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Research progress of MXenes and MXenes-based catalysts for photocatalytic water splitting: A systematic review
The field of two-dimensional (2D) materials has witnessed remarkable growth over the years, especially on a class of materials known as MXenes. MXenes have garnered significant attention for their exceptional physicochemical properties, which include high electrical and thermal conductivity, large surface area, adjustable bandgap, and hydrophilicity. These characteristics have paved the way for a diverse range of applications, including photocatalysis, electrocatalysis, supercapacitors, sensing, and biomedicine. MXenes have been recognized to be particularly effective in applications such as photocatalytic hydrogen production through water splitting reactions. This involves using MXenes as cocatalysts to enhance the efficiency of the photocatalytic process. In this review, the various synthetic methods for producing MXenes and MXenes-based catalysts are summarized, shedding light on the versatility of their fabrication techniques. The underlying mechanisms of photocatalytic H2 evolution are explored, providing insights into how MXenes function as cocatalysts in these reactions. These mechanisms are crucial for understanding the enhancement of H2 production and improving the overall efficiency of the water splitting process. Furthermore, the review delves into the challenges that researchers face when utilizing MXenes and MXene-based materials for electrocatalytic water splitting. These challenges serve as motivation for further exploration and innovation in the field, driving the development of more efficient and sustainable electrocatalytic systems. In this discussion, the potential future applications of MXenes and their composites in electrocatalytic water splitting and other fields are explored. This suggests that ongoing research and advancements in MXene-based materials have the potential to revolutionize various technological areas, contributing to the development of cleaner energy sources and more efficient catalytic processes. 2024 Elsevier Ltd -
Responsible and sustainable lending by Financial institutions: a literature Review
The subject of the study is to use an extensive literature review to evaluate how academic research on corporate social responsibility (CSR) is developing. The journals and papers in the ISI Web of Science, SCOPUS, and Taylor&Francis databases served as the foundation for this literature review. The purpose of the study is to highlight essential papers, referenced journals importance, and potential future study directions. Determinants that impact the CSR performance of an organization are governance, profitability, firm characteristics, and minimum expenditure. The impact of CSR has been measured using accounting-based market value, risk, excess return on a stock, and moral capital. All the variables are discussed with strongly supported literature and then concluded by giving a framework. The novelty of our study is that it analyses new research trends while concentrating on the CSR research frontiers. The conclusion identifies possible areas for scientists to further develop their expertise, including sustainable and responsible financing and ESG strategy. Sachdeva S., Ramesh L., 2023. -
Resveratrol as a therapeutic choice for traumatic brain injury: An insight into its molecular mechanism of action
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a global health challenge owing to its high incidence rate, long-term sequelae, and complex pathophysiology with limited available treatment options. Food supplement rich in polyphenols has shown promising health benefits in TBI. Resveratrol, a phytoalexin stilbenoid commonly found in many plants, including grapes, nuts, and berries, is endowed with several health-promoting effects. In this review, the pathophysiology of TBI and the underlying mechanism for Resveratrol-induced neuroprotection in TBI has been discussed. The spectrum of injuries in TBI, including the acute primary injury, and delayed secondary injury often leading to other forms of neurodegenerative disorders, indicates the dysregulation of multiple pathways following TBI and its complex pathophysiology. Despite poor bioavailability and solubility, Resveratrol as a therapeutic in neurological illnesses, including TBI, is attributable to its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, detectable level in the brain, and the lack of unfavorable toxicity. Substantial preclinical evidence has associated Resveratrol with protection against TBI and subsequent secondary brain injury as it has significant anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties, emphasizing its promising scope in the treatment of TBI. 2022 -
Reversing Cell Aging - Understanding the Causes and Potential Remedies, a Current Perspective
