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Epileptic Seizure Prediction from EEG Signals Using DenseNet
Epilepsy is a disorder in which the normal electrical pattern in the brain is disrupted causing seizures or loss of consciousness. Seizure is harmful during various events like swimming or driving. The electroencephalogram (EEG) is the measurement of electrical activity received from the nerve cells of the cerebral cortex. Forthcoming seizures can be predicted from scalp EEG signal to improve the quality of life. The study proposes a method of automatic epileptic seizure prediction from raw EEG signal. The raw EEG signal is converted into EEG signal image for automatic extraction of features and classification of inter-ictal and pre-ictal state using Dense Convolutional Network (DenseNet). This classification process is carried out in a manner similar to the process followed by a medical practitioner without resorting to hand-crafted features. The public CHB-MIT EEG database is used for training, validation, and testing. An EEG signal for 1 second duration is taken as one sample. The accuracy for the classification of inter-ictal and pre-ictal state is achieved up to 94% by using 5-Fold cross validation. However, the accuracy is not up to the mark for the presence of common artifacts caused by eye-blinking and muscle activities during EEG recordings. Hence, a 30 seconds pool based technique is used for decision on correct state identification. The proposed pool based technique provides an average specificity of 95.87% and a false prediction rate of 0.0413/hour. It also provide average sensitivities of 100%, 97%, and 90% for the time slots 0 - 5 minutes, 5 - 10 minutes, and 10 - 15 minutes before the seizure event. 2019 IEEE. -
Equality Versus Discretion in Imposing Death Penalty in The Criminal Justice System : A Comparative Analysis Between India, UK and USA
The criminal justice system has two phases, namely, pre-conviction and postconviction, which are based on some theories which have to be exercised by the four major organs of administration of the criminal justice system, namely police (investigation), prosecution, defence and judiciary as well as correctional institutions. For this purpose, every legal system permits this mechanism to exercise equality and discretion at various phases such that justice is served according to the procedure established by law as it is required. The attempts to maintain a balance between the two in the sphere of criminal justice had begun long ago, although not succeeded yet by various countries. In the United States, more equality is emphasised in the postconviction stage. It focuses on offence egalitarianism quotrather than quotoffender egalitarianismquot. In Europe, the position is almost contrary. In India, strict adherence specifically to neither equality nor discretion at any step cannot be traced out. However, when it comes to sentencing cruel and heinous crimes, almost all countries fix a definite punishment where there is a broad scope for judicial discretion, often ending up squeezing the discretion to attain the idealistic concept of equality. This Study aims to discuss and point out the merits and demerits of the said system with suggestions. -
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Equalization of Finite-Alphabet MMSE for All-Digital Massive MU-MIMO mm-Wave Communication
For more than twenty years, growing the performance and efficiency of wireless communications systems using antenna arrays has been an active field of study. Wireless networks with multiple-input multiple-output are also part of the current norms and are implemented around the world. Access points or BSs with comparatively few antennas are used for standard MIMO systems, and the resulting increase in spectral efficiency was relatively modest. A Multiple-Input Multiple-Output platform's capacity is researched where the transmitter outputs are processed and quantified by a set of limit quantizes through an analogue linear combining network. The linear mixing weights and cutoff levels are chosen from with a collection of possible combinations as a function of the transmitted signal. Millimetre-wave networking requires optimum data transmission to various computers on same moment network in combination with large multi-user actually massive. In order to guarantee efficient data transmission, the heavy insertion loss of wave propagation at su ch a faster speed needs proper channel estimation. A new channel estimation algorithm called Beam space Channel Estimation is suggested. From a set of possible configurations, the capacity of a massive stream from which antennas signals are handled by an analog channel as a part of the channel matrix, linear mixture weights and frequency modulation levels are selected. Probable implementations of specific analogue receiver designs for the combined network model, such as smart antenna selection, sign antennas output thresholding or linear output processing. To demonstrate the effectiveness of BEACHES in service and have FPGA implementation results, we are developing VLSI architecture. Our results show that for large MU-MIMOs, mm-wave communications with hundreds of antennas, specially made denoising can be done at maximum bandwidth and in an equipment format. Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd. -
Equitable and inclusive online learning: A framework for supporting students with disabilities
