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Effective Police Investigation Under BNSS 2023: Existing Legal Framework and Challenges
Effective police investigation plays a crucial role in ensuring justice, maintaining law and order, and successfully prosecuting criminals. It involves gathering evidence, examining witnesses, and thoroughly scrutinizing the crime scenes. The investigating officials are tasked with various vital duties integral to the investigation procedures. Due to workload, police personnel may use unfair means and methods for ending investigations, securing convictions, and avoiding criticisms. The crime investigation technique requires specialized skills and training, sufficient time, appropriate forensic abilities, and facilities. This chapter examines the efficacy of police investigations and the subsequent attainment of convictions, focusing on a comparative insight into the current legal framework and the challenges under the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS) 2023. This doctrinal and non-doctrinal study applied qualitative and quantitative content analysis to evaluate the secondary data. Criminal cases experience inadequate investigation and adequate evidence. A fair investigation is essential for ensuring justice for the accused, victim, and society. If the police do not follow procedures, omitting and tampering with evidence will be detrimental by preventing the court from reviewing it. The effectiveness of police investigation significantly affects judicial verdicts. Defects in the system lead to frequent acquittals in criminal cases. 2025 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG. -
Access to Justice Through Law Schools Legal AID Activities in India : An Empirical Study with Special Reference to Kerala
The provision of legal services is a fundamental human right and is integral to the maintenance of the rule of law. Ensuring Justice and the rule of law are unique sustainable development goals in the 2030 Agenda. Law school clinics provide a novel way to reach SDG-16. The legal aid system has been influenced by both international and national legislation, which has contributed to the establishment of its framework. The judiciary plays a pivotal role in ensuring the provision of free legal assistance to indigent people. Access to formal and informal justice institutions must be improved so that people can seek and get justice. Law school clinics provide potential and challenges as informal justice nstitutions, yet they are mostly ignored. Under CLE, law schools LACs engage in a variety of legal aid initiatives. Through this, students acquire professional skills while clients get legal services. That is the beauty of law school LACs. In the end, this "laboratory of lawyering" helps individuals find justice. In the Indian context, this thesis answered three research questions. 1) How do the legal aid programmes undertaken by law schools clinics promote SDG-16 and improve access to justice? 2) What are the current practices being undertaken by law schools LACs to guarantee access to justice? 3) What are the shortcomings that law schools LACs face in delivering appropriate legal services in Kerala? Two methodologies were used in answering these three questions: the doctrinal method for the first two research questions and the empirical method for the third. The doctrinal study examines the operation of LACs in general. The purpose of this empirical research on law school clinics in Kerala is to investigate the numerous legal aid activities and barriers to law school clinic operations in Kerala. No meticulous study was conducted in Kerala to evaluate how law schools LACs worked. National and international law school clinics' best practises and case studies were incorporated. The study examined the relationship between BCI, NALSA, SLSAs as well as CLE requirements along with law school performance. The LACs' commitment will be assessed based on their legal aid operations pre- and post-Covid-19, including legal representation, legal awareness, legal advice, paralegal services, PIL and ADR services to beneficiaries, and the effective implementation of BCI and NALSA's CLE requirements. This study explores the relationship between dependent and independent variables, such as how the improper implementation of BCI and NALSA regulations on CLE hindered law school LACs' commitments. The prevailing policy has restricted law school LACs' activity and is not enough to achieve access to justice (ATJ). Due to multiple factors, law school LACs failed to ensure effective service learning and did not reach the needy. This gap in the current CLE and its insufficient attention to promoting access to justice have been addressed. The empirical investigation demonstrates that while the number of law schools increased, legal aid activities decreased during the past decade. Current legal aid practices of law school LACs in Kerala are unsatisfactory and inconsistent in providing access to justice. BCI and LSAs ineffective control over LACs in law schools has contributed to a decline in legal aid activities and services. BCI and NALSA must reform their CLE rules and establish mandatory legal services to foster inclusive and effective LACs that give meaningful justice to the disadvantaged. -
Introduction to Quality of Education: SDG-4 Perspective
