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Handwritten digit recognition using convolutional neural networks
Optical character recognition (OCR) systems have been used for extraction of text contained in scanned documents or images. This system consists of two steps: character detection and recognition. One classification algorithm is required for character recognition by their features. Character can be recognized using neural networks. The multilayer perceptron (MLP) provides acceptable recognition accuracy for character classification. Moreover, the convolutional neural network (CNN) and the recurrent neural network (RNN) are providing character recognition with high accuracy. MLP, RNN, and CNN may suffer from the large amount of computation in the training phase. MLP solves different types of problems with good accuracy but it takes huge amount of time due to its dense network connection. RNNs are suitable for sequence data, while CNNs are suitable for spatial data. In this chapter, a CNN is implemented for recognition of digits from MNIST database and a comparative study is established between MLP, RNN, and CNN. The CNN provides the higher accuracy for digit recognition and takes lowest amount of time for training the system with respect to MLP and RNN. The CNN gives better result with accuracy up to 98.92% as the MNIST digit dataset is used, which is spatial data. 2020 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston. All rights reserved. -
Handwritten Character Recognition of MODI Script using Convolutional Neural Network Based Feature Extraction Method and Support Vector Machine Classifier
Deep learning based algorithms are used in various pattern recognition tasks, including character recognition. Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is effectively implemented for character recognition and is one of the best performing deep learning models. CNN can be used for character recognition directly or it can be used for extracting features in the character recognition process. Implementation of a feature extraction method using CNN autoencoder for MODI script character recognition is discussed in the paper. The extracted features are then subjected to Support Vector Machine (SVM) for the purpose of classification. The On-the-fly data augmentation method is used to add variability and generalization of the data set. MODI Script is an ancient Indian script and was used for writing Marathi until 1950. Various libraries and temples in India and abroad have a large collection of MODI documents. Character recognition related research of MODI script is still in infancy and research and development is necessary to extract the information from MODI manuscripts stored in various libraries. The performance of the proposed method, which uses CNN autoencoder as a feature extractor and an SVM based classifier gives very high accuracy and is better compared to the most accurate MODI character recognition method reported so far. 2020 IEEE. -
Handoff schemes in mobile environments a comparative study
Vehicular ad-hoc networks are one of the most popular applications of Ad-hoc networks, where networks are formed without any sort of physical connecting medium and can be formed whenever required. It is an area in networks that has enjoyed a considerable amount of attention for quite some time. Due to the highly mobile environment where these networks find their usability, it can be understood that there are a lot of problems with respect to maintaining the communication links between the moving vehicular nodes and the static infrastructures which act as the access points (AP) for these moving vehicular mobile nodes (MN). The coverage area of each AP is limited and as such, the connections need to be re-established time and again between the MNs and the closest accessible AP. Handoff is the process involved here, which deals with selecting the optimal APs as well as the best network available for data transmission. In this article, the authors compare various handoff methods and categorize them based on the different approaches they follow. Copyright 2020 IGI Global. -
Handloom weavers and lockdown in Sualkuchi Cluster of Assam
After demonetisation in 2016, followed by imposition of the goods and services tax in the subsequent year, the COVID-19 lockdown has turned out to be a final nail in the coffin for the handloom sector in Assam. It has special importance in the informal economy of Assam since it is next to agriculture in creating employment opportunities. An examination of the Sualkuchi weaving cluster in Assam shows the many challenges the weavers, most of them women, face. 2020 Economic and Political Weekly. All rights reserved. -
Hand Sign Recognition to Structured Sentences
Computer vision is not just a concept of deep learning; it has wide applications such as motion recognition, object recognition, video indexing, video media understanding, and recognition-based intelligence. -However, vision-based systems are a challenging field for research and accurate results. Recent areas of interest are human action recognition or human hands gesture recognition techniques using video data set, still, an image data set, spatiotemporal methods, features in RGB, deep learning methods. Hand action recognition has applications such as communication systems to shorten the bridge gap for people with speech disabilities by using a vision-based system to recognize hand sign language and convert it to text, forming structured sentences which will be easy to understand and communicate. 2023 IEEE. -
