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Occurrence, identification, and decontamination of potential mycotoxins in fruits and fruit by-products
The incidence of aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, and patulin in fruits and processed fruit products has been ever more challenging and gained additional focus on ecofriendly mitigation strategies. The onset of these toxins is due to several factors involving insect attacks, agricultural practices, and climate change. Acute and chronic health hazards are clinically proven after consuming contaminated foodstuffs, even at lower concentrations of mycotoxins. Synergistic, masked, and substantial occurrence in fruit matrices increase their complexity in detection and detoxification; apparently, this article reviewed the available information on the occurrence of mycotoxins in several fruits and their products, focused on the conventional and advanced methods of identification, quantification, and decontamination techniques. Strengthening and implementing stringent international and national guidelines are required for impactful, tangible measures in the future. Nevertheless, controlling the mycotoxins in fruits will certainly be challenging for scientists. Therefore, more impactful technologies are still needed to eliminate the toxins at the threshold level of the food chain and ensure sustainable global food safety. 2023 The Authors. Food Frontiers published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd and Nanchang University, Northwest University, Jiangsu University, Zhejiang University, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University. -
Ochratoxin A as an alarming health threat for livestock and human: A review on molecular interactions, mechanism of toxicity, detection, detoxification, and dietary prophylaxis
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a toxic metabolite produced by Aspergillus and Penicillium fungi commonly found in raw plant sources and other feeds. This review comprises an extensive evaluation of the origin and proprieties of OTA, toxicokinetics, biotransformation, and toxicodynamics of ochratoxins. In in vitro and in vivo studies, the compatibility of OTA with oxidative stress is observed through the production of free radicals, resulting in genotoxicity and carcinogenicity. The OTA leads to nephrotoxicity as the chief target organ is the kidney. Other OTA excretion and absorption rates are observed, and the routes of elimination include faeces, urine, and breast milk. The alternations in the Phe moiety of OTA are the precursor for the amino acid alternation, bringing about Phe-hydroxylase and Phe-tRNA synthase, resulting in the complete dysfunction of cellular metabolism. Biodetoxification using specific microorganisms decreased the DNA damage, lipid peroxidation, and cytotoxicity. This review addressed the ability of antioxidants and the dietary components as prophylactic measures to encounter toxicity and demonstrated their capability to counteract the chronic exposure through supplementation as feed additives. 2022 Elsevier Ltd -
Ocr system framework for modi scripts using data augmentation and convolutional neural network
Character recognition is one of the most active research areas in the field of pattern recognition and machine intelligence. It is a technique of recognizing either printed or handwritten text from document images and converting it to a machine-readable form. Even though there is much advancement in the field of character recognition using machine learning techniques, recognition of handwritten MODI script, which is an ancient Indian script, is still in its infancy. It is due to the complex nature of the script that includes similar shapes of character and the absence of demarcation between words. MODI was an official language used to write Marathi. Deep learning-based models are very efficient in character recognition tasks and in this work an ACNN model is proposed using the on-the-fly data augmentation method and convolution neural network. The augmentation of the data will add variability and generalization to the data set. CNN has special convolution and pooling layers which have helped in better feature extraction of the characters. The performance of the proposed method is compared with the most accurate MODI character recognition method reported so far and it is found that the proposed method outperforms the other method. The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd 2021. -
ODD SUN-FREE TRIANGULATED GRAPHS ARE S-PERFECT
For a graph G with the vertex set V (G) and the edge set E(G) and a star subgraph S of G, let ?S(G) be the maximum number of vertices in G such that no two of them are in the same star subgraph S and ?S(G) be the minimum number of star sub-graph S that cover the vertices of G. A graph G is called S-perfect if for every induced subgraph H of G, ?S(H) = ?S(H). Motivated by perfect graphs discovered by Berge, Ravindra in-troduced S-perfect graphs. In this paper we prove that a trian-gulated graph is S-perfect if and only if G is odd sun-free. This result leads to a conjecture which if proved is a structural char-acterization of S-perfect graphs in terms of forbidden subgraphs. 2025, Diogenes Co. Ltd.. All rights reserved. -
Off balance sheet exposure performance analysis and risk measurment of Indian banks /
Archives of Business Research, Vol.4, Issue 1, pp.112-117, ISSN: 2054-7404. -
Offering copyright protection for non-fungible tokens in India: Legal frameworks and strategies