Online learning has become a widely adopted mode of education, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. In general, individuals with disabilities face challenges when using non-technology components for studying. This chapter proposes a framework for equitable and inclusive online learning practices that support students with disabilities. The framework is based on a review of current research and best practices for online learning and disability accommodations. The framework emphasizes a collaborative, student-centered approach to online learning that acknowledges the unique needs and experiences of students with disabilities. Depending on the disabilities, the framework is divided into two phases namely: Prevalent Learning, and Discrete Learning. The former comprised components: Accessibility, Accommodation, and Engagement, and later has components like Methodology, Evaluation. The framework proposed provides a roadmap for addressing the challenges faced by students with disabilities in online learning environments. 2023 by IGI Global. All rights reserved. -
Eradication of Global Hunger at UN Initiative: Holacracy Process Enriched byHuman Will and Virtue
The researchers have directed their attention to the UNs 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and its 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), with a specific focus on two critical objectives: hunger and poverty alleviation. While the UN has been vocal about eradicating hunger and poverty, the researchers believe that a fundamental shift in human perspective is needed. They propose a novel approach rooted in holacracy to revolutionize food production, distribution, and management. At the core of their proposal lies the ancient Indian principle, Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam, which translates to The World Is One Family. While it may seem utopian, the researchers see it as a reachable goal through holacracy. Their hypothesis centres on producing food for all and collectively utilizing it, transcending national boundaries and individual interests. The researchers advocate for a transformation in the way the UN operates by embracing holacracy as a practical social technology rather than a mere concept. Holacratic organizations, they argue, have the potential to remove barriers obstructing progress. The implementation of their vision begins with the UN functioning as a global nerve centre for data, with its 193 member nations acting as equal and interdependent contributors. This Centre would display the worldwide food landscape and foster a moral and ethical awakening, emphasizing the shared responsibility for all humanity. Real-time data on food availability, supply chains, and consumption would be accessible on a public website. Holacracy, they contend, should inspire individuals to prioritize love for humanity as a panacea. Power circles interconnect to collaboratively address issues. The UN could serve as a catalyst for this transformation. The knowledge nerve centre would provide critical data on arable land, water resources, and supply chain infrastructure to facilitate problem-solving at various levels. Timely responses and actions would be driven by the principles of holacracy and advanced digital technologies, addressing concerns hindering the achievement of UN goals. This data-driven approach, coupled with actionable plans, aims to eliminate food shortages and subsequently combat poverty and hunger worldwide. In conclusion, the researchers envision a future where holacracy and a shared sense of responsibility propel humanity towards ending hunger and poverty, with the UN playing a pivotal role as a catalyst for change and a provider of essential data and guidance. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2024. -
Ergos: redefining storage infrastructure and market access for small farmers in India
Learning outcomes: After completion of the case study, students will be able to analyse the path of the entrepreneurship from idea generation to market development to scaling up business, examine the impact of start-ups like Ergos on Indias agriculture value chain, discuss the challenges faced by tech entrepreneurs in growing a business, identify problems solved by Grain Bank Model and evaluate digitisation of farmings custodial services such as warehousing, market linkages and loans. Case overview/synopsis: The case study discusses how founders of Ergos, India-based leading digital AgriTech start-up, Kishor Kumar Jha and Praveen Kumar, started one of the unique models in the AgriTech landscape in India. After noticing the grim condition of small and marginal farmers in Bihar, India. Kishor and Praveen decided to put their banking and corporate experience to use in the farming sector. Ergos aimed to empower farmers by providing them with a choice on when, how much quantity, and at what price they should sell their farm produce, thus maximising their income. As a result, Ergos launched the grain bank model, which provided farmers with doorstep access of end-to-end post-harvest supply chain solutions by leveraging a robust technology platform to ensure seamless service delivery. Ergos faced many challenges in its journey related to financing, marketing and distribution. Amidst these developments, it remained to be seen how Kishor and Praveen would be able to realise their goal to serve over two million farmers across India by 2025 and create a sustainable income for them through its GrainBank Platform. Complexity academic level: This case study was written for use in teaching graduate and postgraduate management courses in entrepreneurship and business strategy. Supplementary materials: Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code: CSS 3: Entrepreneurship 2024, Emerald Publishing Limited. -
Escape velocity backed avalanche predictor neural evidence from nifty /
International Journal of Recent Technology And Engineering, Vol.8, Issue 4, pp.486-490, ISSN No: 2277-3878. -
Escitalopram treatment ameliorates chronic immobilization stress-induced depressive behavior and cognitive deficits by modulating BDNF expression in the hippocampus