Hand ability and practice in congenitally blind children
The assumption that blind children will improve in ability with practice in spatial tasks was tested in a group of 90 congenitally blind and blindfolded sighted children between the ages of 5 and 15 years. All the children were tested for hand preference. The children were then pre-tested and post-tested on four tasks that measured various hand skills with their left and right hands. The period of practice between the pre and post-test was four months. Results indicated a percentage gain with practice during development for the left and the right hands of the blind children. The left and right hands of both groups of children did not differ in percentage gain, indicating little or no relationship between hand preference and hand ability. The effects of practice showed gains for the blind children compared to the sighted blindfolded children in the post-test. Results are discussed with a view that use of self- referent cues can improve spatial ability in blind children. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2009. -
Hall effects on dusty nanofluid two-phase transient flow past a stretching sheet using KVL model
The influence of Hall current on the time-dependent flow of nanofluid in the presence of dust particles is investigated. The water-based copper nanoliquid containing fine dust particles occupies a stretching surface. The effective thermal conductivity and the viscosity of the nanoliquid are estimated by KVL (Khanafer-Vafai-Lightstone) model. The notion of boundary layer approximation is employed to model the governing equations for both nanofluid and dust phases. Similarity transformations are employed to obtain ordinary differential equations from the governed partial differential equations. The numeric solutions are developed via Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg integration scheme. The graphical illustrations are to explain the impacts of the governing parameters on flow fields. It is established that the nanofluid's Nusselt number increases due to the suspension of dust particles. An enhancement of heat transfer rate has a direct relationship with Hall current and unsteadiness. 2018 Elsevier B.V. -
Hall effect on two-phase radiated flow of magneto-dusty-nanoliquid with irregular heat generation/consumption
Impacts of Hall current and irregular heat generation/consumption on two-phase flow of dusty-nanofluid are scrutinized. Particulate nanofluid saturates the stretched surface. Heat transfer mechanism is studied via radiative heating and viscous dissipation aspects. The nanoliquid is a carrier fluid and dust (micro-sized fine particles) particles are suspended in it. Governed equations are remodeled in the form of ordinary differential system using stretching transformations. Numeric solutions are developed via Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg scheme. The influence of pertinent parameters on both nanofluid and particle phase flow fields are studied through graphs. The friction factor and Nusselt number are also studied. It is established that the Hall current has a significant impact on thermal flow fields. The irregular heat generation/consumption aspect is constructive for the heating process. 2017 -
h-almost Ricci Solitons on Generalized Sasakian-space-forms
The aim of this article is to study the h-almost Ricci solitons and h-almost gradient Ricci solitons on generalized Sasakian-space-forms. First, we consider h-almost Ricci soliton with the potential vector field V as a contact vector field on generalized Sasakian-space-form of dimension greater than three. Next, we study h-almost gradient Ricci solitons on a three-dimensional quasi-Sasakian generalized Sasakian-space-form. In both the cases, several interesting results are obtained Kyungpook Mathematical Journal -
Gym-Goers Self-Identification with Physically Attractive Fitness Trainers and Intention to Exercise
Gym-goers often socially compare themselves with their trainers as they strive to look as attractive as their fitness trainers. The aim of this study was to better understand this phenomenon in the fitness industry. Relying on social comparison theory and social identity theory, self-identification with a physically attractive fitness trainer was posited to have a strong mediating effect on the relationship between appearance motive, weight management motive and gym-goers intention to exercise. The moderation effects of gym-goers age and gender in the direct relationships between appearance motive, weight management motive and exercise intention were also examined. The primary outcome of this study revealed that gym-goers who were influenced by appearance and weight management motives are more likely to identify with physically attractive fitness trainers. Additionally, gender significantly moderates the relationships between appearance motive, weight management motive and exercise intention. Appearance and weight management motives are the primary factors that influence the exercise intention of female gym-goers as compared to their male counterparts. This study sheds new insights into understanding the influence of the physical attractiveness of fitness trainers and its impact on gym-goers exercise intentions via self and social identification process. 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. -