Non-fungible tokens have caused a complete revolution in the digital space regarding how one thinks of unique assets such as pieces of art, music, and digital collectables, and how one trades them. Originating from blockchain technology, NFTs first came into existence in the year 2014 on a platform known as Counterparty. Since then, they have grown as an influential part of the digital economy. NFT is nonfungible, each token is unique and cannot be replaced-which results in unprecedented possibilities and issues in the digital world. However, with the increasing demand for NFTs, several legal issues have emerged particularly in India, where the laws are still underdeveloped. As NFTs are representations of copyrighted works primary issues arising from NFTs are also related to Copyright. Ambiguities with NFTs are misapprehension over ownership, the challenge of managing and licensing NFTs using smart contracts, and the risk of unauthorized minting of copyrighted materials. This paper addresses these critical issues evaluates the current legal status of NFTs in India and explores their intersection with copyright laws. The focus is particularly on buyers' rights, including ownership complexities, the management of rights through licensing and assignments, and the issues around copyright infringement. The research highlights the urgent need for a legal framework for NFTs, delves into the intricacies of NFT ownership, transfers, and licensing, examines the challenges of unauthorized minting and the enforcement of buyers' rights and offers possible solutions. 2025 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. -
Offline Character Recognition of Handwritten MODI Script Using Wavelet Transform and Decision Tree Classifier
MODI script is derived from the N?gari family of scripts, and it was used for writing Marathi until twentieth century. Though currently not used as an official script, it has historical importance, as a large volume of manuscripts are preserved at various libraries across India. With the use of an appropriate recognition system, the handwritten documents can be transferred into digital media, so that it can be conveniently viewed, edited, or transliterated to other scripts. The research on MODI script is still in the initial stages, and there is a considerable demand for more research in this field. An implementation of wavelet transform-based feature extraction for MODI scripts character recognition is discussed in this paper. The experiment is performed using Daubechies, Haar, and Symlet wavelets, and performance comparison between these different mother wavelets is carried out. Decision tree classifier is used for the classification process, and the results indicate that the feature extraction using Daubechies wavelet yielded better character recognition result. 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. -
Offline Handwritten Character and Numeral Recognition: A Kernel-Based Approach
Automatic character recognition for the handwritten Indic script is a challenging area for research in the field of pattern recognition. Although a great amount of research work has been reported, all the state-of-the-art methods are limited with optimal features. This article aims to suggest a well-defined recognition model which harnessed upon handwritten Odia characters and numerals by implementing a novel process of decomposition in terms of 3rd level fast discrete curvelet transform (FDCT) to get higher dimension feature vector. After that, kernel-principal component analysis (K-PCA) is considered to obtain optimal features from FDCT feature. Finally, the classification is performed by using probabilistic neural network (PNN) on a handwritten Odia character and numeral dataset from both NIT Rourkela and IIT Bhubaneswar. The outcome of the proposed scheme performs better compared to existing models with optimized Gaussian kernel-based feature sets. Copyright 2022, IGI Global. -
Oil extract containing heat transfer fluid composition /
Patent Number: 201741019503, Applicant: Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited.
The instant disclosure provides a process for the extraction of the oil extract from petroleum-based oils. The present disclosure also provides a composition for heat transfer applications, exhibiting enhanced thermo-physical properties comprising a combination of base fluid (DPO) and an oil extract wherin the oil extract has a weight percentage in the range of 5.20%. -
Oil extract containing heat transfer fluid composition /
Patent Number: WO2018/220653, Applicant: Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited.
The instant disclosure provides a process for the extraction of the oil extract from petroleum-based oils. The present disclosure also provides a composition for heat transfer applications, exhibiting enhanced thermo-physical properties, comprising a combination of base fluid (DPO) and an oil extract wherein the oil extract has a weight percentage in the range of 5 - 20 %. The present disclosure also provides a process for the preparation of the composition. -
Oil Price and Inflation in India: Exploring Asymmetric Relationship with the NARDL Approach
Understanding the dynamics of oil price volatility is a growing concern for oil-importing economies like India. Literature has examined the relationship between oil price shocks and economic growth with linear and symmetric assumptions. These assumptions mask the real effects on economic indicators with structural rigidity. This study examines whether oil price shocks cause asymmetric effects on inflation in India, and if so, how these effects differ in the short and long run. The study employed the non-linear autoregressive distributed lag model using monthly data from April 1997 to March 2025 of Brent Crude oil and the Wholesale Price Index of India. The results confirm long-run asymmetry, and positive oil price changes have a stronger and persistent effect on inflation. There is no significant short-run asymmetry observed. The error correction term indicates that 42% of long-run disequilibrium is adjusted within a month. Diagnostics and robustness tests confirmed model stability and prediction accuracy, and the result is not influenced by any structural break shocks. The results emphasize the need for an inflation-forecasting model to integrate the asymmetric transmission and to adjust its trading strategies and the fiscal policy. 2026 Fortune Institute of International Business -
Oil Price Volatility and Its Impact on Industry Stock Return Bi Variate Analysis
