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Integration of 0.1 GHz to 40 GHz RF and microwave anechoic chamber and the intricacies
The aim of this paper is to highlight and elaborate the construction and establishment of a rectangular anechoic chamber (AC) of dimensions 7 m 4 m 3 m working from 0.1 GHz to 40 GHz. It is an informative checklist giving an insight on the reckoning of chamber dimensions and selection of appropriate absorbers as per the required specifications. It briefs the key features of validation of an anechoic chamber, namely, shielding effectiveness and reflectivity (quiet zone). It describes the intricacies of the integration of systems such as vector network analyzer (VNA), antenna mounting stands, three-axes motorized antenna rotation control circuitry, and customized software. The validation of the established chamber is accomplished for overall shielding effectiveness of ?80 dB and reflectivity of ?40 dB in one cubic meter area at the receiving antenna or the antenna under test (AUT) region far away from transmitter say, at 5.5 m separation. This paper covers the measurement results of three broadband horn antennas which can be used as reference antennas for characterization of other antennas in the chosen frequency range. The entire report will certainly be a guideline for any reader or aspirant who is interested in the development of a similar anechoic chamber and looking for complete intricacies. 2020, Electromagnetics Academy. All rights reserved. -
Integration of blockchain to IoT: Possibilities and pitfalls
[No abstract available] -
Integration of cyber-physical systems with wearable devices:A new paradigm for patient monitoring
The healthcare sector has witnessed significant changes as cyber-physical systems (CPS) bring embedded technologies that are developed from human and physical surroundings to smart objects. Wearable technologies such as wearable fitness trackers, biosensors, and smartwatches stand as good examples of smart healthcare that may improve decision-making and real-time patient monitoring. Through advances in personal health technology, mobile medication, and smart sensing, these technologies aid the medical treatment of the patient. Such advancements enable monitoring and programming health data streams continually, which supports early diagnosis and better care. However, challenges persist in integrating machine learning into health wearables; it still poses a limitation, improving algorithm accuracy and reliability so that the use can be widespread. Advances in skin-based, textile-based, and biofluidic designs have allowed medical wearables to monitor neuro, cardiovascular, and metabolic disorders, which are being further extended to drug delivery systems. The present study identifies gaps and advances in the field using secondary data from articles, journals, and research papers. It highlights future research directions on the clinical applications of wearable technology and its role in routine safety and health monitoring. Findings have indicated that regulated data privacy, equity, and fairness must be pursued to fully realize CPS-enabled wearables in terms of a healthcare revolution. 2026 selection and editorial matter, Jossy George, Kamal Upreti, Ramesh Chandra Poonia, Ankit Gautam, and Danish Nadeem; individual chapters, the contributors. -
Integration of enterprise resource planning system as an effective technology for increasing business productivity
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) refers to a potential software, which organisations utilise for managing daily basis activities such as proper accounting, project management, compliance as well as procurement actions within organisational standards for achieving better business performance. This research focuses on understanding ways of ERP usage of businesses for enhancing potential procurement as well as accounting for assuring best performance achievement. Literature from different company reports and other sources has been implemented that brings out an understanding of productivity optimisation of organisations using ERP. It also focuses on illustrating different types of ERP along with assuring better data visibility aspects of the ERP usage for allowing consumers to view real time data while progressing with business relationships and enabling higher procurement standards. The research aims to investigate ways in which different types of ERP are used by organisations for assuring better accounting performance and procurement standards in their marketing environment. Hypothesis is a positive association between ERP utilisation and implementation in organisation and its accounting and procurement standards, achieving high performance in the competitive market. Methodology used in this research involves Exploratory research design with a probability sampling for bringing out best possible outcomes of the research. Sample sizes include secondary sources such as articles, journals and relevant company reports and databases for understanding ways in which ERP helps in attaining suitable accounting and procurement practices of businesses within organisational standards. Results as well as implications indicate an optimal relation of proper risk management through enhancing ERP and usage of most suitable ERP that assures best possible procurement and accounting practices for businesses to get competitive advantage in the market. 2024 Author(s). -
Integration of Franciscan Capuchin philosophical values in higher education: a systematic literature review
This systematic literature review examines the current state of Higher Education (HE) research concerning antecedents related to Franciscan Capuchin philosophical values. Much has been discussed about Franciscan HE in past research. However, the literature lacks studies on Franciscan values integration and implementation practices in their educational institutions. This study employs a systematic literature review exploring research in higher education with particular reference to Franciscan missionaries. The systematic review will assist practitioners and researchers in determining the key factors that led catholic Franciscan missionaries to impart holistic education. It also identifies the research gaps that need to be plugged to keep the body of knowledge in integrating Franciscan philosophical values in HE up-to-date. The research is an original contribution to understanding the research in higher education on catholic philosophical values implementation through a systematic review process considering literature from 1980 to 2024. The value addition is identifying the underpinning theories to be considered in developing a holistic model in HE through the Franciscan lens. 2025 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. -
