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Empirical analysis of antecedents and mediators of student loyalty among undergraduate business students in Bangalore, India
The higher education sector has undergone major changes throughout India which has led to increase in competition for institutions in this sector. Thus, there is a need to find ways to attract and retain the potential and current students. Student loyalty is crucial to create sustainable competitive advantage. Student loyalty is widely accepted as a critical factor in the long term economic success of an educational institution that aims at positive recommendation (word of mouth) by students and attracting the students back to the institution for further studies. Review of literature reveals that service quality, price fairness, customer value, customer satisfaction and affective commitment are key antecedents to customer loyalty. -
Empirical Analysis of Antecedents and Mediators of Student Loyalty Among Undergraduate Business Students in Bangalore,India
The higher education sector has undergone major changes throughout India which has led to increase in competition for institutions in this sector. Thus, there is a need to find ways to attract and retain the potential and current students. Student loyalty is crucial to createsustainable competitive advantage. Student loyalty is widely accepted as a critical factor in the long term economic success of an educational institution that aims at positive recommendation (word of mouth) by students and attracting the students back to newlinethe institution for further studies. Review of literature reveals that service quality, price fairness, customer value, customer satisfaction and affective commitment are key newlineantecedents to customer loyalty. newlineObjectives - The objectives of this research study are based on theoretical underpinnings in the literature. The main objectives of the study are: 1. To empirically test the proposed structural model of relationships among six constructs: educational service quality, perceived fee fairness, perceived value, student satisfaction, affective commitment, and student loyalty in the undergraduate business programs. 2. To analyze the influence of educational service quality and perceived fairness on student loyalty (ultimate dependent variable). 3. To examine the mediating effect of perceived value, student satisfaction, and affective newlinecommitment on the relationship between educational service quality and student loyalty. 4. To find out the mediating effect of perceived value and student satisfaction on the relationship between perceived fee fairness and student loyalty. 5. To find out the perceptual dimensions of student assessments of educational service quality, fee fairness, value, satisfaction, commitment and student loyalty. Variables of the Study newline1. Educational Service Quality Independent Variable (Exogenous variable) 2. Perceived Fee Fairness Independent Variable (Exogenous variable) 3. Perceived Value Mediating variable (Endogenous Variable) -
Readers' perceptions of the pauls publications in the archdiocese of Bangalore /
“A good book has no ending,” says RD Cumming. Similarly, a good book inspires, encourages and comforts each time we read it. ST PAULS Publications, have been enriching and enlightening minds of innumerable readers for more than six decades. So for ST PAULS have published more than 1000 titles in different languages in India. -
An experimental study on improving speaking skills through the integration of existential intelligence for post graduate learners of business studies
"Within the field of ESP, the constrained access to discipline-specific materials has intensified the demand, emphasizing an acute necessity for refining speaking skills,
particularly in conversational contexts. This reflects an evolving paradigm, emphasizing the critical need for refined and specialized speaking competencies within their
scholarly domain. The dissertation examines the use of a learning module created for Postgraduate students of Business studies to improve their speaking skills. The study
uses Task based Language Teaching (TBLT) approach and excerpts from Literature for pedagogical instruction, employing Dialogic Inquiry Model (DIM) as a framework and
using Existential Intelligence as a guiding lens. Language and Intelligence are closely intertwined. Educational Psychologist Howard Gardner posed a challenge to the conventional notion of Intelligence which supported higher IQ based tests by introducing the Theory of Multiple Intelligences. Gardner's Intelligence framework initially comprised of seven types. In 1999, he introduced Existential Intelligence (EI), expanding the model to include EI as a half intelligence, but due to its abstract nature and lack of clear brain localization, it has posed challenges for precise quantification. Furthermore, Howard Gardner’s Intelligence Reframed (1999) was used as the primary text for the study. By contextualizing the study within Higher Education's Business studies domain, it examines how existential principles influence the development of speaking skills. Additionally, it explores how these principles contribute in shaping aspiring business entrepreneurs, providing added motivation to instill a sense of purpose which will enhance their managerial attributes. The research argues that infusing unexplored existential elements into the curriculum can stimulate critical thinking among Business Studies students, resulting in notable improvements in specific speaking dimensions like Fluency, Turn-Taking, Presentation