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Customers satisfaction towards online banking services of public sector banks
At present the banking industry around the world has been undergoing a rapid transformation. The deepening of information technology has facilitated better tracking and fulfillment of commitments, multiple delivery channels for online customers and faster resolution of issues. Customer satisfaction is important criteria for banks sustenance, now banks are offers online banking services according to the customer needs and requirements. This study analysed customers satisfactions towards online banking services of public sector banks in Tiruchirappalli district. It is understand from the present study that bank websites and technology platforms has to offer various knowledge features on financial services. To retain the existing customers, banks has to conduct regular surveys on the customer satisfaction. The results of the study shows that variables like prompt response, security and Website design and ease of use are top three factors affected customer satisfaction. IJSTR 2020. -
Customized mask region based convolutional neural networks for un-uniformed shape text detection and text recognition
In image scene, text contains high-level of important information that helps to analyze and consider the particular environment. In this paper, we adapt image mask and original identification of the mask region based convolutional neural networks (R-CNN) to allow recognition at 3 levels such as sequence, holistic and pixel-level semantics. Particularly, pixel and holistic level semantics can be utilized to recognize the texts and define the text shapes, respectively. Precisely, in mask and detection, we segment and recognize both character and word instances. Furthermore, we implement text detection through the outcome of instance segmentation on 2-D feature-space. Also, to tackle and identify the text issues of smaller and blurry texts, we consider text recognition by attention-based of optical character recognition (OCR) model with the mask R-CNN at sequential level. The OCR module is used to estimate character sequence through feature maps of the word instances in sequence to sequence. Finally, we proposed a fine-grained learning technique that trains a more accurate and robust model by learning models from the annotated datasets at the word level. Our proposed approach is evaluated on popular benchmark dataset ICDAR 2013 and ICDAR 2015. 2023 Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science. All rights reserved. -
Customized SEIR Mathematical Model to Predict the trends of Vaccination for Spread of COVID-19
The uncertainty in life plans, restrictions on physical classrooms, loss of jobs, large number of infections and deaths due to COVID-19 are some significant causes of concern for the public as well as Governments all over the globe. Moreover, the exponential increase in the number of infected people in a short time is responsible for the collapse of the health industry during the pandemic caused by COVID-19. The health experts recommended that the quick and early diagnosis followed by treatment of patients in isolation is a way to minimize its spread and save lives. The objective of this research is to propose a customized SEIR model to predict the trends of vaccination in the USA. The experimental results prove that the Moderna vaccine reports the efficacy of 93%, which is higher than the Pfizer and Johnson and Johnson vaccines. 2022 ACM. -
Cutting across the Durand: Water dispute between Pakistan and Afghanistan on river Kabul
All nations firmly believe in the absolute sovereignty over the waters flow in their areas and that only riparian states have any legal right, apart from an agreement, to use the water from the shared river. To address some of their water concerns, the co-riparian states compete to have more quantity of waters. Significantly, no water agreement exists between upper riparian Afghanistan and lower riparian Pakistan, despite sharing nine big and small rivers. The simmering water dispute between them on the River Kabul is rarely noted mainly because it is overshadowed by their political tensions, differences, and the dispute over the Durand Line. Using an analytical framework, this article examines three aspects of the River Kabul water dispute: its context, identifying the challenges that hinder a formalized bilateral agreement from being implemented, and its future. 2020 Policy Studies Organization -
Cutting-edge technologies for economic well-being: The transformative power of AI and blockchain
This paper explores the transformative impact of cutting-edge technologies, specifically AI and blockchain, on economic well-being. It begins by examining how AI-driven solutions are revolutionizing industries, enhancing decision-making processes, and improving financial inclusion. Blockchain technology is discussed for its potential to increase transparency, reduce fraud, and streamline financial transactions, thereby fostering trust and efficiency. The synergy between AI and blockchain is highlighted as a powerful driver for economic growth, enabling decentralized finance, secure data management, and scalable innovation. The paper further explores how these technologies are unlocking new opportunities for sustainable development, particularly in emerging markets. It concludes by emphasizing the role of AI and blockchain in shaping a future of economic prosperity, with a focus on inclusivity, sustainability, and long-term well-being. 2025, IGI Global Scientific Publishing. -