Major depressive disorder (MDD) affects 21% of the global population. Chronic exposure to stressful situations may affect the onset, progression, and biochemical alterations underlying MDD and associated cognitive impairments. Patients exhibiting MDD are mainly treated with several antidepressants; one is escitalopram, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. However, whether or not it mitigates chronic stress-induced cognitive deficits is unknown. The present study exposed rats to chronic immobilization stress (CIS) 2 hours/day for 10 days. Then, escitalopram (5 mg and 10 mg/kg i.p.) was administered for 14 days and subjected to the elevated plus maze, open field test, forced swim test, sucrose preference test, and radial arm maze task. A different set of animals were used to assess the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in the hippocampus, frontal cortex, and amygdale. Our data suggest that escitalopram significantly protected CIS-induced spatial learning and memory deficits, behavioral depression, and anxiety. Furthermore, escitalopram (10 mg/kg) shows a remarkable recovery of dentate gyrus and hippocampal atrophy. In addition, the restoration of molecular markers BDNF, VEGF, and GFAP expression is also implicated in the neuroprotective mechanisms of escitalopram. Our results suggested that esciatlorpam restores cognitive impairments in stressed rats by regulating neurotrophic factors and astrocytic markers. 2024 Shilpa Borehalli Mayegowda et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). All Rights Reserved. -
ESG efficiency analysis in the IT industry: a DEA-based approach
Unlocking the power of sustainable growth, Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) principles are redefining the future of responsible investment and corporate excellence. ESG regulations ensure that organizations maintain sustainable development and improve non-monetary metrics, such as stakeholders engagement, customer satisfaction, market acceptability, societal ethics, and values. Higher ESG scores demonstrate commitment towards responsible business practices and indicate higher market value for companies, which are valid for all sectors, including IT. However, existing literature reveals that IT sector companies pay less attention to planning their operations to make them more sustainable. Therefore, IT firms must identify methods and practices to maintain high ESG scores to achieve sustainable growth. The current study leads the readers into a new area of ESG through the help of an advanced method, DEA. DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) methodology has been used to identify the decision units relative efficiency scores and helps identify peers and followers based on ESG scores. The study reveals that among the selected IT firms using the output-oriented strategy, 56.25% experience increasing returns to scale, 18.75 per cent experience decreasing returns to scale, and the remaining 25.00 per cent report constant returns to scale. This indicates that most IT industry firms can generate greater output change in proportion to the input change. 2025 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. -
EShield: An effective detection and mitigation of flooding in DDoS attacks over large scale networks
Distributed Denial-of-Service attacks are very hard to be mitigated in wireless network environment. Here in this manuscript, an effective method of flood detection and mitigation architecture is proposed named eShield, which detects and prevent flooding attacks through spoof detection technique. The proposed method uses an architecture and an algorithm. eShield deals with Intrusion Protection and Detection Systems (IPDS) which collaboratively defend flooding attacks at different points in the network. Here eShield detects the supply node with its port variety which were below assault. Inorder to reduce the burden on international IPDS eShield makes use of distinct nearby IPDS for the assaults in flooding which have been carried out collaboratively. The assessment is done through the widespread simulation of eShield and it is proved to be an actual values based on time delay, false positive rates, computation and communication overhead. BEIESP. -
ESIPT-AIE Active Schiff BaseFluorescent Organic Nanoparticles Based on 2-(2-(4-(4-bromo Phenyl) Thiazol-2-yl)Vinyl)Phenol (BTVP) Utilized as a Multi-Functional Fluorescent Probe
The present study reports the synthesis and characterization of Aggregation-Induced Emission (AIE) Excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) active 2-(2-(4-(4-bromo phenyl) thiazol-2-yl)vinyl)phenol (BTVP). The AIE properties of BTVP in Acetone/Water solution are investigated, and fluorescent organic nanoparticles (FONs) (sizes ranging from 150200nm) are preparedin various water fractions (fH2O). The established visco-chromic property suggests that the restriction of intramolecular rotation is responsible for the AIE-ESIPT behavior of the molecule, providing a means to sense viscosity. The synthesized FONs act as fluorescence chemosensors to detect Al3+ ions via a photoinduced electron transfer (PET) mechanism. Job's, BenesiHildebrand method, and 1HNMR titration confirm the 1:1 binding of BTVP with the metal ion. Studies on the emission concerning pH reveal the high stability of FONs over a broad range of pH, and a gradual change in the emission wavelength for the BTVP-Al3+ complex (BTVP-Al) is observed, providing a means to sense pH ranging from 28. The solid-state photoluminescence of BTVP is used for latent fingerprint detection, demonstrating its efficiency in detecting both primary and secondary information. Additionally, both BTVP FNOs and BTVP-Al are used in cell imaging, where specific nuclear staining with BTVP-Al and cytoplasm staining with BTVP are observed. 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH. -