and Negotiation skills (FTPN). Moreover, it highlights the pivotal role of this integration in reshaping ESP curricula to better cater to the unique needs of learners in this discipline. The research comprised of two cohorts of students. The first cohort consisted of first- year postgraduate students pursuing Business Studies at Sinhagad Institute of Management (SIOM), Pune while the second cohort included students from CHRIST Deemed to be University) Pune Lavasa Campus, resulting in a cumulative total of approximately 68 participants. The study extended over a 15-day duration to facilitate the completion of a comprehensive 30-hour module for both the phases separately. The study employs a mixed-method approach by combining qualitative and quantitative analysis. For the qualitative study, the analysis involved researcher’s observations and an examination of Achievement tests questionnaires employing the Likert scale. For quantitative analysis, a series of six Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT) activities
were conducted, encompassing pre and post achievement tests, each of which was assessed based on the study's objectives. The assessment tool utilized is the Communicative Skills Rating Scale (CSRS) by Spitzberg and Cupach (2002), featuring a four-tier evaluation system: self, partner, observer, and external evaluations. Data was collected via Audio-Visual methods for documentation purposes and to cross-reference any overlooked data during the concurrent evaluation process. The collected data underwent a systematic analysis to investigate how applying EI principles can improve conversational speaking skills. The efficacy of the learning module was evaluated based on the proficiency demonstrated in TBLT activities concerning FTPN skills. TBLT activities were administered both prior to and subsequent to the completion of each unit. The assessment of the effectiveness of classroom pedagogy (independent variable) was gauged through the researcher's observations and achievement test questionnaires. Simultaneously, the evaluation of participants' specific conversational skills (dependent variable) was evaluated and analyzed through the course of experimental study using CSRS evaluation scale. Data was analysed using Descriptive statistics through Excel and it was verified using R programming. The research delineates apparent improvements in FTPN within the DIM framework upon the integration of this intervention. Noteworthy enhancements also included a heightened motivation levels across the sample population. Both fast and slow learners exhibited advancements, with a more pronounced improvement observed among the latter group. Additionally, significant strides were observed in non-verbal proficiencies, notably in body posture, and refined listening and responsive non-verbal skills, which was a byproduct of the intervention. Also, a Gender-based analysis revealed an overall positive trend in both male and female students, yet a comparatively greater enhancement was evident among male students in assimilating and applying these interventions. The analysis of data obtained from the CSRS tool shows statistically significant influence on overall English anguage production of the participants in terms of FTPN variables. Moreover. progress tests provided statistically significant evidence for the efficacy of the researcher- developed learning module based on TBLT and DIM approach integrated using EI subsets. Each phase of participants underwent separate experimentation and assessment of their proficiency both before and after the intervention. The pre-achievement test revealed inadequate speaking skills and a lack of basic conversational understanding in both cohorts. Phase 1 (SIOM) showcased noticeable improvement, with a growth in Fluency (39.7%), Presentation (32.1%), Negotiation (37.3%), and Turn-Taking (38.5%) using the CSRS tool. Fast learners improved by an average of 24.1%, while slow learners showed a significant average increase of 51% from their pretest scores. Moreover, there was a 15.7% increase in motivation levels during the intervention. Group 2 (CUL) exhibited improvements in Fluency (36.35%), Presentation (35.8%), Negotiation
(43.7%), and Turn-taking (40.5%). Fast learners increased by an average of 26.9%, and slow learners saw an average increase of 49.6% from their pretest scores. Additionally,
there was an 18.2% spike in motivation levels during the intervention. Overall, the analysis of CSRS data and progress tests strongly supports the effectiveness of the
researcher-developed learning module based on existential principles. It significantly enhanced oral participation and achievement of learning outcomes across both groups.
The results through the post-achievement test showed that the researcher-developed learning module had a statistically significant influence on overall English language
production in the participants. In educational psychology, Multiple Intelligence has garnered substantial research attention for its application in ESL/EFL and broader school curricula, particularly in teaching English and various subjects. However, the integration of Existential Intelligence within the context of ESP remains unexplored. Its potential significance and
applicability within higher education for business students could be substantial. This intelligence category, rooted in philosophy, mysticism, aesthetics, and related domains,
aligns closely with the fundamental realms of interest for MBA students. Its introduction could offer profound implications for their learning experience and academic endeavors.