Cyanogenic glycosides: A sustainable carbon and nitrogen source for developing resilient Janus reversible oxygen electrocatalysts for metal-air batteries
Most of the transition metal based heteroatom doped carbon electrocatalysts, utilizes the fossil fuel derived commercially available precursors as source of nitrogen and carbon which may question our environmental generosity. Herein, we have developed Ni-based efficient bifunctional electrocatalysts using apple seeds (that contains cyanogenic glycosides) as the precursor for nitrogen and carbon. With tuning the temperature, we were able to optimize the nitrogen doping up to ?3 at.%. The optimized electrocatalyst catalyses the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) process with muted peroxide generation (for 0.7500.1 V the % HO2 ? generation ?3 - 2%), preferential 4e? reduction pathways (n ? 3.93 to 3.98 in 0.750.1 V range) and electron transfer via inner-sphere electron transfer mechanism which ensures the maximum utilization of instituted active centres owing to the direct interaction of reactant species. Alike to ORR, the superior oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance with smaller Eonset, EJ=10, Tafel slope and enduring accelerated stability test advocates its potential as a bifunctional oxygen electrocatalyst. Moreover, smaller potential gap ?E (EJ10_OER - E1/2_ORR) of 0.845 V further warrants the energy efficient OER/ORR process. A porotype of Al-air battery system using our catalysts as oxygen electrode and chocolate wafer as anode material is well capable of powering the light emitting diodes. This study hopefully opens a new avenue to explore cyanogenic glycosides plants product to develop multifunctional electrocatalysts. 2019 Elsevier Ltd -
Cyber physical systems: Ethical and legal considerations for a policy design
The Cyber-physical system is an intersection of cyber and physical worlds that supports the coordination of physical systems through cyber models and methods. There are various models and methods that use this intersecting advancement favoring direct and immediate service. Realizing the advantages of CPS, many industrial and service sectors that even have important national and international security concerns incorporate and use them for better productivity and efficiency. This contemporary initiative has favored unparalleled economic growth worldwide, mostly advancing the rich. However, besides having several benefits, it poses many challenges that urge policy-makers and researchers to reflect on a proper policy design by considering various ethical and legal concerns required for its effective functioning. Such a framework is required to ensure responsible governance for the wellbeing of people. In this perspective, the authors critically evaluate the functioning of CPS suggesting a substantial policy framework for its incorporation into the real world. 2025 by IGI Global Scientific Publishing. All rights reserved. -
Cyber resilience through adaptive federated learning
This chapter explores the soon-to-be-reached intersection of cyber resilience and adaptive federated learning (FL), presenting a thorough examination of how FL, and especially through its adaptability mechanisms, can significantly enhance an organizations ability to predict, withstand, recover from, and learn from cyber-attacks. It explores the fundamental concepts of cyber resilience and FL, outlines several adaptive methodologies utilized in FL (e.g., adaptive client selection, aggregation, and optimization), and examines their direct contribution to the formation of resilient and privacy-aware cybersecurity systems. Real-world applications in critical infrastructures, accompanied by an honest review of current limitations and research avenues towards the future, present the revolutionary potential embedded within this synergy-based approach in an increasingly sophisticated and interlinked digital era. 2026 selection and editorial matter, Swati Sah, Rejwan Bin Sulaieman, and Aditya Dayal Tyagi; individual chapters, the contributors. -
Cyber secure man-in-the- middle attack intrusion detection using machine learning algorithms
The main objective of this chapter is to enhance security system in network communication by using machine learning algorithm. Cyber security network attack issues and possible machine learning solutions are also elaborated. The basic network communication component and working principle are also addressed. Cyber security and data analytics are two major pillars in modern technology. Data attackers try to attack network data in the name of man-in-the-middle attack. Machine learning algorithm is providing numerous solutions for this cyber-attack. Application of machine learning algorithm is also discussed in this chapter. The proposed method is to solve man-in-the-middle attack problem by using reinforcement machine learning algorithm. The reinforcement learning is to create virtual agent that should predict cyber-attack based on previous history. This proposed solution is to avoid future cyber middle man attack in network transmission. 2020, IGI Global. -
Cyber secure man-in-the-middle attack intrusion detection using machine learning algorithms
