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Synthesis, Spectroscopic and DFT studies of some benzimidazole and bemzothiazole derivatives
Benzimidazole, benzothiazole and benzoxazole compounds and their derivatives having azole moieties are biologically active and are extensively used in pharmaceutical industry. Benzimidazoles / benzothiazoles scaffolds have also been widely used as −spacers and
donor/acceptor units. The lone pair electrons and conjugated structures of these heterocyclic molecules assist in tuning of electronic properties enabling their use in devices like dye sensitized solar cells, organic light emitting diodes etc. However, the design and synthesis of organic ligands for these applications is still a challenging task. Though we have made an effort in this direction fabricating a dye sensitized solar cell with benzimidazole based sensitizer, the moderate Stokes shift and efficiency prompted us to tune these molecules and improve their electronic properties. Considering that some of the benzimidazole / benzothiazole fluorophores possessing metal-ion chelating properties and having hydrogen donor-acceptor sites in close proximity play vital role in sensor and bioimaging applications, we have designed and synthesized novel fluorophores for metal ion sensing applications. Since most of the available literature shows studies on fluorophores with single excited state intramolecular proton transfer sites or dual proton transfer sites with symmetrical structures, we have considered investigating fluorophores having asymmetrical structures and proton donating sites. In this perspective, we have synthesized and conducted spectroscopic and density functional theory studies on some novel fluorophores based on benzimidazole / benzothiazole Schiff bases and the details are presented in this thesis. -
Synthesis spectroscopic and DFT studies of some benzimidazole and benzothiazole derivatives
Benzimidazole, benzothiazole and benzoxazole compounds and their derivatives having azole newlinemoieties are biologically active and are extensively used in pharmaceutical industry. newlineBenzimidazoles/benzothiazoles scaffolds have also been widely used as and#61552;and#8722;spacers and newlinedonor/acceptor units. The lone pair electrons and conjugated structures of these heterocyclic molecules assist in tuning of electronic properties enabling their use in devices like dye sensitized solar cells, organic light emitting diodes etc. However, the design and synthesis of organic ligands newlinefor these applications is still a challenging task. Though we have made an effort in this direction fabricating a dye sensitized solar cell with benzimidazole based sensitizer, the moderate Stokes shift and efficiency prompted us to tune these molecules and improve their electronic properties. Considering that some of the benzimidazole/benzothiazole fluorophores possessing metal-ion newlinechelating properties and having hydrogen donor-acceptor sites in close proximity play vital role in sensor and bioimaging applications, we have designed and synthesized novel fluorophores for newlinemetal ion sensing applications. Since most of the available literature shows studies on fluorophores with single excited state intramolecular proton transfer sites or dual proton transfer sites with symmetrical structures, we have considered investigating fluorophores having asymmetrical newlinestructures and proton donating sites. In this perspective, we have synthesized and conducted spectroscopic and density functional theory studies on some novel fluorophores based on benzimidazole/benzothiazole Schiff bases and the details are presented in this thesis. Chapter 1 gives an introduction to the benzimidazole/benzothiazole heterocycles and the different photophysical and chemical phenomena involved. A brief literature survey in support of our studies is presented in Chapter 2. Chapter 3 gives a brief description of the experimental methods newlineand techniques used in our work. -
Comparative study on four popular national and international automobile television advertisements /
Creating a television commercial is hugely expensive, but advertisers often prefer to spend that money rather than have six ads in other media. Advertisement plays a vital role in popularising the automobiles. The automobile industry heavily relies on the innovative and creative advertisements for their product endorsements. The researcher in this study analyses the automobile TV advertisements from both and national and international perspective. -
Sustainable tourism management: Issues and challenges of eco and wildlife resorts in Karnataka
Sustainable tourism principles comprise of visitor satisfaction, the economic sustainability of the industry, environment conservation, socio-cultural and economic development of local communities. The tourism industry has to consider all these elements while developing any form of tourism for its long-term sustainability. Eco and wildlife resorts are one of the prominent and attractive segments of the accommodation sector. It has a major implication for implementing sustainable tourism practices in their daily operations since they are set close to nature and reside in pristine wildlife regions. It is inevitable for eco and wildlife tourism, to consider all the elements of sustainable tourism practices and to implement it in their day to day activities. At the same time, they might have to face issues and challenges in implementing sustainable practices. So, the main objective of the research is to understand operational issues and challenges of eco and wildlife resorts in achieving sustainable tourism principles. -
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Study of two-dimensional, all-time dispersion of a solute in a fluid-saturated porous medium
