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Nano-technological interventions in crop production a review
Agricultural industry is facing huge crisis due to fast changing climate, decreased soil fertility, macro and micronutrient insufficiency, misuse of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and heavy metal presence in soil. With exponential increase in world's population, food consumption has increased significantly. Maintaining the production to consumption ratio is a significant challenge due to shortage caused by various issues faced by agricultural industry even withthe improved agricultural practices. Recent scientific evidence suggests that nanotechnology can positively impact the agriculture sector by reducing the harmful effects of farming operations on human health and nature, as well as improving food productivity and security. Farmers are combining improved agricultural practices like usage of fertilizers, pesticides etc. with nano-based materials to improve the efficiency and productivity of crops. Nano technology is also playing a significant role improving animal health products, food packaging materials, and nanosensors for detecting pathogens, toxins, and heavy metals in soil among others. The nanobased materials have improved the productivity twice with half the resources being utilized. Nanoparticles that are currently in use include titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, silicon oxide, magnesium oxide, gold, and silver used for increasing soil fertility and plant growth. Crop growth, yield, and productivity are improved by controlled release nanofertilizers. In this review we elaborate on the recent developments in the agricultural sector by the usage of nanomaterial based composites which has significantly improved the agricultural sector especially how nanoparticles play an important role in plant growth and soil fertility, in controlling plant diseases by the use of nanopesticides, nanoinsecticides, nanofertilizers, Nanoherbicides, nanobionics, nanobiosensors. The review also highlights the mechanism of migration of nanoparticles in plants and most importantly the effects of nanoparticles in causing plant and soil toxicity. 2023, Prof. H.S. Srivastava Foundation for Science and Society. -
Nanoarchitechtonics of high surface area carbon material for coin cell supercapacitor application
Advancing energy storage systems thrive on innovative electrode materials, balancing sustainable synthesis with enhanced electrochemical performance. In the present work, a feasible approach for developing a carbon derivative exhibiting all the promising features of a superior electrode material is reported. Nitrogen and Sulfur are strategically incorporated into the carbonaceous material along with Potassium-based activation, such that additional pseudocapacitance, along with an enhanced surface area are achieved. Carbon derived from charcoal is co-functionalised with Nitrogen and Sulfur via a two-step pyrolysis technique, resulting in a material that exhibits improved surface area of 1488.8m2g?1 and enhanced electrochemical performance. It showcases a gravimetric capacitance of 689Fg?1 and 295Fg?1 at 1Ag?1, corresponding to the three and two-electrode setups respectively. A gravimetric capacitance of 425Fg?1 is maintained at a high current density of 50Ag?1 with a capacitance retention of 61.6 %. A sustained energy density of 20.50W h kg?1 at a power density of 3.1kWkg?1 is achieved by this material with a stability of 94 % for 5000 cycles at 2Ag?1. In addition, coin cells fabricated with the as-prepared material demonstrated the real-world feasibility by illuminating LEDs of different colors. 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies. -
Nanoarchitectures as photoanodes
This chapter looks into providing detailed information on the state-of-the-art and recent trends on materials and nanoarchitectures for improved photoanode device. It provides a roadmap for researchers toward optimization of photoanodes using advanced material engineering. The chapter casts some light on the performance of various photoanode materials and nanostructures, such as TiO2, ZnO, SnO2, Nb2O5, Al2O3, ZrO2, CeO2, SrTiO3, Zn2SnO4, and carbon in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Plasmonic photoanodes are an emerging field in DSSC spanning a wide range of materials where the paramount challenge is coming up with effective strategies to incorporate suitable plasmonic structures into nanocrystalline and nanostructured electrodes. Optical excitation of the dye is the basis of DSSC operation, where an electron is excited from the dye molecule into the conduction band of a wideband metal oxide. 2020 JohnWiley & Sons Inc. All rights reserved. -
Nanobiosensors for COVID-19
Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) is an internationally recognized public health emergency. The disease, which has an incredibly high propagation rate, was discovered at the end of December 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. The virus that causes COVID-19 is referred to as severe acute respiratory illness. Real-time reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR assay is the primary diagnostic practice as a reference method for accurate diagnosis of this disease. There is a need for strong technology to detect and monitor public health. Early notification on signs and symptoms of the disorder is important and may be managed up to a few extents. To analyze the early signs and side effects of COVID-19 explicit techniques were applied. Sensors have been used as one of the methods for detection. These sensors are cost effective. These sensors will combine with a systematic device. It is utilized to detect the chemical compound and combined with a biological component. It is detected through physiochemical detector. Nanomaterials represent a robust tool against COVID-19 since they will be designed to act directly toward the infection, increase the effectiveness of standard antiviral drugs, or maybe to trigger the response of the patient. In this paper, we investigate how nanotechnology has been used in the improvement of nanosensor and the latest things of these nanosensors for different infections. The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023. -