The main objective of this chapter is to enhance security system in network communication by using machine learning algorithm. Cyber security network attack issues and possible machine learning solutions are also elaborated. The basic network communication component and working principle are also addressed. Cyber security and data analytics are two major pillars in modern technology. Data attackers try to attack network data in the name of man-in-the-middle attack. Machine learning algorithm is providing numerous solutions for this cyber-attack. Application of machine learning algorithm is also discussed in this chapter. The proposed method is to solve man-in-the-middle attack problem by using reinforcement machine learning algorithm. The reinforcement learning is to create virtual agent that should predict cyber-attack based on previous history. This proposed solution is to avoid future cyber middle man attack in network transmission. 2022 by IGI Global. All rights reserved. -
Cyber-Physical Systems: AI and COVID-19
Cyber-Physical Systems: AI and COVID-19 highlights original research which addresses current data challenges in terms of the development of mathematical models, cyber-physical systems-based tools and techniques, and the design and development of algorithmic solutions, etc. It reviews the technical concepts of gathering, processing and analyzing data from cyber-physical systems (CPS) and reviews tools and techniques that can be used. This book will act as a resource to guide COVID researchers as they move forward with clinical and epidemiological studies on this outbreak, including the technical concepts of gathering, processing and analyzing data from cyber-physical systems (CPS). The major problem in the identification of COVID-19 is detection and diagnosis due to non-availability of medicine. In this situation, only one method, Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) has been widely adopted and used for diagnosis. With the evolution of COVID-19, the global research community has implemented many machine learning and deep learning-based approaches with incremental datasets. However, finding more accurate identification and prediction methods are crucial at this juncture. 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. -
Cyber-Secure Framework for the Insecure Designs in Healthcare Industry
Sensitive data protection has been a top priority in the healthcare industry. This has led to the investigation of safe data storage and transaction. Despite various attempts to address this issue, data breaches continue to plague the healthcare industry. This study aims to investigate prevalent storage practices and security methodologies in the healthcare, recognizing the need for a robust framework. The work further extends with design of new security framework for healthcare industry. This framework identifies critical data and implement measures to prevent unauthorized access and data tempering. The industrial hype towards the implementation of adaptive machine learning craves the need for hybrid machine learning approaches to be adapted in the cyber secure framework. In order to improve security and confidentiality in the healthcare sector. Blockchain is used in the proposed cyber secure framework promising integrity of data with the features of immutability. This proposal aims to provide a comprehensive solution to the ongoing problem of protecting medical data. Grenze Scientific Society, 2024. -
Cyber-Threat Landscape in Healthcare Industry and Legal Framework Governing Personal Health Information in India
2021 and 2022 have been the years of frequent cyberattacks. India remains in the top 25 countries severely affected by the continuous cyber-attacks and tops the list. The healthcare department is amongst the most affected area. In 2020, the healthcare department suffered a severe impact with around 348K cyber-attacks alone on Indian healthcare infrastructure. The recent occurrence of cyber-attack on AIIMS hospital in December 2022 followed by several other incidences of data breaches have made the concerned authorities pro-active on exercising vigilance and reforming the legal and technical system to protect the health infrastructure. This paper has been developed on extensive literature and focuses on describing the nature of electronic health records, the risks they are exposed to along with as to why they are so susceptible to these cyber-risks. Furthermore, the paper also deals with different kinds of threats affecting the privacy and security of electronic health records specifically. The paper analyzes Indian legal framework, briefly compares it with international legal framework (specifically US & EU) and highlights the shortcomings in Indian legislative framework followed by laying down certain recommendations primarily highlighting the possible changes required in Indian legal framework and practices that can be adopted at organizational level to overcome and mitigate such risks. N. Raizada, P. Srivastava, 2024. -
Cyber-victimizationinfluence of parental rules and impact on mental health among Indian adolescents