The research attempts to contribute to the growing field of English for Specific Field ix for Business students by situating the study within the Pune district of Maharashtra by
analysing only FTPN which further offers scope for exploration. "
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An Experimental Study on Improving Speaking Skills Through the Integration of Existential Intelligence for Post Graduate Learners of Business Studies
Within the field of ESP, the constrained access to discipline-specific materials has intensified the demand, emphasizing an acute necessity for refining speaking skills, particularly in conversational contexts. This reflects an evolving paradigm, emphasizing the critical need for refined and specialized speaking competencies within their scholarly domain. The dissertation examines the use of a learning module created for Postgraduate students of Business studies to improve their speaking skills. The study uses Task based Language Teaching (TBLT) approach and excerpts from Literature for pedagogical instruction, employing Dialogic Inquiry Model (DIM) as a framework and using Existential Intelligence as a guiding lens. Language and Intelligence are closely intertwined. Educational Psychologist Howard Gardner posed a challenge to the conventional notion of Intelligence which supported higher IQ based tests by introducing the Theory of Multiple Intelligences. Gardner's Intelligence framework initially comprised of seven types. In 1999, he introduced Existential Intelligence (EI), expanding the model to include EI as a half intelligence, but due to its abstract nature and lack of clear brain localization, it has posed challenges for precise quantification. Furthermore, Howard Gardners Intelligence Reframed (1999) was used as the primary text for the study. By contextualizing the study within Higher Education's Business studies domain, it examines how existential principles influence the development of speaking skills. Additionally, it explores how these principles contribute in shaping aspiring business entrepreneurs, providing added motivation to instill a sense of purpose which will enhance their managerial attributes. The research argues that infusing unexplored existential elements into the curriculum can stimulate critical thinking among Business Studies students, resulting in notable improvements in specific speaking dimensions like Fluency, Turn-Taking, Presentation and Negotiation skills (FTPN). Moreover, it highlights the pivotal role of this integration in reshaping ESP curricula to better cater to the unique needs of learners in this discipline. The research comprised of two cohorts of students. The first cohort consisted of first- year postgraduate students pursuing Business Studies at Sinhagad Institute of Management (SIOM), Pune while the second cohort included students from CHRIST Deemed to be University) Pune Lavasa Campus, resulting in a cumulative total of approximately 68 participants. The study extended over a 15-day duration to facilitate the completion of a comprehensive 30-hour module for both the phases separately. The study employs a mixed-method approach by combining qualitative and quantitative analysis. For the qualitative study, the analysis involved researchers observations and an examination of Achievement tests questionnaires employing the Likert scale. For quantitative analysis, a series of six Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT) activities were conducted, encompassing pre and post achievement tests, each of which was assessed based on the study's objectives. The assessment tool utilized is the Communicative Skills Rating Scale (CSRS) by Spitzberg and Cupach (2002), featuring a four-tier evaluation system: self, partner, observer, and external evaluations. Data was collected via Audio-Visual methods for documentation purposes and to cross-reference any overlooked data during the concurrent evaluation process. The collected data underwent a systematic analysis to investigate how applying EI principles can improve conversational speaking skills. The efficacy of the learning module was evaluated based on the proficiency demonstrated in TBLT activities concerning FTPN skills. TBLT activities were administered both prior to and subsequent to the completion of each unit. The assessment of the effectiveness of classroom pedagogy (independent variable) was gauged through the researcher's observations and achievement test questionnaires. Simultaneously, the evaluation of participants' specific conversational skills (dependent variable) was evaluated and analyzed through the course of experimental study using CSRS evaluation scale. Data was analysed using Descriptive statistics through Excel and it was verified using R programming. The research delineates apparent improvements in FTPN within the DIM framework upon the integration of this intervention. Noteworthy enhancements also included a heightened motivation levels across the sample population. Both fast and slow learners exhibited advancements, with a more pronounced improvement observed among the latter group. Additionally, significant strides were observed in non-verbal proficiencies, notably in body posture, and refined listening and responsive non-verbal skills, which was a byproduct of the intervention. Also, a Gender-based analysis revealed an overall positive trend in both male and female students, yet a comparatively greater enhancement was evident among male