ESSA Scheduling Algorithm for Optimizing Budget-Constrained Workflows
Workflows are a systematic approach for defining various scientific applications of distributed systems. They break down complicated, data-intensive processes into minor activities that can be executed serially or in parallel according to the type of application. Cloud systems need to allocate resources and schedule workflows efficiently. Despite many studies on job scheduling and resource provisioning, an efficient solution isn't found. Therefore, techniques are required to enhance resource utilization for optimal cloud computing platforms. Hence, user and provider quality of service (QoS) goals, like shortening workflows and ensuring budget limits with low energy utilization, must be considered. Enhanced Salp Swarm Optimization (ESSA) is designed to optimize makespan and QoS metrics in cloud systems. A Virtual Machine (VM's) compute capacity is related to Central Processing Unit (CPU) and memory. Size and memory demand is considered for tasks in the workflow, and task execution time is evaluated using both CPU and memory. The collated experimental outcomes convey that the newly presented technique boosts the workflows' energy utilization (up to 89%) and pushes the normalized makespan results to 3.2ms. 2022 IEEE. -
Essential employable skill sets in management graduates for finance job roles in India
Purpose: There has been an increase in the number of highly qualified management graduates specialized in finance from various esteemed universities in India, thus increasing the competition for finance job roles in the country. This, therefore, brings in the need for the employees or the prospective candidates to mold their soft skills so as to make them desirable by the companies and hence employable. The purpose of this paper is to provide a list of skills required by management graduates to become employable for finance job roles from the perspective of corporate executives. This list will enable prospective candidates to prepare themselves for a career in the field of finance. Design/methodology/approach: The research was carried out through the collection of data from 117 finance professionals with a minimum work experience of 5 years with the help of structured questionnaires. This was then analyzed through factor analysis and the list of 15 factors was obtained. Findings: A list of 15 essential factors was obtained through the analysis of the data. The essential skills included empathetic and judicious behavior, professional etiquette and employee well-being, ethical behavior, conflict management, change analysis and prediction; practicality and organizational presence of mind; social and moral presence of mind; self-confidence and effective written communication; effective interpersonal communication and employee value systems; responsibility and self-awareness; problem diagnosis and problem-solving; real-time work and activity experience; professional development and advancement; technology rationalization and effective information generation. The findings also included that a candidate should be able to effectively present crucial information and should possess practical advisory skills. Originality/value: The study will be highly beneficial for management graduates who have specialized in finance to secure finance job roles in India. This paper will enable the students to prepare themselves in the essential soft skills required for these job roles apart from technical knowledge and hard skills. 2021, Emerald Publishing Limited. -
Essential Oil from Coriandrum sativum: A review on Its Phytochemistry and Biological Activity
Essential oils are hydrophobic liquids produced as secondary metabolites by specialized secretory tissues in the leaves, seeds, flowers, bark and wood of the plant, and they play an important ecological role in plants. Essential oils have been used in various traditional healing systems due to their pharmaceutical properties, and are reported to be a suitable replacement for chemical and synthetic drugs that come with adverse side effects. Thus, currently, various plant sources for essential oil production have been explored. Coriander essential oil, obtained from the leaf and seed oil of Coriandrum sativum, has been reported to have various biological activities. Apart from its application in food preservation, the oil has many pharmacological properties, including allelopathic properties. The present review discusses the phytochemical composition of the seed and leaf oil of coriander and the variation of the essential oil across various germplasms, accessions, at different growth stages and across various regions. Furthermore, the study explores various extraction and quantification methods for coriander essential oils. The study also provides detailed information on various pharmacological properties of essential oils, such as antimicrobial, anthelmintic, insecticidal, allelopathic, antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticonvulsive, antidepressant, and hepatoprotective properties, as well as playing a major role in maintaining good digestive health. Coriander essential oil is one of the most promising alternatives in the food and pharmaceutical industries. 2023 by the authors. -
Essentials of Neuropsychology: Integrating Eastern and Western Perspectives