Nanobiosensors: A Promising Tool for the Determination of Pathogenic Bacteria
Pathogenic bacterial detection is a significant concern for the well-being of all human beings. These tiny microbes are capable of causing numerous diseases, which can be nipped in the bud through proper monitoring and controlling at the early stages itself. Some common pathogenic bacteria include Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Bacillus anthracis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., etc. These microbes contaminate air, food, and water through different modes of transmission. The classical methods used for the identification of these bacteria are time-killing and backbreaking. Rapid pathogenic bacteria determination became possible through the intervention of biosensors. Biosensors are further modified with nanoparticles to build nanobiosensors that are tenfold efficient in bacterial detection. The optical and electrochemical nanobiosensors provide hassle-free detection of pathogenic bacteria, and pointof- care detection is also possible. This book chapter aims to give a brief idea about nanobiosensors starting from the principle to the advantages and disadvantages of bacterial detection. Relevant works of literature on different methods to detect bacteria, types of nanobiosensors, and their efficacy in pathogenic bacterial detection portray the current stand and the need for more innovations in the area of nanobiosensors. The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022. -
Nanocarbon assisted green hydrogen production: Development and recent trends
The increasing consumption of energy and consequent fast depletion of fossil fuels and associated environmental challenges necessitate transformative innovations in the field of energy conversion. Owing to its exceptional energy density and zero emissions during combustion, Hydrogen is hailed as a promising source of clean and renewable energy that can replace fossil fuels in future energy conversion systems. Since Hydrogen is not readily available in the atmosphere, a variety of pathways have been followed for the evolution of Hydrogen from water and organic materials, which requires the involvement of catalysts to accelerate the reactions. Currently, noble metals and their alloys represent state-of-the-art materials for HER (Hydrogen Evolution Reaction), and the scarcity and high expense of such materials impose significant constraints on their widespread implementation in hydrogen production. In this context, nanocarbons and their composites for HER are worth exploring owing to their abundance, cost-effectiveness, eco-friendliness, exceptionally large surface-to-volume ratio, and excellent electrical and charge transfer properties. Here, three leading hydrogen production methods - biological, electrochemical, and photo-driven- are analyzed based on their characteristics, effectiveness, and limitations w.r.t. different nanocarbon materials. 2023 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC -
Nanocarriers in Plant Disease Management
Almost 30-40% of the harvest is lost due to plant diseases worldwide. When traditional disease management strategies become less efficient, the advancement in management and incorporation of modern domains like nanotechnology can be the key factor to increase the efficiency of disease management. Nanocarriers are the particles in the nano range that are greatly diverse in makeup and transporting agents that target the specific site to induce biochemical interactions by releasing active compounds and defensive responses. The mechanism, despite being completely immunological, is a combination of chemical, physical, and biochemical interactions. A diverse range of nanocarriers is used to deliver bioactive molecules to control fungi, bacteria, nematodes, and other biotic limiting factors in agriculture. The usual makeup of nanocarriers varies from liposomes, chitosan, to inorganic metal carriers or carbon, silica-based materials. This chapter is a comprehensive analysis of morphology, loading capacity, biocompatibility of nanocarriers, and the host plant for effective disease control. 2025 by IGI Global Scientific Publishing. All rights reserved. -
Nanocellulose from coconut midrib used for antibacterial and electromagnetic interference shielding applications