The effect of interphase mass transfer on dispersion in a unidirectional flow through a horizontally extent of infinite porous channel is examined using the generalized dispersion model of Sankarasubramanian and Gill [91]. The model brings into focus three important coefficients namely the exchange coefficient, the convection coefficient and the dispersion coefficient. The exchange co- efficient exists due to interphase mass transfer. The effects of reaction rate parameter, ? porous parameter, ? and Brinkman number, ??, on the veloc- ity and thereby the convective and dispersion coefficients are discussed. The time-dependent dispersion coefficient and mean concentration distribution are computed and results are represented graphically for various values of ? ? and ??. The results have applications in heat exchangers, petroleum and chemical engineering problems, chromatography and bio-mechanical problems. -
Photocatalytic Degradation of Textile Dyes Using Strobilanthes Species Mediated Nanoparticles
Discharge of dye pollutants from textile industries jeopardizes ecosystem by leading to grave threats like contamination of water resources and hazardous health effects. The current study points and focuses at the synthesis, characterization, dye degradation and toxicity analysis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) derived from Strobilanthes barbatus and Strobilanthes hamiltoniana leaf extracts. UV-visible spectrum analysis validated the biogenesis of ZnO and Ag NPs, revealing unique peaks at 359 nm for ZnOSB NPs, 360 nm for ZnOSH NPs, 428 nm for AgSB NPs, and 432 nm for AgSH NPs. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) investigation identified phytochemicals involved in nanoparticle synthesis, manifesting the presence of flavonoids, saponins and alkaloids. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) examination disclosed the crystalline structures of ZnOSB NPs, ZnOSH NPs, AgSB NPs and AgSH NPs displayed an average crystalline size of 22.29 nm, 26.9 nm, 23.5 nm and 20.6 nm. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) study revealed information on the hydrodynamic diameter and colloidal stability of the NPs, which showed average particle size for ZnOSB NPs, ZnOSH NPs, AgSB NPs and AgSH NPs as 91.6 nm, 165.4 nm, 142.3 nm and 255.3 nm. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were used to investigate the morphology and elemental composition of ZnO NPs and Ag NPs, revealing particle shape and size variations. The morphological shapes of ZnOSB NPs were spherically shaped NPs, ZnOSH NPs showed rod-shaped NPs, AgSB NPs and AgSH NPs both showed spherical-shaped NPs. The High-resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) validated the nanoparticles' size and crystalline characteristics, similar to FESEM. The photocatalytic degradation of textile dyes using ZnO NPs and Ag NPs were researched, and the results revealed that diverse dyes degraded efficiently under UV light exposure. The ZnO NPs and Ag NPs showed excellent catalytic degradation at dye (Reactive Blue 220, Reactive Blue 222A, Reactive Yellow 145, and Reactive Yellow 86) concentrations of 1 ppm, 5 ppm, and 10 ppm with NP concentrations of 1 mg/ml. Chemical kinetics research unveiled that the degrading processes had pseudo-first-order kinetics. It has been observed that nanoparticles such as ZnO NPs and Ag NPs can maintain their photocatalytic activity across multiple cycles of dye degradation. Phytotoxicity tests conveyed that ZnO and Ag NPs were beneficial in lowering seed germination inhibition and toxicity in Vigna radiata. The brine shrimp lethality experiment indicated that the synthesized nanoparticles were not hazardous. This comprehensive work gives insight and sheds light on the synthesis, characterization, and use of ZnO and Ag NPs utilizing plant extracts, highlighting their promise for environmental remediation and sustainable nanoparticle synthesis. -
Exploring women centric roles in contemporary Telugu movies /
The present study deals with the scenario of women centric films in the Telugu film industry, and how the characterization of these women characters is done in the select films. The films dealt with, are chosen from the contemporary era varying from 2000-2016. Various aspects of the roles have been explored in order to elicit the importance of these characters and also their contribution to the overall plot. -
Indian Approach to International Commercial and Investment Arbitration Vis-A-Vis Global Arbitral Institutes : A Critical Analysis
The rise of international trade and investments by the foreign states has led to increased number of contractual relationships between the parties. The world is now moving towards a new regime of dispute settlement via alternative dispute redressal mechanisms like arbitration, mediation, conciliation, and negotiation. Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 and amendments in 2015, 2019 and 2021 have promoted international commercial newlineand institutional arbitration in India. The amendments provide a slight sigh of relief but do not completely cater to the global needs of making India a preferred seat for international arbitration. The title of the thesis is INDIAN APPROACH TO INTERNATIONAL newlineCOMMERCIAL AND INVESTMENT ARBITRATION VIS- A- VIS GLOBAL ARBITRAL INSTITUTES: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS . It is covering the conceptual and theoretical framework of International commercial and International Investment arbitration, evolution of arbitration laws in India, comparative study of Indian arbitral institutes with respect to Singapore, UK and USA and judicial approach in international arbitration. It also analyses the judicial approach towards arbitration regime pertaining to enforcement of awards, newlineappointment of arbitrators or interim reliefs. The judicial intervention must be minimized and there is requirement of trained arbitration personals including foreign lawyers or academicians. Provisions must be made for third party funding and consolidation of arbitration proceedings providing data privacy. This study applies doctrinal methodology and through legislations, cases study, books, articles and research papers, relevant material newlinehas been collected. Along with doctrinal methodology, the empirical methodology newline(qualitative) has been adopted whereby hypothesis has been tested to reach out the findings and to find the answers of research questions. -