The chapter discusses the understanding of SDG-4 as per the United Nations perspective, along with the rationale for Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It discusses the targets and indicators under SDG-4, the quality of education. The chapter emphasizes the critical role of education in achieving all 17 SDGs. The chapter justifies that the SDG-4 focus on the Asia-Pacific (APAC) region through the discussion of diversity, economy, population, demographics, educational disparities, and innovation. The chapter discusses the education in the APAC region by providing an overview of the current status, trends, challenges, equity, quality, success stories, and regional innovations. The chapter highlights the progress toward SDG-4 in the APAC region in terms of Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE), secondary, higher education, technical and vocational education, and teacher education. The chapter presents the objectives, scope, operational definitions, best practices, and chapter summaries. It further presents the overview of the volume along with its unique contribution to the policy and knowledge domain. Copyright 2026 by John Joseph Puthenkalam and Joseph Chacko Chennattuserry Published under exclusive licence by Emerald Publishing Limited -
Quality Education for All in Asia-Pacific Countries: Research Insights, Reflections and Initiatives on SDG-4
Providing a comprehensive overview and analysis of the implementation status of Sustainable Development Goal 4 (SDG-4) in Asia-Pacific countries, Quality Education for All in Asia-Pacific Countries provides a timely update on steps taken to achieve the 2030 goal of inclusive and equitable quality education for all. The targeted regions for analysis include notable countries such as India, South Korea, Japan, Australia, Malaysia, and the Philippines. Chapter authors from each region delve into the period from 2015 to 2023 and present a thorough examination of policy initiatives designed to enhance the quality of education. Beyond the regional boundaries, each chapter sheds light on the global scenario of SDG-4 implementation, especially in the global south. This global awareness will contribute to international efforts and collaborations in achieving the UN-SDGs, and assist developing and developed countries in understanding the specific actions taken by these nations to improve the quality of education. In addition to reporting the current status of SDG-4 in Asia Pacific countries, chapters include awareness modules to highlight key aspects, lists of best practices adopted by these countries, attention to challenges faced by Asia-Pacific nations in implementing SDG-4 and forward-looking strategies for continued progress. 2026 G S Prakasha, Miki Sugimura, John Joseph Puthenkalam, and Joseph Chacko Chennattuserry. -
Photocatalytic and antioxidant potential of silver nanoparticles biosynthesized using Artemisia stelleriana leaf extracts
The antioxidant and photocatalytic activity of Artemisia stelleriana-based silver nanoparticles (AS-AgNPs) was investigated in this study. Microscopic, X-ray diffraction and spectroscopic studies were used to characterize the synthesized AS-AgNPs. UVvisible spectrophotometric examination revealed a peak at 425 nm. The phytocompounds involved in the transformation of silver ions into AS-AgNPs were confirmed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. The crystalline nature of the AS-AgNPs was verified using the X-ray powder diffraction technique. Spherical-shaped AS-AgNPs with a size of 22.7 nm were proved using field emission scanning electron microscopy. The AS-AgNPs were top-notch photocatalysts for the degradation of Reactive Blue-222A (RB-222A) and Reactive Blue-220 (RB-220) dyes. After 80 min of UV light exposure, AS-AgNPs degraded RB-222A and RB-220 dyes by 94.6 and 90.8%, respectively. The phytotoxicity investigation in Vigna radiata and Arte-mia salina indicated that the hazardous dye can be degraded into innocuous chemicals by AS-AgNPs. The results suggest that AS-AgNPs are an excellent antioxidant and photocatalyst for the degradation of synthetic dyes. 2023 The Authors. -
BUILDING A DATA ETHICAL FUTURE: Data Policies and Frameworks
Technology-driven choices are shaping the digital engagement of individuals and policymakers. Rapid technological advancements and the increasing utilisation of Big Data and Artificial Intelligence (AI) have presented profound ethical challenges concerning privacy, accountability, and transparency. Existing Data Acts, internet policies, and government frameworks fall short of protecting individuals and states from violations of their digital footprints. This article advocates for a human-centric approach to data ethics, drawing on the concept of the common good, as articulated by John Rawls. Through a systematic review of global data privacy laws, acts, guidelines, and practices, the article examines potential disparities and emphasises the need for universal data legislation, guidelines, and policies. It highlights the significance of data policies and frameworks in fostering ethical data usage, trust, and integrity. By applying Kants philosophy of respecting individuals autonomy, the article emphasises the importance of informed consent and recommends ethical guidelines for both users and content creators. 2023, Journal of Dharma: Dharmaram Journal of Religions and Philosophies (DVK, Bangalore) -
Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Systems: Impact of AI on Post-COVID-19 Student Enrolment in Keralas Higher Education Institutions