Midrib of coconut (Cocos nucifera) is a natural source of cellulose, which is renewable and biodegradable. The use of natural cellulose for practical applications exemplifies a sustainable reuse of agricultural waste. This work presents the preparation of nanocellulose from coconut midrib using optimized pretreatment and acid hydrolysis processes. The resulting nanocellulose was characterized through various analyses to confirm the morphology and composition. Nanocellulose thus synthesized was used for preparing cellulose nanopaper. In order to improve the water resistance of the cellulose nanopaper, we used a simple approach of functionalization by impregnating it with chitosan (CS), followed by in situ polymerization of polypyrrole (PPy) in the matrix. The functionalized cellulose nanopaper shows good electrical conductivity and an electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness of 21.92 dB at 10 GHz, which makes it a potential material for EMI shielding applications. In addition, the functionalized cellulose nanopaper exhibits bacterial reductions of 93.47% and 82.79% towards Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, respectively. This work provides a facile and efficient method for the synthesis of nanocellulose from coconut midrib and a useful approach to functionalize cellulose nanopaper. Cellulose nanopapers thus prepared were demonstrated to have applications in EMI shielding and antibacterial coating. 2025 The Royal Society of Chemistry. -
Nanocomposites in Combating Antimicrobial Resistance
Extensive and improper usage of antibiotics has resulted in the outbreak of multidrugresistant microorganisms and increasing antimicrobial resistance (AMR), which has become a significant threat to global health and health care. Resistant microorganisms adapt various resistance mechanisms like modifying the structure of antibiotics, altering the target, inhibiting the internalization of antibiotics, ejection of antibiotics from bacterial cells, etc. By lowering or completely disabling the efficacy of antibiotics, AMR may become a primary cause of mortality if left unattended. Developing effective antiresistance strategies to combat AMR is an urgent need of time. Nanomaterials have great potential to inactivate pathogens, and their mechanism of antimicrobial activity is different from antibiotics. With these unique mechanisms of antimicrobial action, nanomaterials are less prone to develop AMR. Developing nanocomposites can provide synergistic effects to improve the properties and strengthen the antimicrobial capability of individual nanomaterials. In this chapter, contemporary developments in the application of antimicrobial composites such as carbon nanocomposites, metallic nanocomposites, nonmetallic nanocomposites, metalloid nanocomposites, polymer nanocomposites, ceramic nanocomposites, and their hybrid forms to prevent the evolution of AMR will be discussed. The current research direction, prospects, and possible strategies to explore nanocomposites as potent antimicrobial agents to conquer AMR will be highlighted. The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2024. -
Nanoencapsulation of Ru(p-cymene) Complex Bearing Ginger-based Natural Product into Liposomal Nanoformulation to Improve Its Cellular Uptake and Antiproliferative Activity
The organometallic compounds are prospective candidates in the row of developing metallochemotherapeutics with the aim of overcoming the limitations of platinum drugs. In order to explore the anticancer properties of organometallic compounds with the natural medicines, two Ru(II)-p-cymene complexes containing the natural products, viz., 6-gingerol (6G) and benzylated-6-gingerdione (B-6GD) have been synthesized and characterized well. The phenolic group of the Ru(6G) complex facilitates its higher cell-free antioxidant activity than its analogue complex. Also, the same complex shows higher cytotoxicity toward A549 lung and HeLa-S3 cervical cancer cells than the Ru(B-6GD) complex but lower cytotoxicity toward A2058 metastatic melanoma cancer cells. Both complexes are shown to easily accumulate in melanoma cancer cells, and their degree of cytotoxicity in the same cells is found to be positively correlated with cell uptake. The cytotoxicity of complexes arises from their intracellular activity, mainly due to the induction of singlet oxygen production in cancer cells. The subcellular fractionation study shows that mitochondria and ER-Golgi membranes might be their predominant targets. Also, the mechanistic investigation revealed that Ru(B-6GD) induces caspase-dependent non-apoptotic cell death whereas Ru(6G) can induce caspase-independent non-apoptotic cell death. Furthermore, both complexes are found to moderately alter the adhesion properties of cancer cells, which is beneficial for antimetastatic treatment. Despite the potential pharmacological activity, Ru(6G) is encapsulated into polymer-supported liposomes to reduce its toxicity and further improve its anticancer potency. The ?-conjugated yne-ene chain of polydiacetylene aids in the development of a stable nanoformulation, which achieved a slow release of the complex. Most importantly, the cancer cell uptake of the liposome-encapsulated Ru(6G) complex is 20 times enhanced and the total ROS formation in cancer cells is significantly increased compared to the non-encapsulated complex. However, the nanoformulation does not alter the antimetastatic potency of the encapsulated complex. 2022 American Chemical Society. All rights reserved. -
Nanofluid flow past a vertical plate with nanoparticle aggregation kinematics, thermal slip and significant buoyancy force effects using modified Buongiorno model