To retain vigor, vitality and youthfulness has always been cherished as the dream of mankind from time immemorial. Scientists have been on the quest to find out the reasons for aging so that remedial measures can be thought of. With the current pace of developments in this domain, the possibility of extending one's expiry date is not so far off in the future. Through reverse cell aging, the concept of everlasting youth might no longer be a fantasy. Aging is the net result of reduction in the efficiency of physiological activities in our body essentially due to wear and tear. At the molecular level, the reasons for this include telomere shortening, oxidative stress, glycation, protein aggregation, mutation etc. Progressive damage due to these underlying causes result in pathological manifestation resulting in cell aging. The current review focuses on the causes of cellular aging, both genetic and epigenetic and discusses various approaches like telomere reactivation, epigenetic age reversal and hyperbaric oxygen treatment to reverse that condition. 2022 World Research Association. All rights reserved. -
Review - Electrochemical Strategies for Selective Fluorination of Organic Compounds
The conventional methods for carrying out fluorination of organic compounds are typically conducted using a pre-modified starting material, usually expensive and toxic reagents. In this regard, electrochemical fluorination has been recognized as a sustainable and scalable strategy. Electrofluorination has proven to be an environmentally benign, highly effective, and versatile platform for the synthesis of selective organofluorine compounds under mild conditions. This review provides an overview on the use of anodic electrochemical methods for vicinal difluorination, iodofluorination, fluoroalkynylation, fluorodecarboxylation, fluoro desulfurization, radiofluorination, and synthesis of fluorinated heterocycles. Modern advances in the field of electrochemical fluorination, such as ionic liquids mediated electrochemical fluorination, triethylammonium halides, mixed non-aqueous solvents, alkali-metal fluoride, and split-bipolar electrodes in the field of electrochemical fluorination are also discussed. 2021 The Electrochemical Society ("ECS"). Published on behalf of ECS by IOP Publishing Limited. -
Review Article: A Review on Starch and CelluloseEnhanced Superabsorbent Hydrogel
Superabsorbent hydrogels are hydrophilic polymer units that can absorb water and organic fluids into the three-dimensional network and mimic biological cells when swollen. Hydrogels are categorized as natural, synthetic, and hybrid, depending on their constituent polymer. The novel green synthesis includes the combination of natural polymers with synthetic ones to produce eco-friendly Hydrogels. The networks are established using crosslinkers formed chemically as covalent bonds or ionic bonds and physically if intermolecular forces are involved. Starch and cellulose are naturally occurring biopolymers that make significant applications for hydrogel production. This article reviews hydrogel, its properties, classification, synthesis mechanism, and application in various sectors using starch and cellulose as copolymers. Due to the high range of availability, nontoxic nature, and biodegradability, starch and cellulose-based hydrogels find high regard in the present research era. The biopolymers beneficiation can result in the evolution of economic and sustainable methods for transforming this natural biopolymer into utilitarian organic products. 2023, Sami Publishing Company. All rights reserved. -
Review of Geopolymer Composites Synthesized Using Different Industrial By-products
Managing the substantial volume of industrial waste is challenging due to diminishing landfill capacity and associated risks to people and the environment. The optimal approach is to repurpose or find alternative applications for these waste products. Previous studies have investigated using industrial waste and chemicals to enhance soil stability. Common binders like cement, while offering significant stabilization potential, raise concerns about economic feasibility and environmental impact. Recently, theres a growing interest in low carbon emission cementing agents. This trend leads to using waste by-products for geopolymer binder production, potentially strengthening soft soil in an eco-friendly way. Unconfined compressive strength, vital in construction foundation design, has been a focus of extensive research to enhance soil strength over the years. This paper provides a brief overview of several studies that highlight the utilization of various industrial waste products in the synthesis of geopolymers. Also, this comprehensive review centers on investigations related to the application of geopolymers derived from industrial solid waste as a soil stabilizer. The review delves into the impact of various parameters, including different percentage mixes (%), molarity (M), temperature (T), curing time (days), on the unconfined compressive strength of the soil. It has been observed that, a variety of industrial by-products like Bagasse ash (BA), Blast furnace slag (BFS), Egg shell powder (ESP), Fly ash (FA), Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS), Iron Ore Tailings (IOT), Metakaolin (MK), Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA), Recycled Asphalt Pavement (RAP), Rice husk ash (RHA), Red Mud (RM), etc. can serve as valuable source materials for geopolymerization. In most of the studies, the commonly utilized alkaline activator consists of a blend of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate solution. The unconfined compressive strength of geopolymerized industrial waste products relies on specific parameters, including optimal alkaline concentration, activator liquid to raw material mass ratio, and sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide solution ratio. Diverse curing conditions are also necessary, varying with raw materials and activators. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Chinese Society of Pavement Engineering 2024. -
Review of recent progress in the development and properties of aluminum metal matrix composites reinforced with multiwalled carbon nanotube by powder metallurgy route
Aluminum and its alloys are finding increasing applications in every sphere of industry with various reinforcements. New reinforcements like graphene and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are in focus on account of its contribution in mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties. Achieving uniform distribution and selecting the right manufacturing process still remain a challenge. Hence, this review takes into account the contributions by many researchers and attempts to consolidate the findings that may close the gap and identify the scope for future research. In spite of the advantages of aluminum, it requires improvement in strength, wear resistance, heat resistance, conductivity, and thermal expansion. Among the available reinforcements, CNT stands out because of its unique features of thermal conductivity, expansion, and strength. The effect of multiwalled CNT reinforcement in metal on precipitation hardening is also discussed. Copyright 2019 by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959 -
Review on Dietary Factors in Fermented Foods and their Efficacy in Disease Management
The process of preservation of various food sources, over time, gave rise to fermented foods. Traditionally, each ethnic group has its distinct fermented food(s) incorporated into their diet, both as culinary enjoyment and nutrition. Fermentation increases nutrient availability and enhances the texture and flavor of the original food. The benefits of fermented food consumption and potential probiotic intake are discussed in this review. The review describes mechanism(s) of action of bioactive components from fermented foods on the human system, their role in health management, and an overview of the role of fermented foods in improving diseases, namely obesity, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), hematological cancers, and radiation-induced diarrhea in cancer patients and allergies are briefly reviewed. 2022 Bentham Science Publishers. -
Review on lightweight cryptography techniques and steganography techniques for IoT environment
In the modern world, technology has connected to our day-to-day life in different forms. The Internet of Things (IoT) has become an innovative criterion for mass implementations and a part of daily life. However, this rapid growth leads the huge traffic and security problems. There are several challenges arise while deploying IoT. The most common challenges are privacy and security during data transmission. To address these issues, various lightweight cryptography and steganography techniques were introduced. These techniques help secure the data over the IoT. The hybrid of cryptography and steganography mechanisms provides enhanced security to confidential messages. Any messages can be secured by cryptography or by embedding the messages into any media files including text, audio, image, and video using steganography. Hence, this article has provided a detailed review of efficient, lightweight security solutions based on cryptography and steganography and their function over IoT applications. The objective of the paper is to study and analyze various Lightweight cryptography techniques and Steganography techniques for IoT. A few works of literature were reviewed in addition to their merits and limitations. Furthermore, the common problems in the reviewed techniques are explained in the discussion section with their parametric comparison. Finally, the future scope to improve IoT security solutions based on lightweight cryptography and steganography is mentioned in the conclusion part. The Author(s) under exclusive licence to The Society for Reliability Engineering, Quality and Operations Management (SREQOM), India and The Division of Operation and Maintenance, Lulea University of Technology, Sweden 2024. -
Review on microbially synthesized nanoparticles: a potent biocontrol agent against Aedes species of mosquito