This study investigates the influence of artificial intelligence (AI) on student enrollment in higher educational institutions in Kerala, with a particular emphasis on the mediating role of customer relationship management (CRM) systems. Employing a descriptive research design, a self-prepared questionnaire was administered to a purposive sample of 200 students, encompassing various educational stages. The findings reveal a significant positive correlation between AI usage and student enrollment, with AI usage accounting for 37.3% of the variance in enrollment outcomes. Furthermore, the analysis indicates that CRM systems partially mediate the relationship between AI and student enrollment, enhancing the effectiveness of AI-driven strategies in the recruitment process. With high reliability demonstrated in the research instrument (Cronbach alpha = 0.827), the study underscores the necessity of integrating AI and CRM technologies to optimize enrollment strategies in the evolving educational landscape. 2025 by IGI Global Scientific Publishing. All rights reserved. -
On some classes of equitable irregular graphs
Graph labeling techniques are used by data scientists to represent data points and their relationships with each other. The segregation/sorting of similar datasets/points are easily done using labeling of vertices or edges in a graph. An equitable irregular edge labeling is a function $$f: E(G) \rightarrow N$$ (not necessarily be injective) such that the vertex sums of any two adjacent vertices of $$G$$ differ by at most one, where vertex sum of a vertex is the sum of the labels under $$f$$ of the edges incident with that vertex. A graph admitting an equitable irregular edge labeling is called an equitable irregular graph (EIG). In this paper, more classes of equitable irregular graphs are presented. We further generalize the concept of equitable irregular edge labeling to $$k$$-equitable irregular edge labeling by demanding the difference of the vertex sum of adjacent vertices to be $$k \ge 1$$. The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd 2021. -
Faulty Node Detection Using Vertex Magic Total Labelling in Distributed System
Distributed system consists of huge number of nodes that are connected to a network, which is mainly intended and predominantly used for information sharing. Large users are prone to share data through the network and the stability and reliability of the nodes are remaining as the major concern in this system. Therefore, the inconsistent message transmission causes the nodes in the network to act differently, which would not be acceptable. A rapid method of malfunctioning nodes detection can improve the QoS of distributed computing environment. In this paper, a novel algorithm is proposed based on the calculation of vertex magic total labelling (VMTL) value for each and every node in the network. Upon receiving the message from the sender node, the receiver node will quickly detect the faulty node by comparing the VMTL pivot value (Pv). Experimental results show that the proposed approach leads to high true fault rate (TFR) detection accuracy compared to the false fault rate (FFR) detection. Finally, all the information related to the faulty nodes will be sent to the server node for further investigation and action. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021. -
On Statistical Tools in Finding Equitable Antimagic Labeling of Complete Graphs
Graph theory is a branch of mathematics that deals with representation of graphs with vertices and edges. Graph labeling is the assignment of integer labels to either vertices or edges. For a given graph G= (V, E), an edge-weighting is a function f:E(G)?{1,2,3,..,|E(G)|}. For a vertex v of G, let Wf(v) denotes the sum of edge-weights appearing on the edges incident at v under the edge-weighting f. A bijective edge-weighting f of G is said to be an equitable antimagic labeling (EAL) of G if |Wf(u) - Wf(v) | ? 1 for any pair of adjacent vertices u and v of G. A graph admitting an EAL is called an equitable antimagic graph (EAG). In this paper, the characterization of complete graphs Kn, for n? 6 is dealt using an algorithmic approach. 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. -
Quantum Computings Path toSupremacy: Progress in the NISQ Epoch
Quantum computing leverages the principles of quantum mechanics for information processing, with qubits serving as the fundamental units of quantum information. Qubits are quantum states where information processing can be engineered. Qubits possess the unique ability to encode, manipulate and extract information, enabling remarkable parallelism in computation. This enhanced computational speed, called quantum supremacy, promises to transcend established complexity boundaries. Significant strides have been made in demonstrating quantum supremacy through various experiments, most notably Googles 2019 experiment utilizing the Sycamore quantum processor to solve a problem that would stymie classical supercomputers for millennia. Other research groups, such as the Chinese team employing Jiuzhang and Zuchongzhi quantum processors, have achieved similar feats, showcasing the profound computational capabilities of quantum computers. It is essential to underscore that quantum supremacy does not signify quantum computers superiority across all tasks; current quantum computers remain constrained in their applicability, excelling primarily in specific problem domains. Nevertheless, recent advancements in quantum computing are noteworthy and ongoing development promises to expand their problem-solving capacities. This paper offers an introductory overview of quantum computing and an assessment of three prominent quantum supremacy experiments. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2024. -
