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Growth trajectories for executive and social cognitive abilities in an Indian population sample: Impact of demographic and psychosocial determinants
Cognitive abilities are markers of brain development and psychopathology. Abilities, across executive, and social domains need better characterization over development, including factors that influence developmental change. This study is based on the cVEDA [Consortium on Vulnerability to Externalizing Disorders and Addictions] study, an Indian population based developmental cohort. Verbal working memory, visuo-spatial working memory, response inhibition, set-shifting, and social cognition (faux pas recognition and emotion recognition) were cross-sectionally assessed in > 8000 individuals over the ages 623 years. There was adequate representation across sex, urban-rural background, psychosocial risk (psychopathology, childhood adversity and wealth index, i.e. socio-economic status). Quantile regression was used to model developmental change. Age-based trajectories were generated, along with examination of the impact of determinants (sex, childhood adversity, and wealth index). Development in both executive and social cognitive abilities continued into adulthood. Maturation and stabilization occurred in increasing order of complexity, from working memory to inhibitory control to cognitive flexibility. Age related change was more pronounced for low quantiles in response inhibition (??4 versus =2 for higher quantiles), but for higher quantiles in set-shifting (? > ?1 versus ?0.25 for lower quantiles). Wealth index had the largest influence on developmental change across cognitive abilities. Sex differences were prominent in response inhibition, set-shifting and emotion recognition. Childhood adversity had a negative influence on cognitive development. These findings add to the limited literature on patterns and determinants of cognitive development. They have implications for understanding developmental vulnerabilities in young persons, and the need for providing conducive socio-economic environments. 2023 Elsevier B.V. -
Growth, survival and haemato-biochemical profiles of the freshwater catfish, Pangasius sutchi (Fowler, 1937) fingerlings fed with Tinospora cordifolia leaf extract supplemented diet
The present study documents the possible effects of Tinospora cordifolia leaf extract supplemented diets on growth, survival and haemato-biochemical profiles of the catfish, Pangasius sutchi fingerlings. P. sutchi fingerlings were fed with formulated diets, supplemented with four different concentrations of T. cordifolia leaf extract (viz. 100, 200, 400 and 800 mg kg-1 of feed) for 45 days. Fingerlings fed with basal diet served as control. Various parameters of serum biochemical and haematology such as serum total protein content, albumin content, globulin content, albumin globulin ratio, glucose, erythrocytes count, leucocytes count were evaluated along with growth parameters. The results indicated that Specific Growth Rate (SGR), Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR), Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER), survival and Haemato-biochemical profiles such as total serum protein, albumin, globulin, albumin globulin ratio and serum glucose were high in the fingerlings fed with T. cordifolia leaf extract supplemented diets, irrespective of dosage, compared to control. Among the four concentrations of T. cordifolia leaf extract used, 400 mg/kg of feed group showed increased growth, survival and enhanced the health status of P. sutchi fingerlings. 2020, Egyptian Society for the Development of Fisheries and Human Health. All rights reserved. -
GST and its Impact on Small and Medium Scale Enterprises - A Study of Peenya Industrial Area in Banglaore, Karnataka
The introduction of Goods and Service Tax on 1st July, 2017 has revamped the tax structure and carved out a new path for the Indian economy. The new tax regime was envisioned to be free of all the problems of the previous tax system but, however since its proposal it has received mixed reviews from industries, academia and others. With extensive changes aimed at One Nation One Tax, it has left massive impact on the Small Scale Industries too. Hence this paper critically analyses the impact of Goods and Service Tax (GST) on Small Scale Industries specifically in Karnataka. Existing literature says that GST shall reduce the cost of doing business, increases transparency, decreases prices of product, increase tax compliance and improve ease of doing business. This paper proves some of these assertions through a primary data research and further identifies the need of reforms with respect to separation of definition of job work and labour work, penalties for non-payment of GST, dual administration and issues pending from the previous tax regime. It has also clearly established that composition scheme has been a non-performer and the reverse charge mechanism must be re-introduced later or revamped to balance its costs and benefits. Thus the study has implications for policy makers, industries and academia and also provides a better understanding of the new tax system itself. 2021 Lichchavi Harishekar et al., published by Sciendo 2021. -
Gucchi (Morchella esculenta)