Introduction: In the contemporary digital age, cyberspace offers numerous benefits but also presents significant risks, including cyber-victimization. Adolescents, as frequent internet users, are particularly vulnerable to such experiences. This study examines the relationship between parental regulations on internet usage and the incidence of cyber-victimization among Indian adolescents, while also assessing the impact of cyber-victimization on mental health outcomes such as stress, anxiety, and depression. Methods: A sample of 224 adolescents (Mean age?=?16.5?years SD?=?2.34) was surveyed using standardized measures of cyber-victimization and mental health. Results: Multiple linear regression analyses revealed that written-verbal cyber-victimization was a significant predictor of stress (??=?0.18, p?<?0.05), while impersonation, written-verbal cyber-victimization, and online exclusion significantly predicted anxiety (p?<?0.05). However, none of the cyber-victimization subtypes significantly predicted depression, and the overall model accounted for only 4% of its variance. Discussion: These findings suggest that while cyber-victimization is linked to stress and anxiety, its influence on depression may be more complex. Furthermore, the Pearson correlation analysis indicated a negligible association between cyber-victimization and parental rules on internet usage (r?=?0.039), suggesting that parental regulations alone may not effectively mitigate cyber-victimization risks. Given these findings, interventions focusing on resilience-building, digital literacy, and peer support may be more effective in protecting adolescents from the adverse effects of cyber-victimization. Future research should explore alternative protective factors and preventive strategies to promote adolescent well-being in digital spaces. Copyright 2025 Tamarana, Mathur, Madhusudan and Annapurna Kiranmai. -
Cybercrimes in Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita: A Critical Study on Indian Legal Scenario
Cybersecurity is a significant concern in the present digital world. The increase in cybercrimes attracts attention of the whole globe. India is one of the top countries on the list of cybercrimes and cyberattacks. More than 1 billion people use smartphones in India and the focus on digital economy has also attracted many cyberattacks. This necessitates the need for a specific legal framework. Indias Penal Code was almost 160 years old, and its provisions were not adequate to address the growing nature of cybercrime. Though the provisions of Information Technology Act, 2000 can be applied, India needed a criminal code addressing the latest trends of crimes. Many considered that the enactment of Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) will provide this required framework. In making a critical analysis the chapter tries to evaluate the provisions of BNS to examine whether it provided due protection to Indias cyberspace. 2026 by IGI Global Scientific Publishing. All rights reserved. -
Cybercrimes in the Associated World
Phrases that scarcely existed a decade ago are now a part of our day-to-day lifestyle, as criminals use malicious new technologies to commit cyber attacks against businesses, individuals, and governments. These crimes cause serious harm and impose real threats to victims worldwide either physically or virtually. There are no borders in cyberspace. Attacks can come from any place and at any time. Cybercrime can take many forms, but they all have a digital platform/environment in common. It can be done with both good and bad intentions. But, nowadays, the most common types of cybercrime activities such as phishing scams, identity theft, Internet frauds, online intellectual property or patent infringements, online harassment, and cyber stalking are sadly very widespread in todays associated world. Cyber bullying and online harassment activities spread casually in social media posts and comments or through direct messages and also via emails. The main motive of these messages is to threaten either an individual or a group. Such kinds of cybercrime activities are extremely damaging to the victims mental health. Government agencies working to investigate cybercrimes have reported multiple records of victims developing mental illnesses and even ending up committing suicide. On the other hand we have phishing scams, one of the widespread crime activities. Organizations have detected an increase in the ratio of phishing emails to professional emails from unknown or anonymous service providers appending fake attachments and invoices. These files and attachments may contain malicious payloads to scam people and to create a backdoor in that system, so the attacker can gain access to the system anytime and from anywhere without the victims knowledge. This has been considered as one of the major advantages for the attacker. Cybercrimes have not restricted to only these forms of criminal activities. A wide variety of new attacks have been created and have spread all over the world through commonly used platforms such as social media sites, blogs, and news portals. We are living in a digital world where all our activities are being monitored by someone, somewhere - even keystrokes are being monitored using keyloggers. Nothing seems to be secret and protected unless you are tech savvy. National agencies are keeping a close watch on all individual online activities to prevent illegal activities from happening. No longer the delete option is possible in this digital world; rather, only migration of data from one location to another or from a local server to a cloud server is possible. In our day-to-day lives, several new viruses and attack mechanisms are triggered by attackers by following very new tactics with the help of more complex algorithms. So, its time to advance our knowledge on protecting our valuable assets by spending time in learning and following proper online practices. 2024 selection and editorial matter, S. Vijayalakshmi, P. Durgadevi, Lija Jacob, Balamurugan Balusamy, and Parma Nand; individual chapters, the contributors. -