Integration of Hyperspectral Imaging and Deep Learning for Sustainable Mangrove Management and Sustainable Development Goals Assessment
Mangrove forests support biodiversity and provide valuable ecosystem services. Their conservation is important for maintaining these benefits. In addition to this, understanding and preserving these forests is important for the assessment of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) such as SDG 1,2,3,6,8,11,12,13,14 and15. This review paper explores how the integration of Hyperspectral Image (HSI) technology and Deep Learning (DL) algorithms is helpful in mangrove conservation and SDGs assessment. HSI in mangrove research allows detailed analysis of tree health, species types and environmental stress factors (includes salinity levels, waterlogging, soil erosion, pollution, habitat fragmentation, disturbances from human activities etc.) with enhanced spectral and spatial resolution. Combining DL algorithms like Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) with HSI data automates mangrove mapping, detects change in mangrove health, estimates carbon sequestration and manages ecological zone. Rich spectral information from HSI empowers DL algorithms to identify patterns and features for accurate and efficient classification tasks in both supervised and unsupervised methods. This review aims to comprehensively summarize the research efforts reported in monitoring mangrove ecosystems through varied remote sensing approaches, algorithms and their support towards SDGs assessment. HSI and DL together offer a powerful approach for researchers, environmentalists and climate activists working towards sustainable development objectives. This paper not only focuses on mangrove conservation but also addresses challenges associated with integrating technologies such as data processing complexities and the need for specialized expertise. This study outlines advancements in HSI technology, DL applications and future directions to drive sustainable management strategies for mangrove ecosystems. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Society of Wetland Scientists 2025. -
Integration of Industrial Robots to Enhance Warehouse Efficiency in an Industry 4.0 Environment Using Digital Twin Technology
An automated warehouse serves as a facility designed for the storage of materials with a comprehensive inventory management system. This system meticulously monitors the loading and unloading of materials with minimal human intervention. The core operations within an automated warehouse are executed through the utilization of sophisticated software tools. This specific system falls within the purview of Manufacturing Execution Systems (MES). The integration of industrial robots is a pivotal aspect of warehouse automation, serving to meet the demands of efficiency while simultaneously reducing space requirements and overall operational costs within the warehouse management system. Industrial robots excel in executing processes swiftly and with precision, enhancing overall operational efficiency. This paper outlines the authors approach, which involves the programming of an industrial controller and the utilization of an Industry 4.0 Application Programming Interface (API) to facilitate communication with a 3D warehouse in Factory IO for loading materials. The programming of the industrial controller is carried out using the Sequential Function Chart (SFC) language, adhering to the IEC61131-3 standard. 2026 Scrivener Publishing LLC. -
Integration of Intelligent System and Big Data Environment to Find the Energy Utilization in Smart Public Buildings
Buildings are the leading consumer of energy in the setting of smart cities, and public structures such as hospitals, schools, government offices, and additional institutions have high energy needs owing to their frequent use. However, there needs to be adequate use of the latest innovations in machine learning inside the big data context in this field. Controlling the energy efficiency of public subdivisions is a crucial aspect of the smart city concept. This chapter aims to address the challenge of integrating big data platforms and machine learning algorithms into an intelligent system for this purpose to forecast how much energy various Croatian government buildings will consume, prediction models were constructed using deep learning neural networks, Rpart regression tree models, and random forests using variable reduction techniques. The evaluation of all three techniques considered critical aspects, and the random forest methodology yielded the most precise model. The MERIDA intelligent system aims to enhance energy efficiency in public buildings by integrating big data and predictive algorithms. This research examines the technological requirements for a platform that facilitates public administration in planning public building reconstruction, reducing energy consumption and expenses, and connecting intelligent public buildings in smart cities. Digitizing energy management may improve public administration efficiency, service quality, and environmental health. 2025 Scrivener Publishing LLC. All rights reserved. -
Integration of Mobile Edge Computing in Wireless Technology