This chapter focuses on Morchella esculenta as a nutraceutical and functional food, its habit, habitat, general characteristics, availability, biologically active compounds present and pharmacological and medicinal value. Mushrooms are spore-bearing fleshy fruiting bodies of fungus often present above the ground. Greeks and Romans included mushrooms in their diet. Romans considered mushrooms as the food of supernatural beings, despite the Chinese contemplating them as the elixir of the human being. Functional foods that are prepared from morel mushrooms are of high medicinal properties. The production of M. esculenta worldwide is 1.5 million tonnes of fresh weight and 150 tonnes of dry weight. India and Pakistan are the major morel-producing countries and each country has about 50 tonnes of dry morels. The pharmacological properties of Morchella species show its use in Chinese traditional medicine since 2, 000 years and in Malaysia and Japan to cure several diseases. 2023 Deepu Pandita and Anu Pandita. -
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GUI-Based Percentage Analysis forCuring Breast Cancer Survivors
The modeling approach is increasing the intensity of research in all the domains. The present paper deals with predictive modeling and probabilities. Data analysis is a technique used to transform, reconstruct, and revise some information that is an essential step to achieve the goal or the end result. The present study involves the usage of logistic regression technique for data analysis. Various domain-specific methods pertaining to science, business, etc., are available for data analysis which plays a key role in decision-making and model building. The significance of this analysis is to get the percentage of the survival of patients with advanced breast cancer. 2020, Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. -
GUIDELINES TO CARRY OUT TEACHING INTERNSHIP
The volume presented chapters on fundamental aspects of teaching internship to the cases of internship in countries across the Global South to the Global North. In addition, it discussed research insights into teaching internship practices and assessment of teaching internship. The previous chapter dealt with important templates useful for carrying out internships. The present chapter attempts to provide certain guidelines for carrying out internships. These guidelines might help those involved in organising teaching internships at schools. Understanding the steps of organising and deliberations on each stage of the internship process helps the stakeholders reap maximum benefit from the internship. Future researchers may focus on understanding the effectiveness of these guidelines when implemented. 2023 selection and editorial matter G.S. Prakasha and Anthony Kenneth; individual chapters, the contributors. -
Gulaab gang: Is it about the battle of sexes or women empowerment or cliches? /
Indian Research Journal, Vol.1, Issue 7, pp.40-45, ISSN No: 2347-7695. -
Gut Homeostasis; Microbial Cross Talks In Health and Disease Management
The human gut is a densely populated region comprising a diverse collection of microorganisms. The number, type and function of the diverse gut microbiota vary at different sites along the entire gastrointestinal tract. Gut microbes regulate signaling and metabolic pathways through microbial cross talks. Host and microbial interactions mutually contribute for intestinal homeostasis. Rapid shift or imbalance in the microbial community disrupts the equilibrium or homeostatic state leading to dysbiosis and causes many gastrointestinal diseases viz., Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Obesity, Type 2 diabetes, Metabolic endotoxemia, Parkinsons disease and Fatty liver disease etc. Intestinal homeostasis has been confounded by factors that disturb the balance between eubiosis and dysbiosis. This review correlates the consequences of dysbiosis with the incidence of various diseases. Impact of microbiome and its metabolites on various organs such as liver, brain, kidney, large intestine, pancreas etc are discussed. Furthermore, the role of therapeutic approaches such as ingestion of nutraceuticals (probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics), Fecal Microbial Treatment, Phage therapy and Bacterial consortium treatment in restoring the eubiotic state is elaborately reviewed. 2021 The Author(s). Published by Enviro Research Publishers. -
Gut microbes: The miniscule laborers in the human body
Our physical and mental being largely depends on our dietary intake and the manipulations done on food by the gut bacterial flora in the digestive tract. Scientists have discovered a lot of previously unknown facts about the gut microbiota. They have been found to play a role in manifold processes, such as digestion, nutrient conversion, absorption, detoxification, and so on. In fact, people who consume plant-based and animal-based diets will have separate array of gut microbes. The composition of these microbiota will drastically change during a switch to a new diet. Deficiencies of adequate beneficial gut bacterial flora have been associated with many ailments. As there are billions of such microbes in our body, the number of bacterial genes could far outnumber the human genes in our body. The role of gut microbes in the proper functioning of the human digestive and nervous systems and its implications will be discussed in this chapter. 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. -