GWebPositionRank: Unsupervised Graph and Web-based Keyphrase Extraction form BERT Embeddings
Automatic keyphrase extraction is considered a preliminary task in many Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications that attempt to extract the descriptive phrases representing the main content of a document. Owing to the need for a large amount of labelled training data, an unsupervised approach is highly appropriate for keyphrase extraction and ranking. Keyphrase Extraction with BERT Transformers (KeyBERT) leverages the BERT embeddings that utilize the cosine similarity to rank the candidate keyphrases. However, extracting keyphrases based on the fundamental cosine similarity measure does not consider the spatial dimension locally and globally. Hence, this work focuses on enhancing the KeyBERT-based method with a Graph-based WebPositionRank (GWebPositionRank) design. The proposed unsupervised GWebPositionRank is the composition of graph-based ranking, referring to local analysis and web-based ranking, referring to the global analysis. To spatially examine the keyphrases, the proposed approach conducts the keyphrase position analysis at the document level through graph-based ranking and the web level using the WebPositionRank algorithm. Initially, the proposed approach extracts the coarse-grained keyphrases from the KeyBERT model and ranks the extracted keyphrases, the modelling of quality and fine-tuned keyphrases. In the GWebPositionRank method, the quality keyphrase ranking involves the document-level position analysis and four different graph centrality measures in a constructed textual graph for each text document, whereas the fine-tuned keyphrase ranking involves the web-level position analysis and diversity computation for the quality keyphrases extracted from the graph-based ranking method. Thus, the proposed approach extracts a set of potential keyphrases for each document through the advantage of the GWebPositionRank algorithm. The experimental results illustrate that the proposed unsupervised algorithm yielded superior results than the comparative baseline models while testing on the SemEval2017 dataset. 2024 IEEE. -
GutBrain Axis: Role in Hunger and Satiety
The human gastrointestinal tract consists of nearly 100 trillion microorganisms, referred as gut microbiota or gut microbiome. The microbial colonization in the human gut begins at the time of birth and its colonization increases with age which is influenced by factors like age, diet, and antibiotic treatment. Gut microbiota is believed to play a major role in human health as well as various physiological activities like metabolism, nutrition, physiology, etc. Imbalance of the normal gut microbiota has been linked with gastrointestinal conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) as well as wider systemic manifestations of disease such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and atopy. Gutbrain axis, a two-way (bi-directional) connection and communication between the gut and the brain has potentially huge influence over our health which integrates neural, hormonal, and immunological signaling between the gut and the brain. There is growing evidence on the influence of gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota that modulates appetite, feeding, and metabolism as well as regulates the mechanisms of digestion. Gut hormones like Ghrelin, Cholecystokinin (CCK), Pancreatic Polypeptide (PP), Peptide YY (PYY), Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 (GLP-1), Oxyntomodulin (OXM), Glucagon, Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide (GIP), and Amylin have been identified in the gastrointestinal system which have a fundamental role in coordinating digestive process within the gastrointestinal system, thus regulating feeding behavior and energy balance. Studies have indicated that the modulation in gut microbiota regulates the production of ghrelin and PYY in overweight and obese patients and helps in promoting weight loss and improves glucose regulation. Considering the importance of the role of gut microbiota on hunger and satiety, this chapter was written where we have discussed the gutbrain axis and its role in hunger and satiety. Further, mechanism of appetite regulation by gut microbiota and their role in obesity control have also been discussed. Finally, future perspectives on application of gut microbiota as potential probiotic solutions for obesity and related metabolic disorders will be discussed. Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022. -
Gut-Skin Axis: Role in Health and Disease