This chapter delves into the potential for Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) to revolutionize wireless networks through its incorporation in wireless technologies. The authors give a thorough introduction to MEC, including its components, design, and the reasoning behind combining it with wireless networks. This chapter provides a foundational understanding of technologies for wireless communication, focusing on the establishment and improvement of 4G, 5G, and Wi-Fi networks. Different deployment strategies and supporting technologies for MEC integration with mobile networks are explored to demonstrate the adaptability and scalability of this approach. Improved connection, lower latency, and higher bandwidth utilization are just some of the benefits and obstacles of MEC integration that are demonstrated using practical scenarios and applications. This chapter also discusses techniques for optimizing performance and managing resources, as well as security and privacy concerns unique to wireless networks that make use of MEC. In this article, we explore the continuing standardization efforts and industry activities that are pushing MEC usage in wireless networks. Finally, the authors describe the unanswered questions and potential future developments in MEC-enabled wireless networks. This chapter presents a thorough analysis of MEC's incorporation into wireless technology, revealing how this development has the potential to revolutionize mobile communications and open up fresh avenues for developing useful services and applications. 2024 CRC Press. -
Integration of sustainability in business through finance
[No abstract available] -
Integration of technology initiatives with educational neuroscience and its impact on technology readiness to technology adoption by HSS Teachers, Kerala
The technology-enabled education process remoulded the modern education systems. The facelift of education 4.0 process harmonized the education systems with industrial demands and technology advancements. The education reforms of the State of Kerala with the tools of technology and neuroscience could achieve remarkable milestones in the education sector. This case study analyses the digital initiatives of KITE and its role on providing uninterrupted-effective education during the Covid-19 pandemic in Kerala. This study is affirmed with quantitative study on how these integrated technology initiatives impact on Technology Adoption of the HSS teachers with respect to their Technology Readiness. Responses of 857 teachers from six education districts of Kerala were used for this study. This study is relevant as it could connect the pre-Covid digital initiatives which could successfully empower the teachers to face the Covid-19 pandemic situation without interrupting the education process amidst the Covid-19 restrictions in Kerala. The study identified that the technology learning initiatives with tools of educational neurosciences have partially mediated teachers' Technology Readiness to Technology Adoption. The multiple learning initiatives integrated with the tools of technology and educational neuroscience could fully support the virtual learning throughout the State of Kerala during the Covid-19 pandemic situations. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021. All rights reserved. -
Integrity assured multi-functional multi-application secure data aggregation in wireless sensor networks (IAMFMA-SDA)
Industrial revolutions and demand of novel applications drive the development of sensors which offer continuous monitoring of remote hostile areas by collecting accurate measurement of physical phenomena. Data aggregation is considered as one of the significant energy-saving mechanism of resource constraint Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) which reduces bandwidth consumption by eliminating redundant data. Novel applications demand WSN to provide information about the monitoring region in multiple aspects in large scale. To meet this requirement, different kinds of sensors of different parameters are deployed in the same region which in turn demands the aggregator node to integrate diverse data in a smooth and secure manner. Novelty in applications also requires Base station (BS) to apply multiple statistical functions. Hence, we propose to develop a novel secure cost-efficient data aggregation scheme based on asymmetric privacy homomorphism to aggregate data of multiple parameters and facilitate the BS to compute multiple functions in one round of data collection by providing elaborated view of monitoring region. To meet the claim of large scale WSN which requires dynamic change in size, vector-based data collection method is adopted in our proposed scheme. The security aspect is strengthened by allowing BS to verify the authenticity of source node and validity of data received. The performance of the system is analyzed in terms of computation and communication overhead using the mathematical model and simulation results. 2023 - IOS Press. All rights reserved. -
Intellectual capital independent directors and leverage as determinants of sustainable growth in Indian pharmaceutical companies listed in the NSE NIFTY pharma index
This research investigates how Intellectual Capital (IC) influences the Sustainable Growth Rate (SGR) of Indian pharmaceutical firms that are part of the NSE NIFTY Pharma index. This study delves deeper into the moderating influence of Independent Directors and examines the control effect of Leverage (Debt-Equity Ratio) on this relationship. A descriptive research design was utilized, employing panel data from FY 2015 to FY 2024. The dataset was obtained from the Prowess database (CMIE), and the Two-Step System GMM method was utilized with STATA 18 to guarantee a thorough econometric analysis. The findings indicate that Intellectual Capital (IC) plays a crucial role in enhancing SGR, thereby reinforcing the Resource-Based View (RBV). Independent Directors effectively moderate this relationship, strengthening Agency Theory. Nonetheless, leverage has a detrimental effect on SGR, consistent with Pecking Order Theory. Pharmaceutical companies ought to allocate resources towards Intellectual Capital, enhance corporate governance, and uphold appropriate debt levels to ensure sustained long-term growth. This study effectively combines IC, corporate governance, and financial leverage in the Indian pharmaceutical sector, providing valuable concrete insights for policymakers, academics, and industry experts. The Author(s) 2026. -
Intellectual Capital, FinTech Innovation, and Sustainable Performance: Moderating Role of Financial Literacy
