI arouses the need to cast light upon the imbalance created after Al implementation. This study focuses on identifying the adverse impact of automated recruitment processes, which, due to a lack of human consciousness and intelligence, may sometimes not find the right candidate for the vacant position. Thus, a qualitative study was conducted to check the need for a balance of collaboration between humans and AI in recruitment. Primary data was collected through structured interviews with 21 HR professionals of IT companies in India implementing AI in their recruitment process. The findings highlight the positive impact of AI tools on recruitment efficiency but raise concerns about the loss of human connection, the potential misuse of AI, and the need for balanced decision-making in the hiring process. Based on the study's findings, it is recommended that a framework that combines humans and AI can be created. This study enables organizations to develop a customized recruitment process aligned with their vision, optimizing the use of AI and human intelligence to improve procedures and understand the impact of AI on hiring. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2025. -
SPP1, a potential therapeutic target and biomarker for lung cancer: functional insights through computational studies
NIH reported 128 different types of cancer of which lung cancer is the leading cause of mortality. Globally, it is estimated that on average one in every seventeen hospitalized patients was deceased. There are plenty of studies that have been reported on lung cancer draggability and therapeutics, but yet a protein that plays a central specific to cure the disease remains unclear. So, this study is designed to identify the possible therapeutic targets and biomarkers that can be used for the potential treatment of lung cancers. In order to identify differentially expressed genes, 39 microarray datasets of lung cancer patients were obtained from various demographic regions of the GEO database available at NCBI. After annotating statistically, 6229 up-regulated genes and 10324 down-regulated genes were found. Out of 17 up-regulated genes and significant genes, we selected SPP1 (osteopontin) through virtual screening studies. We found functional interactions with the other cancer-associated genes such as VEGF, FGA, JUN, EGFR, and TGFB1. For the virtual screening studies,198 biological compounds were retrieved from the ACNPD database and docked with SPP1 protein (PDBID: 3DSF). In the results, two highly potential compounds secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (-12.9 kcal/mol), and Hesperidin (-12.0 kcal/mol) showed the highest binding affinity. The stability of the complex was accessed by 100 ns simulation in an SPC water model. From the functional insights obtained through these computational studies, we report that SPP1 could be a potential biomarker and successive therapeutic protein target for lung cancer treatment. 2023 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. -
Spray dried nano oxide ceramics for free flowing plasma spray coating powders and battery material processing
Advanced materials are widely used in electronics, aerospace and automobile industry devices and also in substances synthesized for food, medical and pharmaceutical industries. The quality of the base material powder has high influence on the resulting material body (the product) which goes into the manufacture of the device. To name a few (a) flowable ceramic powders from agglomerated nano ceramic powders for plasma spray coatings with the right sprayable powder characteristics (b) advanced graphene encapsulated nano ceramic oxide powders with uniform conductive coating layers as promising electrodes in Li-Ion batteries, (c) advanced bio-ceramic oxides such as hydroxy-apatite ceramic materials with right amounts of moisture, density and composition consistency as bone and dental implants in bio-ceramics research are examples. Among the many processing methods to achieve the base powders from nano ceramic raw materials the most capable and efficient is 'Spray Drying' which results in powders with high purity with well-defined properties. Complex composite by spray drying is achieved where the 'matrix host' material is encapsulated by the 'guest layer' with special properties. This paper illustrates results pertaining to experimentation via spray drying and microscopic investigation by using SEM associated with EDS on (a) Yttria stabilized zirconia plasma sprayable powders for Thermal Barrier Coatings application and (b) nano yttria stabilized zirconia incorporated into microns sized alumina powders for enhanced densification, to understand the significant role of process parameters on uniformity and consistency of the spray dried products. Information based on review on spray dried Li-ion battery materials is also included. Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd. -
SPREADING RELIGION AND CULTURE THROUGH INTERNET MEMES
This paper delves into the use of Internet memes as a means of spreading religion and ethical values in modern society. With the rise of the Internet and social media, memes have gained popularity as a form of shared content with the ability to convey meaningful messages. The research evaluates the prevalence and impact of memes in religious and ethical contexts. Through this research, the authors present their viewpoint after mulling over the findings of authors like Limor Shifman. The study asserts that memes can facilitate discussions, promote religious literacy, reinforce beliefs, and instil ethical values. Additionally, it anticipates that religious and ethical memes may influence individuals' actions in their daily lives. This research is significant as it examines the potential of memes to serve as a contemporary tool for spreading religion and ethics in a digital world. 2023 Journal of Dharma: Dharmaram Journal of Religions and Philosophies (DVK, Bangalore),. -