A Study on Measures of Central Tendency of Some Distance Parameters of Connected Graphs
This dissertation sets out to examine the implications of various mea- sures of central tendencies of graphs by introducing the unique concept of ?graphs. A ?graph is defined as a simple, finite, connected and undirected graph in which the basic centrality measures: mean, median and mode of eccentricities are equal. It takes a formal approach to the exploration of ?graphs by applying the principles of Graph Theory. Various graphs are looked into to compare the centrality measures, and the possibility of those being ?graphs. Earlier graph theoretical research in notions of centrality, distance and eccentricity are reviewed. It describes the development of a new elicitation tool that examines the effect of measures of central tenden- cies in graphs, by analyzing their eccentricity sequences. Using this new ap- proach the central values of certain graphs are obtained. The concept found would be helpful to develop a more complex interpretation of the notion of centrality measures in graph theory. Keywords: Eccentricity; Eccentricity sequence; Distance; Degree; Cen- trality; Mean; Mode; Median; ?graph; Central value -
Antimagic labeling and its variations in graphs
Graph theory is a branch of discrete Mathematics with its results having significant applications in many areas of computing, social, and natural sciences. Graph labeling is one of the fascinating areas of graph theory with wide-ranging applications. The concept was first introduced in the 1960s where the vertices and edges are assigned real values or newlinesubsets of a set subject to certain conditions. The labeling dealt in the thesis is edge labeling basically, that is, assigning a label to the edges of the graph. Depending on the conditions applied in labeling give way to magic, super-magic, antimagic labelings. Hartsfield and Ringel introduced the notion of antimagic labeling in the year 1990. In this thesis, three variations in graph labeling are dealt namely, equitable antimagic labeling, equitable difference labeling and extension of equitable irregular labeling with an introduction of k-equitable irregular labeling. For a given graph G = (V,E), an equitable antimagic labeling (EAL) of G is a bijective edge-labeling f: E(G) and#8594; {1,2,3,...,m = |E(G)|} such that |W_f (u)-W_f (v)| and#8804; 1 for any pair of adjacent vertices u and v of G, where W_f (v) is the sum of the labels of the edges incident with the vertex v. A graph admitting an EAL is called an equitable antimagic graph (EAG). In Chapter 2, we initiate a study of this new edge labeling of graphs. A diand#64256;erence labeling of a graph G is realized by assigning distinct integer values to each vertex and then associating with each edge, the absolute diand#64256;erence of those values assigned to its end vertices. That is, it is an injective function f: V(G) and#8594; N together with function f^*: E(G) and#8594; N deand#64257;ned by f^* (uv)=|f(u)-f(v)|for any edge uv in G. The function f^* is called the weight function induced by f. An irregular labeling f: E(G) and#8594; N with the property that S_f (u) and#8800; S_f (v) for any two vertices u and v of G, where S_f (u) denotes the sum of the labels of the edges incident with the vertex u. The sum S_f (u) is called the vertex sum of u under f. -
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A metal-A nd base-free domino protocol for the synthesis of 1,3-benzoselenazines, 1,3-benzothiazines and related scaffolds
Efficient protocols have been described for the synthesis of 1,3-benzoselenazines, 1,3-benzothiazines, 2-aryl thiazin-4-ones and diaryl[b,f][1,5]diazocine-6,12(5H,11H)-diones. These transformations were successfully driven towards the product formation under mild acid catalyzed reaction conditions at room temperature using 2-amino aryl/hetero-aryl alkyl alcohols and amides as substrates. The merits of the present methods also rely on the easy access of rarely explored bioactive scaffolds like 1,3-benzoselenazine derivatives, for which well-documented methods are rarely known in the literature. A broad range of substrates with both electron-rich and electron-deficient groups were well-tolerated under the developed conditions to furnish the desired products in yields up to 98%. The scope of the devised method is not only restricted to the synthesis of 1,3-benzoselenazines, but it was also further extended towards the synthesis of 1,3-benzothiazines, 1,3-benzothiazinones and the corresponding eight membered N-heterocycles such as diaryl[b,f][1,5]diazocine-6,12(5H,11H)-diones. 2018 The Royal Society of Chemistry. -
The facile and efficient organocatalytic platform for accessing 1,2,4-selenadiazoles and thiadiazoles under aerobic conditions
The first organocatalytic approach towards synthesis of rarely explored 1,2,4-selenadiazole and thiadiazole scaffolds have been devised using corresponding carboxamides as substrates. The transformations were realized using two distinct conditions in the presence of catalytic vitamin B3 or thiourea under aerobic conditions. Developed methods overcome the associated limitations of previous reported approaches and the desired products were obtained in high yields and selectivity without the formation of toxic side-products. 2018 Elsevier Ltd -