The human microbiome includes microorganisms and their cumulative genetic details that reside in the human body. Skin, the bodys most external organ and exposed to the external environment, is an ecosystem with 1.8 m2 area. It has a varying epidermal thickness, folds, and appendages in different areas including along with varying moisture and temperature level on the skin surface. Microbial colonization on the skin surface starts from the time of birth. The mode of delivery affects the colonization process to a considerable extent. The group of microbes colonizing the skin surface is determined by physical and chemical features of it, which applies to microbes inhabiting the gut and other ecological niches in the body as well. There is several common important characteristics shared commonly by gut and skin, where both are (1) heavily vascularized, (2) richly perfused, (3) densely innervated, (4) integrated to the immune system, (5) highly associated with the endocrine system, (6) extensively colonized with recognizable microbiota, and (7) both helps our body to communicate with its external environment. It has variously been reported that a close and bidirectional association within the gut and skin in maintaining the homeostasis and allostasis of skin and also gastrointestinal (GI) health. Therefore, numerous intestinal pathologies have been linked to skin comorbidities. It has been found that skin is directly impacted by the various circumstances that principally affect the intestine. Similarly, various gastrointestinal disorders could be linked to distinct dermatological entities. In the same context, a growing body of proof proposes an association of intestinal dysbiosis with many regular inflammatory skin pathologies including atopic dermatitis (AD), psoriasis, rosacea, and acne vulgaris. And the realization of this interconnected association between skin and gut has resulted in a new concept of the Gut-Skin Axis. An intimate bidirectional engagement between the gut and the skin has been well established by growing research evidence in this domain. Recent reports have indicated that the administration of specific Lactobacilli strains to mice can significantly alter the overall skin phenotype. Despite increasing research efforts in this domain, a systematic investigation of the Gut-Skin Axis remains ill explored by both gastroenterology as well as dermatology researchers. And in this context, here we are discussing various aspects of the Gut-Skin Axis and its role in the general well-being of individuals. The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022. -
Gut Microbiota and Cancer Correlates
The human microbiota is a concoction of bacteria, archaea, fungi, and other microorganisms. It is necessary to maintain a partnership between the host and the microbiota in order to maintain the different aspects of human physiology, such as nutrient absorption, immune function and metabolism. The microbiota can contribute to both progression and suppression of the disease, including cancer. A disturbance in this interspecies balance called microbiome dysbiosis becomes a reason for the host to be more prone to issues such as immunodeficiency and cancer. Gut microbiota could potentially influence the factors that govern cancer susceptibility and progression through mechanisms such as immunomodulation, by producing metabolites, such as, bacteriocins, antimicrobial peptides involved in tumor suppression, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), and through enzymatic degradation. It is now an established fact that the host physiology as well as risk of diseases such as cancer could be greatly modulated by these commensal microbes and the regulation of cancer development, progression as well as response to anticancer therapy is greatly dependent on the host microbiota. Therefore, it is being envisaged that by the involvement of microbiome in augmenting antitumor responses to therapeutic approaches, potentially a new era of research with potentially broad implication on cancer treatment could be established. Better cancer treatment responsiveness can be achieved by understanding the role of the tumor microbiome in shaping the tumor microenvironment. This will help us to develop personalized anticancer solution with the goal to discover a bacterial species or a combination of species that decreases systemic toxicity and helps in anticancer therapy. This chapter is written in same context, which focuses on the association of the gut microbiome with the suppression and progression of cancers, the role of the immune system in this interaction, the utilization of these organisms for the treatment of cancers, and future perspectives. Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021, corrected publication 2021. -
Gut Microbiome Characterisation of Chrysomya megacephala: Isolation, Identification, Antibiotic Profiling, and Initial Documentation of Leclercia adecarboxylata from the Fly