Sprinting beyond sexism and gender stereotypes: Indian female fans experiences in the sports fandom
Although almost half of Indias female population watches sports, their experiences are concealed by traditional masculinity, leading to exclusion and harassment. To explore these experiences in-depth, this qualitative study aims to understand what coping strategies Indian Female Sports Fans (IFSFs) employ to sustain their team identification. Utilising criterion sampling, participants were screened using the Sports Spectators Identification Scale to assess team identification and a Brief Sexism Questionnaire to confirm participants experience with sexism. The participants were Indian women who followed any sport and were not professionals in the sports industry. Ten highly identified fans with gendered experiences were recruited for semi-structured interviews. The data was analyzed using Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis to understand IFSFs lived-in experiences, revealing superordinate themes of (1) Ontogenesis and Enduring Identification, (2) Gendered Experiences and Sexism, (3) Identity, Agency, Resistance, and Resilience, (4) Advocacy for Equality and Inclusivity. The findings reflect that IFSFs experience exclusion, harassment, and objectification in both online and offline fandoms, where they are targeted with death/rape threats, and attraction-based assumptions, questioning their authenticity as fans. To navigate this sexism, they use knowledge assertion, selective silence, and relational coping to claim space in male-dominated fandoms. In doing so, they actively redefine these marginal spaces as sites of empowerment where femininity and sports can coexist. A critical implication of this research is enabling sports organisations to develop inclusive fan engagement policies that actively encourage female fan participation, such as sensitising stadium staff, promoting gender-neutral language, and establishing an environment where sports transcend gender. 2025 International Society of Sport Psychology. -
Sprouting in Seeds Aided by Nitrogen Sourced from Ammonia Fumes Leached from Aluminum Dross
Nitrogen and water are nutrients essential for the sprouting of seeds and healthy growth of plants. The seeds derive nitrogen from ammonia (NH3), found in ammonium hydroxide commonly added as manure to the soil. In a materials synthesis process, NH3 gas was released when Aluminum-dross (Al-dross), a hazardous industrial foundry waste was beneficiated to extract useful materials (metallic Al, oxides of Al and Mg, etc.) from the waste. Chemical tests, SEM with EDS and XRD were used to characterize sieved black Al-dross (starting raw material) before and after the beneficiation process. Al-dross also contained significant quantities of aluminum nitride (AlN). When treated with an aqueous media (plain or carbonated water), the AlN reacted to release NH3 gas fumes. This work explored the potential of using this gas to act as a source of nitrogen to accelerate the sprouting of seeds and plant germination. Vegetable and fruit seeds were sown in the soil that was directly infused with the NH3 released from Al-dross for two hours, followed by several (8 to 12) hours of self-diffusion time for homogeneous distribution of the gas in the soil. Five pairs of soils (untreated regular and NH3 fumes treated soils) were prepared under similar conditions. 5 different vegetable and fruit seedlings were planted in these pairs of soils. The germination patterns and growth of the sprouts with time were observed. The seeds that preferred an alkaline environment for germination (e.g., ridge gourd and watermelon seeds) sprouted early and in good health in the NH3 treated soil. Seeds preferring acidic soils did not germinate well in NH3 fume-infused soils. The experiments confirmed the viability of the novel concept, where the waste ammonia fumes released from Al-dross could be favorably generated and used in a controlled manner to promote sprouting of certain agricultural seedlings. 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. -
Sputter deposited tungsten oxide thin films and nanopillars: Electrochromic perspective
Tungsten oxide (WO3) thin films and nano pillars were grown on FTO and corning substrates by using DC magnetron sputtering. Structural properties, surface morphology, optical properties, and electrochromic properties were systematically characterized by using SEM, XRD, UVVis Spectrometer, and Electrochemical Analyser respectively. Increased oxygen partial pressure resulted a rise in the optical transmittance from 72% to 89% at a wavelength of 600 nm. Moreover, coloration efficiency was also found to vary with partial pressures for both planar and glad from 30.48 cm2C-1 to 78.36 cm2C-1. We observe that glad deposited nano pillars showing higher coloration efficiency as compared to the planar thin film. The coloration efficiency found for the planar thin film and nano pillars at optimized partial pressure are 37.04 cm2C-1 and 78.36 cm2C-1 respectively. A strong influence of oxygen partial pressure and surface to volume ratio has been observed on the coloration efficiency, which can play a major role in the electrochromic application. 2022 Elsevier B.V. -
SR-Mine: Adaptive Transaction Compression Method for Frequent Itemsets Mining