The flow of ethylene glycol-based titania nanoliquid passing through a vertical plate induced by significant buoyancy forces (nonlinear convection) is analyzed with quadratic thermal radiation and considering the aggregation kinematics of the nanoparticles. The nanoliquid is modeled accounting for thermo-migration, Brownian motion, and the effectual thermophysical properties. The realistic zero mass flux and thermal slip conditions are considered on the surface of the plate. In addition, the mechanisms of exponential space-related heat source (ESHS) and thermal-based heat source (THS) are incorporated. The finite-difference technique-based bvp5c routine is used to obtain the numerical solution of thenonlinear system of equations. The effects of the parameters are examined on the dimensionless profiles of velocity, temperature, heat transport rate, the volume fraction of nanoparticles, and streamlines. It was found that the aggregation of nanoparticles significantly advances the temperature field while the velocity field is reduced. The ESHS and THS modulations improve the thickness of the thermal boundary layer. The quadratic thermal convection aspect improves the velocity of nanoliquid. Furthermore, the effects of quadratic thermal radiation assist the growth of the thermal boundary layer. The present results are relevant to various thermal systems including flat plate solar collectors, heat exchangers, and nuclear reactors. 2021 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. -
Nanofluid flowing over a rotating disk that is stretching and permeable: An unsteady model
The model presented in this paper deals with the investigation of the unsteady laminar flow past a stretchable disk. The nanofluids Al2O3/H2O and Cu/H2O are considered for the analysis where the thermal characteristics and flow behavior of these nanofluids are compared. In addition, the system is subjected to the suction force that has significant impacts on velocity of the nanofluid flow. Further, the nanoparticle solid volume fraction is another important parameter that is discussed which has a prominent role on both profiles of the nanofluid. Furthermore, the investigated mathematical model is framed using PDEs that are transformed to ODEs using suitable transformations. The system of equations obtained in this regard is solved by employing the RKF-45 numerical method where the results are obtained in the form of graphs. Various nanofluids flow parameters arise in the study and the impact of all these parameters has been analyzed and interpreted. Some of the major outcomes are that the higher values of nanoparticle solid volume fraction enhance the temperature while it decreases velocity of the flow. The comparison of flow of the two nanofluids concluded that aluminawater nanofluid has a better velocity while the copperwater nanofluid has a better thermal conductivity. World Scientific Publishing Company. -
Nanomaterial - Based Electrochemical Sensor for Monitoring Potential Biomakers of Chronic Disorders
Detecting various biomarkers in the health industry and the biomedical sector has been newlinesignificant due to their crucial role in diagnosing, assessing, exposing, and treating disorders. This work reports electrochemical sensors for detecting biomarkers using different modifications (2D materials and nanomaterials) on carbon fiber paper electrode-based (CFPE) sensors. Adopting these modifications on the CFPE electrode greatly intensified the oxidation and reduction of peak current values. The physio-chemical characterizations of the designed electrodes were examined employing Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Electron Diffraction X-ray (EDX), X-Rayv Photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Raman Spectroscopy. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) newlineassisted in optimizing the electrochemical properties via Nyquist plots, sensing performance, scan rate effect, and pH effect. Both electro-activity studies and Nyquist plots confirmed the enhancement in the electroanalytical performance of the fabricated electrodes. Real sample newlinestudies were successfully analyzed using developed electrodes, producing good recovery newlinepercentages. Overall, all the works conducted have been established to be facile and selective, with novelty in the fabrication of ultrasensitive voltammetric-based sensors to quantify different biomarkers. -
Nanomaterial- Based Electrochemical Sensors for Vitamins and Hormones
Women and adolescent girls around the globe have fallen prey to, or rather have become vulnerable to, infections and poor health conditions due to the deficiencies caused by their deprivation of vitamins and proteins along with hormonal imbalance resulting in a snowballing effect causing declining well-being among women. The methods currently available in assessing vital hormones and vitamins are time-consuming and expensive, thereby making them inaccessible to economically weaker sections of society. The work carried out so far in determining and quantifying these biomolecules has mostly employed immunosensing techniques on screen-printed electrodes. Glassy carbon electrodes or carbon paste electrodes modified with metal nanoparticles, graphene, and various polymerized films are also being used for the sensing of these biomolecules. In this chapter, the authors navigate a path through, and give a concise outlook on, various nanomaterial-based electrodes and their comparative efficiency for electrochemical sensing of vitamins and hormones. 2023 selection and editorial matter, Anitha Varghese and Gurumurthy Hegde; individual chapters, the contributors. -
Nanomaterials as novel elicitors of pharmacologically active plant specialized metabolites in cell and organ cultures: current status and future outlooks