In a fast-paced digital world of growing sustainability demands, organizations must utilize knowledge-based and financial resources in order to stay competitive and accountable. Even though there is increasing academic interest, the empirical evidence on how and when the major dimensions of intellectual capital (IC), human, structural, and relational capital, combine to contribute to sustainable performance (SP) remains fragmented and inconclusive. Given this, the present study empirically investigates the impact of IC, including human, structural, and relational capital, on SP. It also aims to examine the potential impact of FinTech innovation (FI) and financial literacy on IC and SP. Based on the Technology innovation theory and Resource based view, this study develops and empirically tests the proposed model that integrates intangible knowledge resources and technological capabilities to explain SP. Data were collected from 413 managers of the Indian banking industry. Structural equation modeling and Hayes Process were used to test the hypotheses. The findings exhibit that IChuman, structural, relational capital, and financial literacyplay a significant and positive role in FI and SP. The path analysis also confirmed a significant role of FI on IC and SP. This study suggests that managers and policymakers can improve the banking performance in an eco-friendly manner by actively resorting to investments in knowledge resources and digital transformation initiatives. Accordingly, the study model offers an integrative framework showing how financial institutions can ensure SP by converging IC, FI, and FL. 2026 ERP Environment and John Wiley & Sons Ltd. -
Intellectual property and human rights of farmers: Striking a balance in the era of globalization
Globalization has fueled a knowledge- based economy, and intellectual property rights (IPR) are a key driver of innovation. Agricultural businesses have traditionally not been linked to IPRs since farming and related processes were deemed common and traditional knowledge. Globalization of agriculture presents both threats and opportunities for innovative ideas and inventions. It creates a complex tension between IPRs and human rights of farmers, particularly in developing countries. IPRs restrict farmers' access to traditional seeds, limit ability to save and exchange seeds, and force them into dependence on patented technology. This dependence led to indebtedness, loss of biodiversity, and decline in food security. Providing farmers with access to information, training, and financial resources can help them to make informed decisions about their farming practices and to negotiate with corporations on equitable terms. Keeping in view the above, this chapter provides a comprehensive roadmap to explore the intersection of globalization, intellectual property, and farmers' human rights. 2025, IGI Global Scientific Publishing. All rights reserved. -
Intellectual Property Right - Copyright
The power of cognition of human beings is beyond the imagination of any cognitive person. As gifted and nurtured property, the intellect of human beings has the potential to be original, creative, and innovative. Has the human being got absolute control over her/his intellect? Can human beings possess absolute rights over any product of her/his intellect? How far is a human being indebted to society? If human beings are not given due credit to the product of her/his intellect, the enthusiasm to be more creative and productive may take a coarser path. Human beings have the fundamental right to use her/his intellect to live a life of their choice enjoying economic and non-economic benefits. The right to intellectual property is fundamental to human beings. Hence, any infringement of intellectual property has to be dealt with appropriately. At the same time, human beings should be indebted to society for nurturing their intellect. 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. -
Intellectual property rights vis-a-vis food security: A critical analysis
The Right to Food is undoubtedly a human right since it is one of the basic necessities without which it is impossible to sustain life. Food Security refers to the availability as well as accessibility to sufficient and quality food by all individuals. However, there persists a problem of food insecurity which is a major problem especially in the underdeveloped and, to a considerable extent, the developing countries. At an individual level, food security is limited to one's access to food but on a broader sense food security cannot be isolated from agricultural policies, crop technologies, economic and trade conditions. The intersection of crop technologies with economic factors is what links food security with Intellectual Property Rights (IPR). Over the recent past, IPR has gained immense importance in a number of fields including agriculture. It provides the incentive for the private sector development in advancement of plant science and crop technologies which helps in ensuring food security in the long term. This study aims at discussing the issues of food security with a specific focus on the developing nations, IPR regime, and its introduction into the agriculture sector. It intends to explore the connections and linkages between IPR and food security, especially how intellectual property can act as a medium to cover the path toward achieving global food security. The author aims to put forth the ability of IPR as a means to achieve food security by incentivising human creativity through a detailed study from an international as well as region-specific perspective. 2023 Apple Academic Press, Inc. All rights reserved. -
Intelligence in Children Whose Either Parent Is Treated For Schizophrenia.
G.J.B.A.H.S.,Vol.2(4):119-123- October- December ISSN: 2319-5584 -
Intelligence-Software Cost Estimation Model for Optimizing Project Management
With the evolution of pervasive and ubiquitous application, the rise of web-based application as well as its components is quite rising as such applications are used both for development and analysis of the web component by developers. The estimation of software cost is controlled by multiple factors right from human-driven to process driven. Most importantly, some of the factors are never even can be guessed. At present, there are no records of literature to offer a robust cost estimation model to address this problem. Therefore, the proposed system introduces an intellectual model of software cost model that is mainly targets to perform optimization of entire cost estimation modeling by incorporating predictive approach. Powered by deep learning approach, the outcome of the proposed model is found to be cost effective in comparison to existing cost estimation modeling. 2019, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.