Extraction of frequent itemsets is a key step in association rule mining. Frequent Pattern (FP) mining from a very large dataset is still a challenging research problem. The basic frequent itemset algorithms are Apriori and FP-growth. FP-growth uses Frequent Pattern Tree (FP-tree) to store the database information in a compressed form. A large number of research papers have been proposed as an improvement of the basic frequent itemset mining algorithms. Several researchers have proposed modifications to existing data structures as well as new data structures to improve the mining process. A new method, Size Reduced Mining (SR-Mine), is proposed to speed up the FP-tree creation. The proposed work is implemented with the basic FP-growth algorithm and with the other two recent algorithms based on FP-tree. The three modified algorithms have been tested with standard datasets and compared with the original algorithms. The proposed method can be applied with the frequent itemset mining algorithms which consider each transaction one by one to construct a data structure for mining. The experimental results show that the proposed method can improve the performance of the mining. 2021, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals. -
Sridevi's Stardom as A Cultural Vehicle for Women Empowerment and Social Commentary: A Textual Analysis of English Vinglish (2012) and Mom (2017)
In the Indian film sector, stardom is more than mere performance; it operates as a cultural text that produces impacts and negotiates with social values, ideals, and contradictions. Female stardom, in this way, is particularly potent in generating discourses of gender and empowerment, both disrupting patriarchal norms while enacting socially accepted moral orders. Sridevi's stardom carries specific cultural resonance, as the films she stars in offer a blend of popular entertainment while carrying deeper social significance. This study seeks to understand Sridevi's stardom and the potential for her representation of women's empowerment, as well as social commentary by analysing the films English Vinglish (2012) and Mom (2017). The study explores the implications related to Sridevi's star persona as a cultural and ideological site for women's empowerment and social critique in contemporary Indian cinema. It applies a purposive sampling method, and utilises textual analysis to investigate performance style, narrative structures, visual framing and symbolic meaning signifying women's power and resilience. The textual analysis of English Vinglish finds empowerment framed through self-assertion and linguistic competence within familial and social spaces whereas in Mom empowerment emerges in the more ambiguous domain of maternal justice and moral authority. Taken collectively, these films showcase how Sridevi's stardom functioned as a cultural vehicle, entertaining audiences while provoking critical consideration of women's roles, autonomy, justice, and empowerment within contemporary Indian society. 2026, Iquz Galaxy Publisher. All rights reserved. -
SS-CNN BruiseFinder: Hyperspectral imaging and CNN-driven spatial-spectral fusion for non-destructive plum bruise analysis
Plum fruit is susceptible to damage at various stages, from growth to packaging, and such bruising is often difficult to detect visually due to its subtle surface appearance. This research seeks to develop a convolutional neural network (CNN) model that leverages 3D convolutional layers to integrate spatial and spectral features from hyperspectral data, enabling accurate bruise analysis in plum fruit. In this study, plums sourced from a Norwegian fruit store were intentionally bruised and then imaged using hyperspectral technology at various time intervals (30 min to 48 h post-bruising). A novel CNN model, dubbed SS-CNN BruiseFinder, is developed to harness the spatial and spectral characteristics of these hyperspectral images for accurate bruise detection and classification. The SS-CNN BruiseFinder model demonstrates detection accuracy ranging from 68.5% to 91.5% and categorization accuracy between 67.39% and 98.16%. To further establish the effectiveness of this approach, three additional deep learning models a custom spectral CNN, ResNet 101, and a bidirectional LSTM model are developed and evaluated on the same dataset, providing a comprehensive validation of the proposed method's superiority. Timely detection of bruising helps prevent contaminated plums from entering the supply chain during transportation or storage. By categorizing plums based on bruise age, retailers can offer consumers more accurate freshness and quality information, enabling them to make better-informed purchasing choices and ultimately enhancing the overall shopping experience. To encourage community engagement and re-implementation, our code is available at https://github.com/SS-CNN BruiseFinder. 2025 Elsevier Ltd -
Stability Analyses of BrinkmanBard Convection in Hybrid-Nanoliquid Saturated-Porous Medium Using Local Thermal Non-equilibrium Model
This paper carries out linear and weakly non-linear stability analyses of natural convection in a Newtonian hybrid-nanoliquid saturated porous medium. The Boussinesq approximation is assumed to be valid in the study, and a two-phase energy model is used. The weighted residual Galerkin technique is employed to obtain the expression for the Rayleigh number and Lorenz model by using a truncated double Fourier series solution. The quadratic non-linear Lorenz model is solved numerically by using the RungeKuttaFehlberg method. Water is considered as a carrier liquid, and copper and alumina nanoparticles are considered with dilute concentration. Linear stability analysis reveals the onset of convection prepones in a hybrid nanoliquid-saturated porous medium. The amount of heat transport is maximum in a hybrid nanoliquid saturated porous medium and minimum in a liquid-saturated porous medium. Local thermal non-equilibrium situation ceases at higher rates of interphase heat transfer coefficient. The assumption of local thermal non-equilibrium is prominent in hybrid nanoliquid saturated porous medium. The results of the hybrid-nanoliquid channel, a hybrid nanoliquid saturated porous medium with the local thermal assumption, are presented as a limiting case of the study. 2024, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature India Private Limited. -