Specialized plant metabolites, such as phenolics, terpenes, terpenoids, nitrogen-containing compounds, and sulfur-containing compounds, are commercially valuable owing to their wide array of applications in the medical, pharmacological, cosmetic, agriculture, and food industries. Procuring valuable specialized metabolites from wild or cultivated plants is desirable; however, the concentrations and quality of secondary compounds vary between samples. Therefore, plant cells and organ cultures have been selected as viable alternatives for producing specialized metabolites. Elicitation is a strategy used to enhance the accumulation of specialized compounds in cell and organ cultures. Different biotic substances, including signaling chemicals such as salicylic acid and methyl jasmonate, elements of plant cell walls (cellulose and pectin), polysaccharides from microbes (chitin and glucan), and abiotic substances such as inorganic salts, heavy metals, UV radiation, and high salinity, have been successfully tested and used as elicitors for the hyperaccumulation of bioactive substances in cell and organ cultures. Recently, metals, metal oxide nanoparticles, and carbon-based nanomaterials have been used as unique elicitors to boost the synthesis of bioactive compounds in cell and organ cultures. The applications and usage of nanoparticles as elicitors in plant cell and organ cultures are summarized in this review. The mechanism of elicitation, toxicity, benefits, and drawbacks of using nanoparticles in plant cell and organ cultures are discussed. Graphical abstract: (Figure presented.) The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2023. -
Nanomaterials for A431 Epidermoid Carcinoma Treatment
Malignancy is the ancient sickness that causes an increased rate of mortality worldwide. Traditional malignant growth treatments that are clinically utilized comprise chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and medical procedure. Despite the fact that there have been motivating enhancements in the nanotechnology and biomedical field, malignant growth remains the most urgent condition to treat, as the central reason for mortality. Nanotechnology has the possibility to improve medication transport and delivery by modifying pharmacokinetics and conveyance, resulting in reduced negative reactions and in this manner improving precision. Some issues exist regarding destinations and the difficulties that occur, and the potential for success becomes closer with every discovery. Nanomaterials are smaller in size than organic macromolecules. More correctly, they as a rule have a width of many nanometers (nm), which makes them from 100 up to multiple times smaller than even one malignancy cell. Nanoparticles can occur in sizes running from 10 up to 400nm, and can likewise be used with a simple set up or a blend of pharmacologically dynamic medications, depending on a superficial level of properties. The various aspect of nanotechnology for malignant growth treatment include exact targeting of the lively segments in cell/tissues, producing upgrades responsive medication discharge, defeating natural obstructions, interfacing against disease dynamic system with imaging atoms, improving disease examination, and imaging. For the most part, nanoparticles burdened with mending operators are conveyed experimentally for firm malignancy treatment. Todays nanotechnology is a magnificent platform for the treatment of differing malignant growths. 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG. -
Nanomaterials Synthesized from Mangroves and Their Associates
Nanotechnology has great potential for developing nano-enabled equipment and products in a variety of industries, including personal care, medical, food, and agriculture. Despite the increasing use of metal nanoparticles in various domains, concerns concerning biological and environmental safety during manufacture remain. Traditional commercial methods for generating nanoparticles often entail chemical procedures and high-energy physical approaches that are both environmentally damaging and expensive. As an alternative, green synthesis employing plants has arisen, which reduces the requirement for toxic chemicals and severe reaction conditions in nanoparticle synthesis. The utilization of mangrove plants for nanoparticle synthesis has recently gained popularity due to their abundance of unique phytochemicals that aid in nanoparticle synthesis. Microorganisms in mangroves and enzymatic activities in plants can be utilized for a range of biotechnological and environmental uses. Bioactive compounds from mangrove resources show potential for creating bionanomaterials that can be utilized in environmental and biomedical fields. Bionanomaterials created from mangroves are incredibly effective in medical uses and cleaning up the environment. Bionanomaterials are produced by utilizing mangrove and various biomolecules obtained from mangrove plants as substances for the creation of nanoparticles. Bionanomaterials made from biomolecules offer benefits for the sustainable use of mangroves because of their large surface area, biocompatibility, and minimal toxicity. Here focuses on the potential of mangroves as a natural resource for producing bionanomaterials in various applications, promoting an eco-friendly approach. This chapter investigates various types of mangrove species and their elements utilized in creating nanoparticles, as well as the applications of the nanoparticles in therapy, agriculture, and industry. It also investigates the obstacles hindering the extensive utilization of plant-based nanoparticle synthesis. Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025. -