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Narrating the City: Calcutta in Raj Kamal Jha???s If You Are Afraid of Heights and The Blue Bedspread
The portrayal of the city in literature is not a recent phenomenon. The city in literature has a history as old as the history of the city itself. This thesis titled ???Narrating the City: Calcutta in Raj Kamal Jha???s If You are Afraid of Heights and The Blue Bedspread??? is an attempt to understand how the city of Calcutta is portrayed in these two novels and how the city affects the people and vice versa. Every narration happens within the coordinates of time and space. Narrative is the representation of movement within the coordinates of time and space. Literary narrative is the literary or semiotic representation of movement within the coordinates of time and space. In the same manner narrating the city is the literary representation of the movement of the city and things in the city both living and non-living within the coordinates of time and space. The introductory chapter places the study in the context analysing the representation of the city in literature. The definition of key concepts and a literature review are done in order to understand the narrative, city and above all the narrating of the city in literature. The second chapter titled ???Calcutta in The Blue Bedspread???, shows how the city of Calcutta is portrayed in the novel The Blue Bedspread. This chapter is divided into different subsections according to the different themes identified. The third chapter titled ???Calcutta in If You are Afraid of Heights??? shows how the city of Calcutta is portrayed in the novel If You are Afraid of Heights. The fourth and the final chapter details the general conclusions derived from the study. Calcutta is narrated differently through these two novels. The Blue Bedspread presents a city of Calcutta which is more of a realistic nature. There is an over emphasis given to the description of the places as the novel is stacked with references to the buildings and places in the city. Thus it becomes a story of the city than the story of a specific person (character) or persons viii (characters). There is a close connection between the city and the people and vice versa. The names of the characters are not mentioned in the novel and this anonymity of the main characters points to the fact that this is a novel about anybody who is influenced by the city, in this case the city of Calcutta. If You are Afraid of Heights is a magic realist portrayal of the city of Calcutta. The characters of the city oscillate between reality and fantasy. This novel is not stacked with references to the places or spaces in the city, even though there are some references to them. The Blue Bedspread is the story of the city being projected through the realistic places and on the other hand If You are Afraid of Heights is the story of the city being projected through the magic realist presentation of the places, spaces and time in the city. -
Development of efficient biometric recognition algorithms based on fingerprint and face /
The reliable verification systems are required to verify and confirm the identity of an individual requesting their service. Secure access to the buildings, laptops, cellular phones, ATM etc. is an example of such applications. In the absence of robust verification systems, these systems are vulnerable to the wiles of an impostor. The traditional ways of authentications are passwords (knowledge ?? based security) and the ID Cards (token ?? based security). These methods can be easily breached due to the chance of stolen, lost or forget. The development and progress of biometrics technology, the fear of stolen, lost or forget can be eliminated. Biometrics refers to the automatic identification (or verification) of an individual (or a claimed identity) by using certain physiological or behavioral traits associated with the person. The biometrics identifies the person based on features vector derived from physiological or behavioural characteristics such as uniqueness, permanence, accessibility, collectability with minimum cost. The physiological biometrics are Fingerprint, Hand Scan, Iris Scan, Facial Scan and Retina Scan etc., and behavioural biometric are Voice, Keystroke, Gait, Signature etc., The physiological biometrics measures the specific part of the structure or shape of a portion of a subjects body. But the behavioural biometric are more concerned with mood and environment. Chapter one presents the introduction to biometrics and its various traits. Further description like structure of the biometric system, different approaches are discussed. Also the design issues in biometric system such as universality, collectability, distinctiveness, permanence, acceptability, uniqueness, performance, circumvention etc., are discussed. Chapter two gives a detailed survey of biometric techniques. It includes the literature survey of fingerprint and face biometric traits and various approaches. In Chapter three, the algorithm of Fingerprint Verification based on Dual Tree Complex Wavelet Transformation (DTCWT) is proposed. The original fingerprint is cropped and resized to apply the DTCWT. The features of Fingerprint are obtained by applying different levels of DTCWT. Performance