students in assimilating and applying these interventions. The analysis of data obtained from the CSRS tool shows statistically significant influence on overall English anguage production of the participants in terms of FTPN variables. Moreover. progress tests provided statistically significant evidence for the efficacy of the researcher- developed learning module based on TBLT and DIM approach integrated using EI subsets. Each phase of participants underwent separate experimentation and assessment of their proficiency both before and after the intervention. The pre-achievement test revealed inadequate speaking skills and a lack of basic conversational understanding in both cohorts. Phase 1 (SIOM) showcased noticeable improvement, with a growth in Fluency (39.7%), Presentation (32.1%), Negotiation (37.3%), and Turn-Taking (38.5%) using the CSRS tool. Fast learners improved by an average of 24.1%, while slow learners showed a significant average increase of 51% from their pretest scores. Moreover, there was a 15.7% increase in motivation levels during the intervention. Group 2 (CUL) exhibited improvements in Fluency (36.35%), Presentation (35.8%), Negotiation (43.7%), and Turn-taking (40.5%). Fast learners increased by an average of 26.9%, and slow learners saw an average increase of 49.6% from their pretest scores. Additionally, there was an 18.2% spike in motivation levels during the intervention. Overall, the analysis of CSRS data and progress tests strongly supports the effectiveness of the researcher-developed learning module based on existential principles. It significantly enhanced oral participation and achievement of learning outcomes across both groups. The results through the post-achievement test showed that the researcher-developed learning module had a statistically significant influence on overall English language production in the participants. In educational psychology, Multiple Intelligence has garnered substantial research attention for its application in ESL/EFL and broader school curricula, particularly in teaching English and various subjects. However, the integration of Existential Intelligence within the context of ESP remains unexplored. Its potential significance and applicability within higher education for business students could be substantial. This intelligence category, rooted in philosophy, mysticism, aesthetics, and related domains, aligns closely with the fundamental realms of interest for MBA students. Its introduction could offer profound implications for their learning experience and academic endeavors. The research attempts to contribute to the growing field of English for Specific Field ix for Business students by situating the study within the Pune district of Maharashtra by analysing only FTPN which further offers scope for exploration. -
Cultural Memory In The Captivity Novels of NA D'Souza Alan Machado
Captivity novels are stories of men and women who were abducted and forcibly taken as captives and subjugated to slavery, usually for religious or political reasons. The research critically engages the captivity novels of Na DSouza and Alan Machado, which vividly evoke the harrowing captivity experience of Mangalore Konkani Catholic community during Tipu Sultans regime. It is alleged that Tipu, after the Second Anglo-Mysore war, wreaked vengeance on Konkani Catholic Christians on suspicion for betraying him and supporting the British. After two hundred years of great silence, the struggle for identity and the quest for history led the post-conflicting community to articulate the contents of the archives into the fabric of a literary composition. The literary works of DSouza and Machado are an essential bridge between generations problematizing history and memory illustrating the events of Great Captivity. The captivity narratives are cultural artefacts of memory that present alternative history of the Mysore Kingdom and revive the memories of the captivity experience of Mangalore Konkani Catholic Christians. The memories of the miseries revived in the writings of DSouza and Machado at the beginning of the twenty first century from the victims point of view expose the gaps in the official records of the Mysore Kingdom and emphasise the community's resilience and cultural significance. These narratives constitute the melancholic representation of the traumatic experience of the community and enable the community of the sufferers to re-live the torments which in turn act as a therapeutic agent. Thus, the imaginative recount of the Great Captivity by DSouza and Machado in the form of novels using memory as a tool challenge the historical construct and call for a legitimate space for the vanquished version in the construction of history. -
Fluorescence diffuse optical tomography: Synthesis, characterization and imaging of a novel target specific near infra-red contrast agent for breast cancer detection /