Gut Microbiome Characterisation of Chrysomya megacephala: Isolation, Identification, Antibiotic Profiling, and Initial Documentation of Leclercia adecarboxylata from the Fly
Chrysomya megacephala, known for its vector potential, harbors a diverse microbiota crucial in understanding disease transmission dynamics. Herein, we report the first documentation of Leclercia adecarboxylata isolated from C. megacephala. L. adecarboxylata is an Enterobacteriaceae, gram-negative bacillus that cause infections in human and animals. Additionally, we have reported the presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecalis from C. megacepahala. The study carried out the antibiotic profiling and hemolytic assays, which revealed distinct resistance patterns and virulence characteristics, shedding light on potential public health implications. L. adecarboxylata, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecalis showed positive result for hemolysis and in terms of antibiotic resistance P. aeruginosa strains showed resistance to Amoxicillin, Ampicillin and Tetracycline while, E. faecalis showed resistance towards Streptomycin and Tetracycline. However, L. adecarboxylata showed sensitivity to all antibiotics. This study was conducted from Kozhikode, Kerala, India, and this is the first of its kind of study from the region to analyse the vector potential of C. megacephala. These findings underscore the significance of comprehensive microbiological investigations in vector-borne disease surveillance and management strategies. The Author(s) 2024. -
Gut Microbiota and Cancer Correlates
The human microbiota is a concoction of bacteria, archaea, fungi, and other microorganisms. It is necessary to maintain a partnership between the host and the microbiota in order to maintain the different aspects of human physiology, such as nutrient absorption, immune function and metabolism. The microbiota can contribute to both progression and suppression of the disease, including cancer. A disturbance in this interspecies balance called microbiome dysbiosis becomes a reason for the host to be more prone to issues such as immunodeficiency and cancer. Gut microbiota could potentially influence the factors that govern cancer susceptibility and progression through mechanisms such as immunomodulation, by producing metabolites, such as, bacteriocins, antimicrobial peptides involved in tumor suppression, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), and through enzymatic degradation. It is now an established fact that the host physiology as well as risk of diseases such as cancer could be greatly modulated by these commensal microbes and the regulation of cancer development, progression as well as response to anticancer therapy is greatly dependent on the host microbiota. Therefore, it is being envisaged that by the involvement of microbiome in augmenting antitumor responses to therapeutic approaches, potentially a new era of research with potentially broad implication on cancer treatment could be established. Better cancer treatment responsiveness can be achieved by understanding the role of the tumor microbiome in shaping the tumor microenvironment. This will help us to develop personalized anticancer solution with the goal to discover a bacterial species or a combination of species that decreases systemic toxicity and helps in anticancer therapy. This chapter is written in same context, which focuses on the association of the gut microbiome with the suppression and progression of cancers, the role of the immune system in this interaction, the utilization of these organisms for the treatment of cancers, and future perspectives. Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021, corrected publication 2021. -
Gut-Skin Axis: Role in Health and Disease
The human microbiome includes microorganisms and their cumulative genetic details that reside in the human body. Skin, the bodys most external organ and exposed to the external environment, is an ecosystem with 1.8 m2 area. It has a varying epidermal thickness, folds, and appendages in different areas including along with varying moisture and temperature level on the skin surface. Microbial colonization on the skin surface starts from the time of birth. The mode of delivery affects the colonization process to a considerable extent. The group of microbes colonizing the skin surface is determined by physical and chemical features of it, which applies to microbes inhabiting the gut and other ecological niches in the body as well. There is several common important characteristics shared commonly by gut and skin, where both are (1) heavily vascularized, (2) richly perfused, (3) densely innervated, (4) integrated to the immune system, (5) highly associated with the endocrine system, (6) extensively colonized with recognizable microbiota, and (7) both helps our body to communicate with its external environment. It has variously been reported that a close and bidirectional association within the gut and skin in maintaining the homeostasis and allostasis of skin and also gastrointestinal (GI) health. Therefore, numerous intestinal pathologies have been linked to skin comorbidities. It has been found that skin is directly impacted by the various circumstances that principally affect the intestine. Similarly, various gastrointestinal disorders could be linked to distinct dermatological entities. In the same context, a growing body of proof proposes an association of intestinal dysbiosis with many regular inflammatory