Aedes aegypti is a principal vector of dengue, chikungunya and Zika illnesses worldwide. Because effective vaccinations or medications for the prevention and/or treatment for these illnesses are not available, vector management has been embraced as the primary method of reducing their transmission. The strategy that is often used for controlling Aedes populations is chemical insecticides; however, despite their efficiency, extensive usage of these pesticides has resulted in high operating costs, the establishment of resistant populations and undesirable non-target impacts. Therefore, the use of nanoparticles derived from multiple synthesis processes as new insecticides has recently attracted the interest of researchers. This study provides an overview of the current understanding concerning the method of action of nanoparticles against mosquitoes. Metal nanoparticles strongly influence antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes in insects, causing oxidative stress and cell death. These nanoparticles similarly inhibited acetylcholinesterase activity. Metal-based nanoparticles can potentially bind to S and P units in proteins and nucleic acids respectively resulting in decreased membrane permeability, organelle and enzyme denaturation which leads to cell death. Furthermore, they upregulate and downregulate critical insect genes, lower protein synthesis and gonadotrophin release, resulting in developmental and reproductive failure. This review critically examines insect nanotoxicology research trends and highlights the ecotoxicological effects of practical usage of nanoparticles as insecticides. 2022 World Research Association. All rights reserved. -
Review on persistent challenges of perovskite solar cells stability
Today Perovskite solar cell (PSC) has achieved efficiency close to 26%, surpassing the efficiencies of well- known Dye-Sensitized Solar cells (DSSC), CdTe-based solar cells, etc. Ease of preparing perovskite solutions and convenient deposition technique has given them added advantage over other contemporary competitors. This has also made them an economically feasible option. Since the inception of PSCs in 2009, a lot of improvements have been done in various aspects like composition, synthesis technique, fabrication method, and interface study. However, today it is crucial to think about the commercialization of PSCs. In this direction, the stability of PSCs has been a long-standing question. This review focuses on the key aspects of perovskite stability. Challenges posed by environmental factors like moisture, oxygen, temperature, and light are still unanswered. The lead toxicity of PSCs demands a potential substitute of lead with no compromise in their efficiency. The lead-free approach of PSCs and their commercialization has been discussed separately. A suitable emphasis has been given to the encapsulation of solar cells, as we find it a necessary part of the future commercialization process. This review has been addressed with an ideology to provide overall knowledge on the stability issues and challenges concerned with the PSCs, to attract young research community towards this emerging field. 2021 International Solar Energy Society -
Review on the Biogenesis of Platelets in Lungs and Its Alterations in SARS-CoV-2 Infection Patients
Thrombocytes (platelets) are the type of blood cells that are involved in hemostasis, thrombosis, etc. For the conversion of megakaryocytes into thrombocytes, the thrombopoietin (TPO) protein is essential which is encoded by the TPO gene. TPO gene is present in the long arm of chromosome number 3 (3q26). This TPO protein interacts with the c-Mpl receptor, which is present on the outer surface of megakaryocytes. As a result, megakaryocyte breaks into the production of functional thrombocytes. Some of the evidence shows that the megakaryocytes, the precursor of thrombocytes, are seen in the lungs interstitium. This review focuses on the involvement of the lungs in the production of thrombocytes and their mechanism. A lot of findings show that viral diseases, which affect the lungs, cause thrombocytopenia in human beings. One of the notable viral diseases is COVID-19 or severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by SARS-associated coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 caused a worldwide alarm in 2019 and a lot of people suffered because of this disease. It mainly targets the lung cells for its replication. To enter the cells, these virus targets the angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) receptors that are abundantly seen on the surface of the lung cells. Recent reports of COVID-19-affected patients reveal the important fact that these peoples develop thrombocytopenia as a post-COVID condition. This review elaborates on the biogenesis of platelets in the lungs and the alterations of thrombocytes during the COVID-19 infection. 2023, SAGE Publications Ltd. All rights reserved. -
Review on the fish collagen-based scaffolds in wound healing and tissue engineering