Reagent-Controlled Divergent Synthesis of 2-Amino-1,3-Benzoxazines and 2-Amino-1,3-Benzothiazines
A reagent-controlled chemoselective process has been devised for the synthesis of 4H-1,3-benzoxazines and related biologically important heterocycles in high yields under mild conditions. These scaffolds could be efficiently constructed using two different chemoselective reactions that rely on the choice of reagents and reaction conditions. The treatment of various 2-amino-arylalkyl alcohols with isothiocyanates afforded thiourea intermediates, which were reacted in situ with molecular iodine in the presence of triethylamine to give 2-amino-4H-1,3-benzoxazines, whereas the corresponding 2-amino-4H-1,3-benzothiazines were obtained by the reaction of thiourea intermediates in the presence of T3P (a mild cyclodehydrating agent) and triethylamine as the base. The described protocol represents the first example for the synthesis of 4H-1,3-benzoxazines via the dehydrosulfurization method using molecular iodine as the reagent. Copyright 2019 American Chemical Society. -
Synthesis of benzothiazinones, benzothiazines and their selenium analogues through novel synthetic routes /
Benzo fused N-heterocyclic scaffolds containing oxygen, sulphur or selenium have found wide interest in the field of drug-discovery. Among these N-heterocycles, benzothiazine, benzoxazine, benzoselenazine and benzothiazinone derivatives are a unique class of compounds and have a larger scope towards the development of efficient and simple synthetic methodologies for their synthesis with readily available substrates. -
Synthesis of Benzothiazinones Benzothiazines and Their Selenium Analogues Through Novel Synthetic Routes
Benzo fused N-heterocyclic scaffolds containing oxygen, sulphur or selenium have found wide interest in the field of drug-discovery. Among these N-heterocycles, benzothiazine, benzoxazine, benzoselenazine and benzothiazinone derivatives are a unique class of compounds and have a larger scope towards the development of efficient and simple synthetic methodologies for their synthesis with readily available substrates. newlineDuring the course of the present thesis a convenient and simple synthetic procedures were developed for the synthesis of benzothiazines, benzoxazines, benzoselenazines and benzothiazinones in an onepot methodology. 2-aryl/alkyl substituted 1,3-benzothiazines and selenazines were synthesized by reacting 2-amino benzyl alcohols and thio or seleno benzamides in the presence of T3P.A reagent controlled methodology was developed for the synthesis of 2-amino substituted 1,3-benzothiazines and oxazines. Initially, various 2-amino benzylalcohols are reacted with newlineisothiocyanates to form the corresponding thioureas. The formed thioureas undergo newlinecyclodehydration in the presence of T3P to yield 2-amino substituted 1,3-benzothiazines newlineand on the other hand molecular iodine facilitates desulfurization of the thiourea to yield 2-amino substituted 1,3-benzoxazines. 2-amino substituted 1,3-benzothiazinones were synthesized by reacting anthranilic acids and isothiocyanates in the presence of EDC.HCl. 2-aryl substituted 1,3-benzothiazinones were synthesized by employing thiobenzamides in the presence of T3P. All the compounds synthesized were characterized by 1HNMR, 13C, Mass spectroscopic (LCMS, HRMS) analysis. Docking studies against TANKYRASE-1 enzyme for colorectal cancer (CRC) and antibacterial studies were also discussed. -
Consumer Adoption Behaviour of Smart, Green, and Sustainable Building Materials for Future Cities and Environment: Extension of UTAUT 2 Model
This study explores various factors that influence the consumers intention to adopt smart, green, and sustainable building materials in Bangalore city, Karnataka, India. The purpose of this study is to evaluate how consumers actual adoption behaviour of smart, green, and sustainable building materials is influenced by their behavioural intentions. A standardized questionnaire was utilized to collect data from 382 homebuilders in Bangalore as part of a descriptive research study. A simple random sampling technique was used along with Structural equation modelling (SEM) was employed to test hypotheses framed. Findings indicate that availability and accessibility, awareness, epistemic values, and technology adoption propensity all positively affect subjective norms. Subjective norms positively impact behavioural intention and adoption behaviour. However, challenges in adoption influenced subjective norms negatively, thus hindering consumer adoption. Awareness had the greatest influence on subjective norms, emphasizing the need for increasing consumer awareness. Subjective norms successfully mediated the relationship between independent factors impacting behavioural intention and adoption behaviour. Significant indirect effects of awareness via subjective norms on Behavioural intention were observed. This study highlights the need of increasing social awareness and cultivating a positive view of social expectations in order to promote the widespread use of smart, green, and sustainable building materials, which will eventually result in long-term sustainable cities and surroundings. 2024 The Author(s).