Cyberdeviance among students a multidimensional scaling approach
Cyberdeviance off late has been gaining a lot of attention because of the increased use. Educational institutions have also made the internet available to its student to improve their exposure to various educational information. Hence, it becomes essential to identify a model that helps understand college factors to cyberdivert. The study focused on assessing whether college students are involved in cyberdeviation and the demographic effect on internet behaviour and cyberdeviance. The multidimensional approach was used to understand cyberdeviance. Data were collected from 264 students using convenience sampling in Bengaluru city, India. The study found that the respondents prefer to use the internet mainly for games and prefer least for theft, harassment, adult content, and hacking. They misused the internet due to the fear of unemployment and were involved in internet fraud to deploy knowledge. Copyright 2025 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd. -
Cyberloafing and the Future of Business Productivity in Developing Economies: Insights From India
Online activities are increasing every day, and cyberloafing is a relatively new phenomenon. Scholars are increasingly focusing on the adverse effects of digitization on human lives in personal and professional contexts. Cyberloafing is one such effect and digitization-related workplace behavior that has garnered attention in both academic and mainstream media. This chapter aims to understand the specific loafing activities and its effects on employee productivity in India, one of the most populated and largest developing economies. To achieve this goal, the research involved conducting field research among employees in both private and public sectors in Haryana, India, with a primary focus on those employed in the medium-sized education and healthcare business sectors. The data were collected from 300 respondents through questionnaires and analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) to determine the impact. The studys results suggest that engaging in cyberloafing activities like maintaining social networks, playing online games, online dating, shopping online, and using the internet for non-work purposes while at the workplace has a modest yet notable adverse impact on employee productivity. To put it differently, when employees indulge in social, leisure, and virtual activities, it has a detrimental effect on their productivity. These research findings offer valuable insights to organizations regarding the types of cyberloafing activities employees are involved in and how they influence employee productivity, encompassing factors like attendance, work quality, performance capability, and personal aspects. 2026 Divya, Timilehin Olasoji Olubiyi and Mahabir Narwal -
Cybernetic Intelligence in Intellectual Property Law: AI-Driven Innovation, Detection, and Ethical Challenges
This paper explores the transformative role of cybernetic intelligence in intellectual property (IP) law, including its integration in critical areas, such as registration, intellectual property infringement detection, innovation protection, and dispute resolution. IP processes are being reshaped by the introduction of cybernetic systems that improve process efficiency and accuracy in registration and by advanced algorithms that revolutionise the detection of violations. In particular, the paper explores the ethical challenges raised about AI driven innovation like ownership of work created by AI, biases of automated systems and risking monopoly. Further, it analyses the potential of cybernetic tools for dispute resolution that blends data knowledge with Peoples judgement to the point of fairness. The paper emphasises ethical, legal implications, proposing robust AI regulatory frameworks, transparency and accountability when deploying AI. -
Cybersecurity Disclosure and Corporate Reputation: Rising Popularity of Cybersecurity in the Business World
This chapter emphasizes the importance of cybersecurity for a corporation as todays organizations are more vulnerable than ever and their enemies are in the form of viruses and malware. The work provides evidence that cybersecurity can have an impact on brand value, market value, and overall corporate reputation. It focuses on depicting the global scenario with reference to cybersecurity disclosures by corporations and how it is important in todays digitized era where data is the most valuable and vulnerable asset. With rapid digitalization, cybersecurity has become a major concern for all businesses, especially when there is financial and reputational damage to cybersecurity breaches and incidents. Even in the absence of clear cybersecurity laws and regulations, corporations are opting for voluntary disclosure. Existing literature explains this as an attempt to mitigate any potential risk or occurred risk through increased transparency which will build the trust of all stakeholders. 2023 by IGI Global. All rights reserved.