Collagen from marine organisms is an emerging source in tissue engineering, an alternative to bovine and porcine collagen. Despite the positive results on wound healing from fish collagen scaffolds, the comprehension and advancements in its properties are limited. Given this context, this study aimed to carry out a systematic review to examine the effects of collagen scaffolds on different models of experimental skin wounds, the advantages and its limitations. The search was conducted according to the orientations of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) and the MeSH (Medical Subject Healings) terms used were Fish Collagen AND Wound Healing AND Scaffold. 36 articles in total were sorted out from the databases of Google Scholar and PubMed. After the analysis, the current review covers 10 articles from the beginning of 2017 to March 2023. The results are mainly focused on the different methods of collagen extraction, preparation of scaffolds and its treatment on the animal model along with its effects. To infer, this current review states that, despite the positive effects of collagen on tissue repair and regeneration, no product is available for medical purposes. Thus, this review also demonstrates the huge potential for collagen in tissue engineering. 2024 Visagaa Publishing House. -
Review-electrocatalytic oxidation of alcohols using chemically modified electrodes: A review
Electrocatalytic oxidation of alcohols utilizing chemically modified electrodes is considered as a green and facile method. This method is also considered as a feasible solution for a clean and efficient energy production, is more economic and produces less toxic and minimal waste. Electrocatalytic oxidation of alcohols is of great interest as many of its products find applications in chemical, pharmaceutical, and food industries. The major classifications of chemical modification to the electrodes for electrocatalytic oxidation of alcohols discussed in this review include conducting polymers, noble metal nanoparticles, metal oxides, or metal-oxides as nanoparticles and reduced graphene oxide-based modifications. Despite its wide range of applications and environmentally benign nature, electrocatalytic oxidation of alcohols using chemically modified electrodes is underutilized, less appreciated, and still in its infancy stages. This review aims to provide the readers with an overview in the field of electrocatalytic oxidation of alcohols by incorporating two significant applications-Electroorganic conversion of alcohols to aldehydes and their applications in alcohol-based fuel cells. Further, this also presents an outlook for gaining deeper insights for making this methodology more economic, and applicable in various synthetic organic chemistry fields. 2020 The Electrochemical Society (ECS). Published on behalf of ECS by IOP Publishing Limited -
Risk management of technological accidents triggered by natural-hazards (Natech): A review of relevant indian legislation
The ill-effects of technological sites on the environment have been researched substantially across the world with particular reference to pollution. However, the threats posed by the environment to technological sites have rarely been studied. Such events, where natural forces trigger technological accidents, are called Natech accidents. It has been observed that developed countries are aware of this emerging hazard and they have responded to it by creating various legislative frameworks for managing Natech risk. In contrast, in developing countries, it has not yet received due attention. The present study has been done to understand the Indian perspective of the legal framework for Natech risk reduction. The study revealed that India has an elaborate legislative framework for disaster risk identification and management. Though there is attention to routine disaster risk, the risk from natural forces to the technological sites is rarely considered. Apart from recognizing natural forces as a threat, no specific legislation is available for Natech risk reduction. A developing country like India must manage the risk posed by natural forces to its technological infrastructure. There is a need for specific legislation to manage Natech risk, which will be an initiating force for the state of the art Natech risk management. 2021, World Research Association. All rights reserved. -
Roadmap of effects of biowaste-synthesized carbon nanomaterials on carbon nano-reinforced composites
Sustainable growth can be achieved by recycling waste material into useful resources without affecting the natural ecosystem. Among all nanomaterials, carbon nanomaterials from biowaste are used for various applications. The pyrolysis process is one of the eco-friendly ways for synthesizing such carbon nanomaterials. Recently, polymer nanocomposites (PNCs) filled with bio-waste-based carbon nanomaterials attracted a lot of attention due to their enhanced mechanical properties. A variety of polymers, such as thermoplastics, thermosetting polymers, elastomers, and their blends, can be used in the formation of composite materials. This review summarizes the synthesis of carbon nanomaterials, polymer nanocomposites, and mechanical properties of PNCs. The review also focuses on various biowaste-based precursors, their nanoproperties, and turning them into proper composites. PNCs show improved mechanical properties by varying the loading per-centages of carbon nanomaterials, which are vital for many defence-and aerospace-related indus-tries. Different synthesis processes are used to achieve enhanced ultimate tensile strength and mod-ulus. The present review summarizes the last 5 years work in detail on these PNCs and their appli-cations. 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. -