Stability Analysis and Navigational Techniques of Wheeled Mobile Robot: A Review
Wheeled mobile robots (WMRs) have been a focus of research for several decades, particularly concerning navigation strategies in static and dynamic environments. This review article carefully examines the extensive academic efforts spanning several decades addressing navigational complexities in the context of WMR route analysis. Several approaches have been explored by various researchers, with a notable emphasis on the inclusion of stability and intelligent capabilities in WMR controllers attracting the attention of the academic community. This study traces historical and contemporary WMR research, including the establishment of kinetic stability and the construction of intelligent WMR controllers. WMRs have gained prominence in various applications, with precise navigation and efficient control forming the basic prerequisites for their effective performance. The review presents a comprehensive overview of stability analysis and navigation techniques tailored for WMRs. Initially, the exposition covers the basic principles of WMR dynamics and kinematics, explaining the different wheel types and their associated constraints. Subsequently, various stability analysis approaches, such as Lyapunov stability analysis and passivation-based control, are discussed in depth in the context of WMRs. Starting an exploration of navigation techniques, the review highlights important aspects including path planning and obstacle avoidance, localization and mapping, and trajectory tracking. These techniques are carefully examined in both indoor and outdoor settings, revealing their benefits and limitations. Finally, the review ends with a comprehensive discussion of the current challenges and possible routes in the field of WMR. The discourse includes the fusion of advanced sensors and state-of-the-art control algorithms, the cultivation of more robust and reliable navigation strategies, and the continued exploration of novel WMR applications. This article also looks at the progress of mobile robotics during the previous three decades. Motion planning and path analysis techniques that work with single and multiple mobile robots have been discussed extensively. One common theme in this research is the use of soft computing methods to give mobile robot controllers cognitive behaviors, such as artificial neural networks (ANNs), fuzzy logic control (FLC), and genetic algorithms (GAs). Nevertheless, there is still a dearth of applications for mobile robot navigation that leverage nature-inspired algorithms, such as firefly and ant colony algorithms. Remarkably, most studies have focused on kinematics analysis, with a small number also addressing dynamics analysis. 2023 by the authors. -
Stability Analysis of AFTI-16 Aircraft by Using LQR and LQI Algorithms
The stability analysis of the dynamical system of linearized plant model of Advanced Fighter Technology Integration (AFTI)-16 aircraft was proposed along with the optimal control methods by applying linear quadratic regulator (LQR) and linear quadratic algorithm (LQI) algorithms. The LQR and LQI algorithms results were compared with state-space model analysis results. The state-space methods like pole placement method, without using the LQR algorithm the negative feedback system were found to be unstable. By the application of LQR and LQI algorithms to the linearized plant AFTI-16 aircraft open-loop system having negative feedback found to be stable. The stability parameters were verified by using MATLAB programming software. The eigenvalues play a key role in finding closed-loop system stability analysis. MIMO dynamical system with state feedback gain matrices is calculated by using MATLAB programming software. 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. -
Stability Analysis ofSalt Fingers forDifferent Non-uniform Temperature Profiles inaMicropolar Liquid
This paper describes the linear stability analysis of salt finger convection for different non-uniform temperature profiles by keeping the solutal concentration uniform throughout the system. The system consists of two parallel plates separated by a thin layer of micropolar liquid with infinite length, in which the system is heated and soluted from above the plate. Normal mode techniques are used to convert the system of partial differential equations into ordinary differential equations; further, Galerkian method is introduced to get the eigenvalue for isothermal, permeable with no-spin boundary conditions. The study also explains the effect of different micropolar parameters on the onset of convection. The phase of temperature flow for different boundary conditions explains the graphical solution of the energy equation and its gradients. It is shown that non-uniform temperature profiles, diffusivity ratio, coupling parameter, and solutal Rayleigh number influence the stability of the system. 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. -