Nanomaterials Synthesized from Mangroves and Their Associates
Nanotechnology has great potential for developing nano-enabled equipment and products in a variety of industries, including personal care, medical, food, and agriculture. Despite the increasing use of metal nanoparticles in various domains, concerns concerning biological and environmental safety during manufacture remain. Traditional commercial methods for generating nanoparticles often entail chemical procedures and high-energy physical approaches that are both environmentally damaging and expensive. As an alternative, green synthesis employing plants has arisen, which reduces the requirement for toxic chemicals and severe reaction conditions in nanoparticle synthesis. The utilization of mangrove plants for nanoparticle synthesis has recently gained popularity due to their abundance of unique phytochemicals that aid in nanoparticle synthesis. Microorganisms in mangroves and enzymatic activities in plants can be utilized for a range of biotechnological and environmental uses. Bioactive compounds from mangrove resources show potential for creating bionanomaterials that can be utilized in environmental and biomedical fields. Bionanomaterials created from mangroves are incredibly effective in medical uses and cleaning up the environment. Bionanomaterials are produced by utilizing mangrove and various biomolecules obtained from mangrove plants as substances for the creation of nanoparticles. Bionanomaterials made from biomolecules offer benefits for the sustainable use of mangroves because of their large surface area, biocompatibility, and minimal toxicity. Here focuses on the potential of mangroves as a natural resource for producing bionanomaterials in various applications, promoting an eco-friendly approach. This chapter investigates various types of mangrove species and their elements utilized in creating nanoparticles, as well as the applications of the nanoparticles in therapy, agriculture, and industry. It also investigates the obstacles hindering the extensive utilization of plant-based nanoparticle synthesis. Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2026. -
Nanomaterials-Based Chemical Sensing
Nanotechnology is an achievement in the modern period because of its adaptable properties as per its size alterations. Nanomaterials with their size ranging from 1 to 100nm hold incredible novel properties and functionalities because of their molecular arrangements in nano-scale. Nanotechnologies add to pretty much every field of science, including material science, materials chemistry, physics, biology, software and computational engineering and so on. Lately, nanotechnology has been applied to different fields with promising outcomes, particularly in the field of detecting and remediation of toxicity levels, imperilling the ecological solidness just as it does to human wellbeing. One of the principal research interests using nanomaterials is detecting poisonous heavy metal ions. Carbon-based nanomaterials, which are remarkable in view of their toxic-free nature, high surface area and biocompatibility, are valuable for ecological treatments. Heavy metal pollution of water resources is a major issue that poses danger to health and wellbeing. Carbon-based nanomaterials have incredible potential for the detection as well as treatment of heavy metals from water sources in light of their large surface area, nano-scale and accessibility towards various functionalities as they are simpler to be chemically altered and hence reused. Apart from the conventional gas sensors based on SnO2, Fe2O3, In2O3 etc., gas sensors based on nanocarbons materials like carbon nanotubes (CNTs), nanosheets of graphene, carbon nano-fibres etc. exhibit high efficacy when it comes to gas-sensing strategy. Likewise, nanocarbon with hybrids of noble metals or semiconducting oxides can lead to a better performance considering gas-sensing applications. Here in this review, we describe the progress of carbon-based nanomaterials in toxicity detection and remediation. In addition to that, recent trends in nanomaterials-based sensing revealed the advancement of gas sensors based on nanocarbons. 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. -
Nanomedicine: Insight analysis of emerging biomedical research and developments
The field of nanomedicine has undergone a revolution owing to the specific optical, electrical, and mechanical behaviors of nanomaterials that are extensively utilized for the detection of biomolecules, improved therapeutics, and imaging of diseased tissues. Different cells have their own unique markers which can be detected by specific nanomaterials which in turn can be used to target micro levels of medicine in precision medicine. Most of the advances in nanomedicine will have effects on the healthcare delivery systems. More works have focused on screening procedures that have better sensitivity and specificity for disease detection, which in turn will greatly improve diagnostic and prognostic domains, thereby reducing healthcare costs. Nanomedicine has the advantages of facilitating early disease detection, quantification of tumor cells and toxicmolecules, delivery of drugs to specific cells like the tumor cells etc. This chapter deals with research and development in nanomedicine which has been a top priority in most of the developed countries, with a view to optimize factors like dose response, efficacy, targeting ability, safety and bioavailability. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023. All rights reserved.