This comprehensive textbook offers a holistic integration of both the research and clinical aspects of neuropsychology. Combining Eastern and Western perspectives, it explores latest developments, current scope, and significant challenges in the field to provide a detailed understanding of brain and behavior from research and intervention methods to rehabilitation and applications. Each chapter in the book includes an introduction to the topic, an overview of the latest research in the field, and a discussion of the future directions that research can take. The book is structured into three parts, each addressing specific aspects of the field. Part 1 introduces the readers to the fundamental principles of neuropsychology, including the available methods of assessment, brain anatomy, and its connection with human psychology. It provides an indepth look at neuropsychological and electrophysiological methods and their applications in clinical practice. Part 2 focuses on the brain and cognition, examining the complex mechanisms that underlie cognitive behavior. The chapters include neuropsychology of various executive functions, memory, and social cognition. Part 3 delves into clinical disorders and their biological basis. This section explores the disorders that have a direct relationship between brain functioning and behavior, offering valuable insights into their diagnosis, treatment, and management. It is an essential resource for both students in clinical neuropsychology and professionals seeking to expand their knowledge and stay abreast of the latest developments. 2024 K. Jayasankara Reddy. -
Establishing a service composition frame work for smart healthcare system
As the idea of location awareness has already matured and numerous applications are flooded in today???s word, the logical next step reasons out, to context-awareness. Though the idea of context-awareness has been in the research field for close to two decades, the recent advancement in Internet of Things has brought a more compelling thrust in its research. Sensor networks integrating billions of sensors and actuators will be prevalent in the near future producing big data. Filtering and analysing this data with the contextual information will yield more significant results. But deducing the context information itself poses many challenges and unresolved research problems. Context-awareness systems involve acquiring, analysing, reasoning the data and composing the services for suitable action. Service composition either by orchestrating or choreographing technique has been deployed in certain applications, however, each domain requires unique methodology. Healthcare has always been the top priority when it comes to applying novel technologies. Applying context-awareness computing in the healthcare service sector is of paramount importance. The problem context for this research lies in a cardiology speciality hospital???s Intensive Therapy Unit or the post-surgery recovery ward which has lot of scenarios emanating that involves course of actions to be delivered by the healthcare professionals depending on the context. Depending on mere human service may not be adequate. With the available advancements in technologies, it would be possible to leverage optimum service in that time critical situations, provided technology can sense the changes in context and act accordingly. The course of actions to be taken involves an amalgamation of understanding the location, presence availability, relevance of and coordination among various departments, machines and personnel. This can be summarized as ???Response??? with ???Context-Awareness???. The primarily task is to sense the context and then determine and locate the relevant services, which are distributed in the World Wide Web, to achieve a goal situation as a solution to the problem. In order to deliver such a solution we need to develop an exclusive context-aware framework. The existing frameworks will not be adequate to meet such a demanding situation and hence, the research problem is to evolve a comprehensive service composition framework for smart healthcare systems. In order to solve this problem, a use-case approach was followed. After identifying an appropriate use-case, the solution was first modelled using Automata. The concept of service automata and timed automata were fused to deliver a timed-service automaton which is appropriate to model and test the framework and algorithm for service composition. As a solution to the research problem, a composition based framework of a context-aware smart healthcare system has been presented. It will guide software developers to deploy services for critical healthcare, under the umbrella of Service Oriented Architecture. The matured concept of Automata has been tweaked to present novel timed-service automata which will enable service composition precisely for meeting the time constrained demands of modern healthcare service requirements. It has been tested with UPPAAL verification tool for validity and concurrency. A prototype has been implemented to study the validity of the established framework. Apache JMeter tool was used to test the strength of the services and engine developed based on the proposed algorithm for effective service composition. -
Establishing a service composition framework for smart healthcare system