Stability and bifurcation analysis of a fractional-order preypredator model with ratio-dependent functional response
This paper explores the dynamics of a fractional preypredator system with a ratio-dependent functional response with memory and hereditary effects in predatorprey interactions. The model is developed by the Caputo fractional derivative, and the existence, uniqueness, positivity, and boundedness of solutions are proven to satisfy biological reality. Stability conditions for local and global stability of both predator-free and coexistence equilibria are proven through linearization and Lyapunov function techniques. The fractional order is used as a bifurcation parameter, and the appearance of Hopf bifurcations is analytically explained with demonstration of the influence of memory on oscillations. To examine discrete-time dynamics, the piecewise constant argument is used to derive a discrete counterpart of the fractional model. The discrete model indicates a wide range of rich complex oscillatory phenomena, including period-doubling and NeimarkSacker bifurcations, leading to periodic, quasiperiodic, and chaotic oscillations. Numerical computations, including bifurcation diagrams, phase portraits, and Lyapunov exponents, verify the analytical results and describe the routes of transition to chaos. A comparative analysis to compare integer- and fractional-order cases indicates that memory effects enhance dynamical richness and sensitivity to parameters. The study provides a unified framework relating continuous fractional dynamics and their discrete implementations and provides additional insight into how memory and discretization interact to modify stability and bifurcation in ecological models. 2026 the Author(s), -
Stability and durability studies on platinum-decorated CNTs electrocatalyst synthesized via microwave-assisted polyol method for PEM fuel cell
In this study, an efficient and viable microwave-assisted polyol route was adopted to decorate Pt nanoparticles on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNT). Carbon corrosion tests were conducted on bare CNT (T), functionalized CNT (f-T), and commercial carbon (Vulcan XC-72R); our results indicate that f-T have the highest resistance toward corrosion, indicating its high stability in corrosive environments. The cyclic voltammetry curves were obtained before and after 5000 cycles by subjecting the electrocatalyst to harsh potential cycling; our test results imply that Pt/CNT are more durable when compared to commercial Pt/C. Then, fuel cell studies comprising Pt/CNT as cathode electrocatalyst was studied, and the results showed enhanced performance (maximum power density: 384 mW cm?2) for Pt/f-T than commercial Pt/C (367 mW cm?2) in Polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell, indicating the potential use of carbon nanotubes as support in PEM fuel cell. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to The Materials Research Society 2025. -
Stability and Effciency Enhancement of Perovskite Solar Cells
The greatest notable efficiency increases in recent years have been observed in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). With an ABX3 crystal structure, perovskite is an organic-inorganic hybrid chemical that generally has an arrangement similar to that of BaTiO3-. In this configuration, X stands for halogens, such as oxygen (O), iodide (I?), bromide (Br?), or chloride (Cl?), while A and B are variously sized cations that coordinate 12-fold and 6-fold, respectively, with X anions. Cations such as formamidine and methylammonium alter the lattice parameters, with the bandgap growing as the lattice parameters increase, but they have no direct effect on the valence band maxima. Comparable to the body-centered cubic lattice with extra anions on a unit cell's faces is the ideal perovskite structure. To achieve high power conversion efficiency (PCE), perovskite absorbers and PSC device topologies must have high charge. Consequently, increasing electron mobility, prolonging carrier life span, and lowering defect density all depend on improving the perovskite absorber's material quality. 2026 selection and editorial matter, T.D. Subash, J. Ajayan, and Leong Wai Yie; individual chapters, the contributors. -
Stability and statistical analysis on melting heat transfer in a hybrid nanofluid with thermal radiation effect
The dual solutions for the stagnation point flow in a cobaltCeO2/kerosene hybrid nanofluid with melting heat transfer and thermal radiation are analyzed. The partial differential equations are solved by the conversion of the partial differential equations into nonlinear ordinary differential equations by utilizing suitable scaling group transformations. Numerical solutions are obtained by employing the built-in function in the MATLAB software (bvp4c). Physically recoverable solutions are found employing stability analysis. The factor variables of interest (melting parameter, the nanoparticle volume fraction of cobalt and CeO2) are then further analyzed by utilizing the sensitivity analysis (based on the response surface methodology model) for heat transfer rate, as well as the skin friction coefficient. It is found that the heat transfer and skin friction tend to be significantly higher in a hybrid nanofluid due to the radiation and melting heat transfer. The lower branch is found to be unstable, whereas the upper branch is found to be stable. Also, the heat transfer rate and skin friction coefficient are found to be negatively sensitive toward the melting parameter. The model in this study can be applied for microscopic propulsion systems and the nano-electromechanical systems integrated with a nano-based system. IMechE 2021.