A paradigm shift is seen for cancer treatment since many decades in developing safe and efficient techniques to prevent, detect, treat and cure cancer worldwide. However, there is still a long way to stabilize the rate of cancer occurrence. Breast cancer is found to be among the top three cancer types in terms of incidence and fifth in terms of mortality. An estimate of 2.1 million new cases of breast cancer was recorded in the International Agency for Research on Cancer [IARC] Report 2018. Close to a half (43.6%) of all breast cancers were diagnosed within the Asia-Pacific region (approximately 911014 cases), with the greatest number of those occurring in China, Japan and Indonesia. Although the prognosis is relatively favorable, at least in more developed countries, early diagnosis is the lifesaver. Diffuse Optical Tomography (DOT) is one of the emerging diagnostic tools for early detection of breast cancer. It uses near infra-red (NIR) light to probe human soft tissues and is capable of continuous monitoring of the patient. DOT is cheaper, compact and uses non-ionizing radiation unlike its counterparts like CT-Scan, Mammogram and PET scan. The potential of DOT can be enhanced by using a NIR exogenous contrast agents, and the system is known as Fluorescence-DOT (FDOT). Indocyanine Green (ICG) is a popular FDA approved dye available in the market which is explored for cancer detection using FDOT. But, with its non-specific nature, there was a need for a specific and functionally orientated dye to further improve the efficacy of FDOT imaging. -
fluorescence diffuse optical tomography : Synthesis characterization and imaging of a novel target specific near infra-red contrast agent for breast cancer detection
Contrast agents are finding profound application in optical imaging of breast cancer for an early detection. In the present work, a novel estrogen receptor (ER) targeted near infra-red fluorescent dye conjugate was synthesized, referred to as Novel Dye Conjugate (nDC) hereafter. nDC is a conjugate of 17and#946;-estradiol with a derivative of indocyanine green dye, bis-1,1-(4-sulfobutyl) indotricarbocyanine-5-carboxylic acid, sodium salt. Structural composition of nDC was validated using Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) and Hydrogen-1 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H-NMR) technique. MCF-7 and MDA MB 231 Cell lines studies proved the special biding ability of nDC with estrogen receptor positive breast cancer cell lines and its photophysical properties were verified to be in near infrared region (NIR). Similar studies were conducted on ER expressing cancerous tissues like Non-Invasive Ductal Carcinoma, Non-Invasive Lobular Carcinoma, Non-Invasive Adenocarcinoma and Non-Invasive Medullary Carcinoma. In all the above tissues, nuclear level ER binding of nDC was observed leading to the validations of the unique binding properties of the novel dye. Mathematical modeling for tumor to background mapping using nDC was carried out through Fluorescence Diffuse Optical Tomography (FDOT) simulations. Simulation results were also validated using silicone phantom experiments. An array of 8*8 boundary data was collected using frequency domain-FDOT system which was setup indigenously. Commercially available fluorescent dye Indocyanine Green (ICG) was used in the present study for comparative analysis with nDC. When compared to ICG, proposed dye had 1.5-fold higher target to background contrast with respect to fluorescent lifetime in both simulation and phantom studies. Similarly proposed novel dye had a two-fold higher target to background contrast with respect to fluorophore absorption. Above results proved the superiority of nDC compared to ICG on target(tumor) to background ratio enhancement. -
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Sexual Function and Sexual Satisfaction among Non-Working Married Women in Bengaluru
Background: Sexual function and satisfaction are two important components of the sexual health of women. Both are influenced by various external and internal factors over their life cycle. This study aims to explore the factors of sexual function and newlinesatisfaction among non-working married women in Bengaluru using an exploratory newlinesequential research study and highlighting the implications for social work practices. newlineMaterials and Methods: The study has two phases. The first phase was a qualitative newlineexploratory research study that adopted an inductive thematic data analysis. In-depth newlinequalitative interviews were conducted with 11 non-working working married women. The interviews were audio recorded and the transcribed data were analyzed with ATLAS.ti software. The results were presented thematically. The second phase was a newlinecross-sectional survey of 180 non-working married women. The data were collected newlinethrough semi-structured interviews with the Female Sexual Function Index, the New newlineSexual Satisfaction scale, the Psychological Distress Scale, the Subjective Happiness newlinescale, and questions related to socio-demographic details, and health. Descriptive and inferential statistics were carried out and multiple regression analyses were conducted with jamovi v2.3. to find the predictors of both sexual function and satisfaction. Results: In the qualitative phase various factors of sexual function and satisfaction were explored and organized into three global themes. They are Somatic and personal factors, Factors related to the mind, and Situational and extrinsic factors. The quantitative study found that physical, psychological, couples characteristics-related, family, and socio-cultural factors together predict a 17.3% variance in sexual function and a 78.6% variance in sexual satisfaction of women. Conclusion: The study could find positive and negative factors of sexual function and satisfaction. -
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Synthesis of Thiazines, Thiazinones and N-Cycloalkyl Azoles Via Novel Synthetic Routes