As the idea of location awareness has already matured and numerous applications are flooded in today s word, the logical next step reasons out, to context-awareness. Though the idea of context-awareness has been in the newlineresearch field for close to two decades, the recent advancement in Internet of Things has brought a more compelling thrust in its research. Sensor networks integrating billions of sensors and actuators will be prevalent in the near future producing big data. Filtering and analysing this data with the contextual information will yield more significant results. But deducing the newlinecontext information itself poses many challenges and unresolved research problems. Context-awareness systems involve acquiring, analysing, reasoning the data and composing the services for suitable action. Service newlinecomposition either by orchestrating or choreographing technique has been deployed in certain applications, however, each domain requires unique methodology. Healthcare has always been the top priority when it comes to newlineapplying novel technologies. Applying context-awareness computing in the healthcare service sector is of paramount importance. newlineThe problem context for this research lies in a cardiology speciality hospital s Intensive Therapy Unit or the post-surgery recovery ward which has lot of scenarios emanating that involves course of actions to be delivered by the healthcare professionals depending on the context. Depending on newlinemere human service may not be adequate. With the available advancements in technologies, it would be possible to leverage optimum service in that time critical situations, provided technology can sense the changes in context and act accordingly. The course of actions to be taken involves an amalgamation of understanding the location, presence availability, relevance of and coordination among various departments, machines and personnel. This can be summarized as Response with Context-Awareness . newline -
Establishing the effectiveness of intervention module on positive youth development among adolescent in India
Purpose: Positive Youth Development (PYD) originated in the west as a pragmatic approach to teaching youth skills and attributes to develop into healthy, productive, and engaged adults. This approach proposes that youth with more developmental resources experience increased academic success, better economic prospects, are more civically engaged, and experience optimal well-being and functioning in the long term. Over time, the need for administering evidence-based interventions was felt by practitioners, researchers, and policymakers. With this background and the absence of research in PYD in India, the present research was carried out to develop and test an intervention module for its effectiveness in bringing about a positive change among youth. Approach: The present research is quantitative in nature with pre-test post-test control group design. The PYD intervention program included activities, non-profit visits, community building exercises, and mentoring programs, creating self-actualizing youth. The paper deliberates on the findings of a six-month interventional program based on the Six Cs model of Learner (2005). Findings: The independent sample t-test was significant, for overall PYD, t (98) = 3.45, p <. 001. and on all the dimensions of PYD, indicating that intervention was effective as there are statistically significant differences among experimental and control groups. Value: The intervention was experientially positive for the students, valued, and commended by the school authorities. The paper recommends enhancing psychological intervention research in school settings, including multiple approaches to address holistic student development, facilitating peer relationships and mentoring, developing resources, and enhancing growth opportunities. 2021 RESTORATIVE JUSTICE FOR ALL. -
Establishment of Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. callus and optimization of cell suspension culture for the production of anti-Parkinsons drug: L-DOPA
It has become a huge challenge to satisfy the emerging demand for levo-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA), an anti-Parkinsons drug in the international drug market. This is attributed to the conventional methods of extraction from the natural sources of Mucuna spp., which has a low germination rate, less viable seeds, and an irritating, itching trichomes on the pods. The need for an alternative method with continuous supply of L-DOPA without affecting the natural biodiversity has been achieved through in vitro procedures. However, there has not been a systematic approach to optimize the cultural conditions for the maximum productivity. Hence, in this study, we aim at optimizing the cultural conditions for high biomass and L-DOPA production. Various plant growth regulators such as auxins (indole acetic acid, indole butyric acid, picloram [Pic], naphthalene acetic acid, and 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid), cytokinins (kinetin, benzylaminopurine, 2-isopentenyl adenine, and thidiazuron), and their combinations have been experimented to figure out the best combination to induce callus. At the same time, various factors such as growth kinetics, different media (MS, Gamborgs-B5, Chus-N6, and Nitsch and Nitsch), media strength (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0X), effect of different macro elements and their strength (0, 0.5,1, 1.5, 2, and 3X), inoculum density, different hydrogen ion concentration (pH), ammonium/nitrate concentration, different sucrose concentrations (010%), and other carbon sources have been investigated in detail for optimizing the cell suspension culture. It was found out that 0.5 mg/L Pic gave the best results for callus induction. With respect to biomass, 6-week growth period (135.7 g/L fresh weight [FW]), 1.0X MS media (126.87 g/L FW), 1.5X magnesium sulfate (266.3 g/L FW), ammonium/nitrate ratio of 21.57/18.8 mM (131.4 g/L FW), pH of 6.0 (129.47 g/L FW), 100 g/L of inoculum (222.2 g/L FW), 3% sucrose concentration (125.6 g/L FW), and 3% glucose (183.4 g/L FW) as other carbon sources were found to give the highest biomass. In terms of L-DOPA production, 3-week growth period (5.90 mg/g dry weight [DW]), 0.5X B5 medium (4.27 mg/g DW), 2.0X calcium chloride (5.06 mg/g DW), ammonium/nitrate ratio of 21.57/18.8 mM (3.44 mg/g DW), pH 6.5 (4.02 mg/g DW), inoculum density of 30 g/L (4.79 mg/g DW), and 2% sucrose (5.17 mg/g DW) resulted in a higher L-DOPA yield. 2022 Rakesh and Praveen.