Chrysomya megacephala, known for its vector potential, harbors a diverse microbiota crucial in understanding disease transmission dynamics. Herein, we report the first documentation of Leclercia adecarboxylata isolated from C. megacephala. L. adecarboxylata is an Enterobacteriaceae, gram-negative bacillus that cause infections in human and animals. Additionally, we have reported the presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecalis from C. megacepahala. The study carried out the antibiotic profiling and hemolytic assays, which revealed distinct resistance patterns and virulence characteristics, shedding light on potential public health implications. L. adecarboxylata, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecalis showed positive result for hemolysis and in terms of antibiotic resistance P. aeruginosa strains showed resistance to Amoxicillin, Ampicillin and Tetracycline while, E. faecalis showed resistance towards Streptomycin and Tetracycline. However, L. adecarboxylata showed sensitivity to all antibiotics. This study was conducted from Kozhikode, Kerala, India, and this is the first of its kind of study from the region to analyse the vector potential of C. megacephala. These findings underscore the significance of comprehensive microbiological investigations in vector-borne disease surveillance and management strategies. The Author(s) 2024. -
Gut microbes: The miniscule laborers in the human body
Our physical and mental being largely depends on our dietary intake and the manipulations done on food by the gut bacterial flora in the digestive tract. Scientists have discovered a lot of previously unknown facts about the gut microbiota. They have been found to play a role in manifold processes, such as digestion, nutrient conversion, absorption, detoxification, and so on. In fact, people who consume plant-based and animal-based diets will have separate array of gut microbes. The composition of these microbiota will drastically change during a switch to a new diet. Deficiencies of adequate beneficial gut bacterial flora have been associated with many ailments. As there are billions of such microbes in our body, the number of bacterial genes could far outnumber the human genes in our body. The role of gut microbes in the proper functioning of the human digestive and nervous systems and its implications will be discussed in this chapter. 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. -
Gut Homeostasis; Microbial Cross Talks In Health and Disease Management
The human gut is a densely populated region comprising a diverse collection of microorganisms. The number, type and function of the diverse gut microbiota vary at different sites along the entire gastrointestinal tract. Gut microbes regulate signaling and metabolic pathways through microbial cross talks. Host and microbial interactions mutually contribute for intestinal homeostasis. Rapid shift or imbalance in the microbial community disrupts the equilibrium or homeostatic state leading to dysbiosis and causes many gastrointestinal diseases viz., Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Obesity, Type 2 diabetes, Metabolic endotoxemia, Parkinsons disease and Fatty liver disease etc. Intestinal homeostasis has been confounded by factors that disturb the balance between eubiosis and dysbiosis. This review correlates the consequences of dysbiosis with the incidence of various diseases. Impact of microbiome and its metabolites on various organs such as liver, brain, kidney, large intestine, pancreas etc are discussed. Furthermore, the role of therapeutic approaches such as ingestion of nutraceuticals (probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics), Fecal Microbial Treatment, Phage therapy and Bacterial consortium treatment in restoring the eubiotic state is elaborately reviewed. 2021 The Author(s). Published by Enviro Research Publishers. -
Gulaab gang: Is it about the battle of sexes or women empowerment or cliches? /
Indian Research Journal, Vol.1, Issue 7, pp.40-45, ISSN No: 2347-7695. -
GUIDELINES TO CARRY OUT TEACHING INTERNSHIP
The volume presented chapters on fundamental aspects of teaching internship to the cases of internship in countries across the Global South to the Global North. In addition, it discussed research insights into teaching internship practices and assessment of teaching internship. The previous chapter dealt with important templates useful for carrying out internships. The present chapter attempts to provide certain guidelines for carrying out internships. These guidelines might help those involved in organising teaching internships at schools. Understanding the steps of organising and deliberations on each stage of the internship process helps the stakeholders reap maximum benefit from the internship. Future researchers may focus on understanding the effectiveness of these guidelines when implemented. 2023 selection and editorial matter G.S. Prakasha and Anthony Kenneth; individual chapters, the contributors. -
GUI-Based Percentage Analysis forCuring Breast Cancer Survivors
The modeling approach is increasing the intensity of research in all the domains. The present paper deals with predictive modeling and probabilities. Data analysis is a technique used to transform, reconstruct, and revise some information that is an essential step to achieve the goal or the end result. The present study involves the usage of logistic regression technique for data analysis. Various domain-specific methods pertaining to science, business, etc., are available for data analysis which plays a key role in decision-making and model building. The significance of this analysis is to get the percentage of the survival of patients with advanced breast cancer. 2020, Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.