Heterocyclic building blocks have gained the utmost importance in recent past on the newlineaccount of their significance in biological and pharmaceutical fields. Among these newlinenitrogen and sulphur containing heterocyclic building blocks such as thiazines, newlinethiazinones and N-cycloalkyl heterocyclic motifs hold an important role in medicinal newlinechemistry. Thiazine cores are used for the treatment of various life threating diseases newlinelike cancer, cardiovascular and fabry diseases. Drugs containing thiazinone cores were used to treat Parkinson, Alzheimer s and various neuro degenerative diseases. Ncycloalkyl azole motifs are used to treat various life threating cancers like neck, lung, prostate, breast etc. As per the literature review, synthesis of these motifs are done using multi steps and harsh conditions, which limited the substrate scope. In this thesis we describe our studies on development of one pot, mild condition for newlinesynthesis of thiazinone cores using P(NMe2)3 (HMPT). We had developed HMPT [P(NMe2)3] mediated reactions towards synthesis of Carbon-Nitrogen/Carbon-Sulphur bond. The developed methodology was extended for thiazine cores as well. This new synthetic methodology is useful to synthesize various N, S-heterocycles including the novel spiro molecules. HMPT reagent under the mild and aerobic reaction conditions provided the access for many manifold immense molecules. Molecular docking studies were conducted for the synthesized compounds considering MOA-B inhibitors as target. MOA-B inhibitor motifs were approved for the treatment of Parkinson illness. The synthesized thiazine and thiazinone molecules showed good binding affinity in molecular docking studies conducted. We had developed a new strategy using T3P (1-Propanephosphonic anhydride, ~ 50 % wt, in EA solution) mediated synthetic procedure for the synthesis of N-cycloalkyl newlineazoles. -
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The family strengths of the Lambhanis of Bellary district /
The study titled The Family Strengths of the Lambhanis of Bellary District aimed at identifying and exploring Family Strengths of the Lambhanis their perpetuation. The study was based on the Family Strengths Model using an Interpretivistic Research Philosophy and a Grounded Theory Research Paradigm within a Qualitative Framework. The sample of the study was taken through a key informant. The participants were from Dasarhalli Thanda, Bellary District, Karnataka. They were all adults both men and women. Three Focus Groups were conducted and the interviews were unstructured, data was collected until Data Saturation was reached. The data was recorded/taped, translated and transcripts written. The data gathered was then coded based on the Grounded Theory Method proposed by Strauss and Corbin (1998). -
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Social media strategies of royal challenges Bangalore team and perception of its fans /
Indian Premier League (IPL) buzz is primarily driven by marketing actions of the broadcaster, Here the researcher brings out the key aspects for the success of Royal Challengers Bangalore (RCB) franchise through social media part of sports communication to connect with their fans to build a brand identity, manage reputations, and engage fans through various clubs. -
A critical analysis of the law relating to elementary education in India viz-a-viz minimum level of learning /
The “demand for free and compulsory education” started in the British period. The framers directed that the object of Article 45 must be achieved within ten years of the commencement of the constitution. After several judicial strictures the Constitutional (Eighty Sixth) Amendment Act 2002 (Amendment Act, 2002) declared ‘education’ as a fundamental right. -
A Critical analysis of the law relationg to elementary education in india Viz-A-Viz Minimum level of learning
The demand for free and compulsory education started in the British period. newlineThe framers directed that the object of Article 45 must be achieved within ten years newlineof the commencement of the constitution. After several judicial strictures the newlineConstitutional (Eighty Sixth) Amendment Act 2002 (Amendment Act, 2002) declared education as a fundamental right. To execute this mandate the Children Right to Free and Compulsory Education Act 2009 (RTE Act, 2009) was passed. However, the government has failed to fulfil the mandate of giving quality education in terms of minimum level of learning under the RTE Act. One of the newlineparameters of the Quality Monitoring Tool under Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) is newlineto give quality education in terms of minimum level of learning. But, when it was newlinerealized that the children from Government schools are completing their primary newlineeducation without minimum level of learning, three amendments had been made to the RTE Act 2009, i.e., during 2012, 2015 and 2019. Yet, the latest Annual Survey on Education Report shows that there is poor minimum level of learning among children who have completed their primary education in government primary newlineschools. Thus, the purpose of this research is to critically analyse the RTE Act 2009 newlineand the subsequent amendments to the Act of 2009 and to study various policies and schemes under SSA, to explore the reasons for low level of learning in government primary school and to make suggestion to improve the minimum level of learning.