skin pathologies including atopic dermatitis (AD), psoriasis, rosacea, and acne vulgaris. And the realization of this interconnected association between skin and gut has resulted in a new concept of the Gut-Skin Axis. An intimate bidirectional engagement between the gut and the skin has been well established by growing research evidence in this domain. Recent reports have indicated that the administration of specific Lactobacilli strains to mice can significantly alter the overall skin phenotype. Despite increasing research efforts in this domain, a systematic investigation of the Gut-Skin Axis remains ill explored by both gastroenterology as well as dermatology researchers. And in this context, here we are discussing various aspects of the Gut-Skin Axis and its role in the general well-being of individuals. The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022. -
GutBrain Axis: Role in Hunger and Satiety
The human gastrointestinal tract consists of nearly 100 trillion microorganisms, referred as gut microbiota or gut microbiome. The microbial colonization in the human gut begins at the time of birth and its colonization increases with age which is influenced by factors like age, diet, and antibiotic treatment. Gut microbiota is believed to play a major role in human health as well as various physiological activities like metabolism, nutrition, physiology, etc. Imbalance of the normal gut microbiota has been linked with gastrointestinal conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) as well as wider systemic manifestations of disease such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and atopy. Gutbrain axis, a two-way (bi-directional) connection and communication between the gut and the brain has potentially huge influence over our health which integrates neural, hormonal, and immunological signaling between the gut and the brain. There is growing evidence on the influence of gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota that modulates appetite, feeding, and metabolism as well as regulates the mechanisms of digestion. Gut hormones like Ghrelin, Cholecystokinin (CCK), Pancreatic Polypeptide (PP), Peptide YY (PYY), Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 (GLP-1), Oxyntomodulin (OXM), Glucagon, Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide (GIP), and Amylin have been identified in the gastrointestinal system which have a fundamental role in coordinating digestive process within the gastrointestinal system, thus regulating feeding behavior and energy balance. Studies have indicated that the modulation in gut microbiota regulates the production of ghrelin and PYY in overweight and obese patients and helps in promoting weight loss and improves glucose regulation. Considering the importance of the role of gut microbiota on hunger and satiety, this chapter was written where we have discussed the gutbrain axis and its role in hunger and satiety. Further, mechanism of appetite regulation by gut microbiota and their role in obesity control have also been discussed. Finally, future perspectives on application of gut microbiota as potential probiotic solutions for obesity and related metabolic disorders will be discussed. Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022. -
GWebPositionRank: Unsupervised Graph and Web-based Keyphrase Extraction form BERT Embeddings
Automatic keyphrase extraction is considered a preliminary task in many Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications that attempt to extract the descriptive phrases representing the main content of a document. Owing to the need for a large amount of labelled training data, an unsupervised approach is highly appropriate for keyphrase extraction and ranking. Keyphrase Extraction with BERT Transformers (KeyBERT) leverages the BERT embeddings that utilize the cosine similarity to rank the candidate keyphrases. However, extracting keyphrases based on the fundamental cosine similarity measure does not consider the spatial dimension locally and globally. Hence, this work focuses on enhancing the KeyBERT-based method with a Graph-based WebPositionRank (GWebPositionRank) design. The proposed unsupervised GWebPositionRank is the composition of graph-based ranking, referring to local analysis and web-based ranking, referring to the global analysis. To spatially examine the keyphrases, the proposed approach conducts the keyphrase position analysis at the document level through graph-based ranking and the web level using the WebPositionRank algorithm. Initially, the proposed approach extracts the coarse-grained keyphrases from the KeyBERT model and ranks the extracted keyphrases, the modelling of quality and fine-tuned keyphrases. In the GWebPositionRank method, the quality keyphrase ranking involves the document-level position analysis and four different graph centrality measures in a constructed textual graph for each text document, whereas the fine-tuned keyphrase ranking involves the web-level position analysis and diversity computation for the quality keyphrases extracted from the graph-based ranking method. Thus, the proposed approach extracts a set of potential keyphrases for each document through the advantage of the GWebPositionRank algorithm. The experimental results illustrate that the proposed unsupervised algorithm yielded superior results than the comparative baseline models while testing on the SemEval2017 dataset. 2024 IEEE.