Roadmap on ionic liquid crystal electrolytes for energy storage devices
The current organic liquid electrolytes used in electrochemical energy systems cause rapid performance degradation and even combustion. The advancement of new electrolytes with exceptional safety and electrochemical performance is crucial in addressing these challenges. Recently developed ionic liquid crystals (ILCs) offer promising opportunities for tailoring ion transport channels through modified nano segregated structures, thereby ensuring excellent operating safety and combining the advantageous properties of ionic liquids and liquid crystals. This review focuses on investigating the ion conductive properties and operational mechanisms of ILC electrolytes for energy storage and conversion devices, which play a pivotal role in the development of superior electrolytes. The review critically analyzes the recent development and fundamental properties electrochemical interaction framework of ILC electrolytes applied in energy storage devices. Particular attention is given to elucidating the mechanism of ILC and phase formation, past decade fabrication of energy storage device with ILC electrolytes, emphasizing their capacity for ion redistribution and exceptional stability. Additionally, the review addresses the drawback, limitation, commercialization, challenges and provides future perspective for the growth of ILC electrolytes in the field of energy storage. 2024 Elsevier B.V. -
Role of Bacillus thuringiensis in development of transgenic plants
One of the most significant advancements in plant biotechnology has been the production of genetically engineered plants. Due to the effects of pests damaging the majority of crops, the development of pest immunity was necessary for crop preservation. Plants that have had their gene makeup altered in-utero, such as Bacillus thuringiensis, which has insecticidal properties and helps protect crops from pests, are referred to as "genetically modified plants." Cry proteins, which are poisonous proteins that exist in the state of crystals, are the major genes responsible for the development of transgenic plants. Based on the effect of different pest species, cry proteins are divided into many categories. Since they are extremely specific by nature and only affect the target proteins, they are considered environmentally beneficial pesticides since they have no impact on the physiologically significant soil bacteria or other bacterial flora. These cry proteins stay as dormant crystals, but when a pest consumes plants, the inactive form of the crystals becomes active in the alkaline stomach pH of the microorganism, aiding in the rupture of the gut epithelium and ultimately causing the microorganism to die. These days, transgenic plants have been created, including BT corn, BT rice, sugarcane, brinjal, potato, tomato, and many more, it was also discovered that using these transgenic plants increased crop productivity. Transgenic plants can prevent several ecological issues associated with traditional pesticides, including the emergence of resistance, their toxicity to non-target living things, and the buildup of toxic waste in the environment. 2023 Horizon e-Publishing Group. All rights reserved. -
Role of Bioadsorbents in Reducing Toxic Metals
Industrialization and urbanization have led to the release of increasing amounts of heavy metals into the environment. Metal ion contamination of drinking water and waste water is a serious ongoing problem especially with high toxic metals such as lead and cadmium and less toxic metals such as copper and zinc. Several biological materials have attracted many researchers and scientists as they offer both cheap and effective removal of heavy metals from waste water. Therefore it is urgent to study and explore all possible sources of agrobased inexpensive adsorbents for their feasibility in the removal of heavy metals. The objective was to study inexpensive adsorbents like various agricultural wastes such as sugarcane bagasse, rice husk, oil palm shell, coconut shell, and coconut husk in eliminating heavy metals from waste water and their utilization possibilities based on our research and literature survey. It also shows the significance of developing and evaluating new potential biosorbents in the near future with higher adsorption capacity and greater reusable options. 2016 Blessy Baby Mathew et al.