analysis is discussed with the FRR, FAR and TSR. Chapter four discusses another highly recommended source of authentication such as face recognition. In this chapter, the algorithm of Performance Comparison of Face Recognition using Transform Domain Techniques (PCFTD) is proposed. The face databases L ?? Spacek, JAFFE and NIR are considered. The features of face are generated using wavelet families such as Haar, Symelt and DB1 by considering approximation band only. The face features are also generated using magnitudes of FFTs. The test image features are compared with database features using Euclidian Distance (ED). The performance parameters such as FAR, FRR, TSR and EER computed using wavelet families and FFT. The methodology described in this paper is accurate, simple, fast and better than the existing algorithms. Chapter five presents conclusion and future work. -
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Antecedents and Outcomes of Employee Engagement : A Study on Employees in Travel Organizations
Employee engagement is becoming very vital in the recent years because organizations with engaged employees tend to out-perform than employees who are disengaged. The outcomes of engaged employees are higher performance, lower turnover, increased profitability and many more. However there are some industries ignorant and neglect the importance of having engaged employees. Hence it is necessary to conduct more research on employee engagement which create more awareness to the organizations about the prominence of focusing on employee engagement and also augment to the existing literature. The study was conducted on a sample size of 433 employees working in travel organizations set up in Bengaluru and tested the relationship of psychological climate and psychological capital (antecedent variables) has on employee engagement and in turn its newlinerelationship with organizational citizenship behavior and intent to stay (outcome newlinevariables). The study also tested the mediating relationship of employee engagement newlinebetween the antecedent and outcome variables. Results indicated that psychological newlineclimate and psychological capital has a significant and positive relationship on employee engagement and with respect to outcome variables it was determined that higher the engagement level it leads to higher level of organizational citizenship behavior and intent to stay. Results of the study also indicated that employee engagement mediates the relationship between the antecedent and outcome variables. -
Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles Leading to the Biocontrol of Aedes Aegypti
Mosquitoes are the potential vectors of many diseases such as malaria, dengue, brain newlinefever, etc. There is a need to check the proliferation of the population of vector newlinemosquitoes to reduce vector-borne diseases by appropriate control methods. Nanotechnology, a promising field of research, opens up in the present decade and is expected to give major impulses to technical innovations. Over the past few decades, nanoparticles of noble metals such as silver exhibited significantly distinct physical, chemical and biological properties. Presently, there is a need for increased efforts to develop newer and more effective methods to control mosquito vectors. Due to different technical and operational reasons, the existing chemical and biological methods are not as effective as in the earlier period. Therefore, this study is designed to extract silver newlinenanoparticles from plant, fungal and bacterial species and assess their impact on the third and fourth-instar mosquito larvae and the adult mosquito (Aedes spp). The study has formulated a gel material that is composed of nanomaterials that exhibited promising properties to develop a nano gel product. The study is designed in a way to have an impact on the control of mosquito larvae using biologically synthesized nanoparticle formulations. Green synthesis is expected to show a higher yield of nano products that can be formulated in various forms to standardize the biocontrol of mosquito species. Bioinformatic studies revealed the good binding potential of the extracted bio compounds against the juvenile hormone binding proteins in A. aegypti. The study deduced meaningful outcomes that can benefit the environment by controlling the mosquito population and thereby reducing disease transmission in many developing countries. -
Development of efficient biometric recognition algorithms based on fingerprint and face
The reliable verification systems are required to verify and confirm the identity of an individual requesting their service. Secure access to the buildings, laptops, cellular phones, ATM etc. is an example of such applications. In the absence of robust verification systems, these systems are vulnerable to the wiles of an impostor. The traditional ways of authentications are passwords (knowledge – based security) and the ID Cards (token – based security). These methods can be easily breached due to the chance of stolen, lost or forget. The development and progress of biometrics technology, the fear of stolen, lost or forget can be eliminated. Biometrics refers to the automatic identification (or verification) of an individual (or a claimed identity) by using certain physiological or behavioral traits associated with the person. The biometrics identifies the person based on features vector derived from physiological or behavioural characteristics such as uniqueness, permanence, accessibility, collectability with minimum cost. The physiological biometrics are Fingerprint, Hand Scan, Iris Scan, Facial
Scan and Retina Scan etc., and behavioural biometric are Voice, Keystroke, Gait, Signature etc., The physiological biometrics measures the specific part of the structure or shape of a portion of a subject’s body.