Oil price volatility impacts industries differently depending on a countrys status as a net oil importer or exporter. In oil-importing nations like India, sectors such as banking, energy, materials, retailing, transportation, and manufacturing are adversely affected by price fluctuations, while industries like food, beverages, and pharmaceuticals tend to be more resilient. Conversely, oil-exporting countries experience milder effects, with the oil and gas sector bearing the brunt of supply disruptions while other industries remain insulated. Over time, the correlation between oil prices and stock market performance has strengthened, making oil price volatility a systemic risk factor. The source of oil price shocks, whether from demand changes or supply disruptions, significantly influences their impact on stock returns. Notably, there are substantial volatility spillovers between oil and stock markets. This study aims to explore the relationship between oil shocks and industry returns using various multivariate models, highlighting the importance of considering oil as a relevant risk factor in portfolio management. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2024. -
Old and new private sector banks in india: Performance analysis
In the era of globalization and liberalization, a bank has to compete with not only local players and also internationally. It is tough time for Indian banking industry. Banks take various steps to improve the performance and provide best services to customers. Performance of banks refers to the capacity in generating sustainable profitability. Banks need to evaluate the performance and find the strength and weakness by considering important ratios. Researchers have analysed the performance of banks applying various tools and techniques. The present study seeks to assess the financial performance of old and new private sector banks operating in India. One of the models for assessing the performance of banks are CAMEL model. The study was conducted using secondary data. The study covered a period of 10 years and the data collected for study had been analysed using Simple Arithmetic Mean, Coefficient of Variation, Linear Growth Rate, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Ranking for CAMEL model. Under this model, banks have been rated based on five criteria namely, C-Capital Adequacy, A-Asset Quality, M-Management Efficiency, E-Earning Quality and L-Liquidity. This study was conducted on the financial performance of twenty banks consisting of seven new private sector banks and thirteen private sector banks in India. The result has disclosed that various banks have been performing well in different parameters. As per CAMEL model overall ranking, Karur Vysya bank, Federal bank and Tamilnad Mercantile banks have occupied first three spots under the old private sector banks. In the case of the new private sector banks the first three slots have been held by HDFC bank, Kotak Mahindra bank and Yes bank respectively. The estimated ratios have disclosed that the new private sector banks have been enjoying a better financial health than the old private sector banks during the study period. The old private banks have to pay attention to improve the financial performance in the future. 2020 SERSC. -
Old Monk: The Resurrection of a Heritage Brand
This case is developed to discuss options related to strategy in general and marketing strategy in particular that were implemented by an iconic brandOld Monkin the compelling attempt to revive the its brand value and relevance. The protagonist in the case is Mr Hemanth Mohan, the Director of this brand who is faced with serious challenges in resurrecting the brand in a hypercompetitive, ever-changing lifestyle alcoholic beverages market in India. The most significant of the challenges faced by Mr Mohan are changing tastes and preferences of the consumer, new foreign brands entering into the market, strong regulation, close monitoring from the government, and the monopoly of state-managed liquor retail chains. This case addresses and provides for the evaluation of various strategic options available for the brand in terms of repositioning itself in the relevant markets. The case presents questions related to how effectively a traditional brand can carry forward the legacy to redeem its brand value in the light of changing tastes and customer preferences. The case proposes to bring to light the importance of strategic decisions to be made around managing brand extensions in addressing the dilemma of brand value being spread too thin versus capitalizing on the past glory of the brand in finding life for the newly launched products under the known umbrella. This case is developed with an intent to be discussed among students pursuing undergraduate and/or graduate education in management discipline. The case is well aligned to be relevant for discussing concepts related to brand management, marketing strategy, strategic management, and consumer behavior. The content of this case is designed to be discussed and delivered in a typical 90-min class session, allowing students 120 min of pre-reading time and 120 min of post-discussion report preparation. 2020 K.J. Somaiya Institute of Management Studies and Research. -
Omics based approach for biodiscovery of microbial natural products in antibiotic resistance era
The need for a new antibiotic pipeline to confront threat imposed by resistant pathogens has become a major global concern for human health. To confront the challenge there is a need for discovery and development of new class of antibiotics. Nature which is considered treasure trove, there is re-emerged interest in exploring untapped microbial to yield novel molecules, due to their wide array of negative effects associated with synthetic drugs. Natural product researchers have developed many new techniques over the past few years for developing diverse compounds of biopotential. Taking edge in the advancement of genomics, genetic engineering, in silico drug design, surface modification, scaffolds, pharmacophores and target-based approach is necessary. These techniques have been economically sustainable and also proven efficient in natural product discovery. This review will focus on recent advances in diverse discipline approach from integrated Bioinformatics predictions, genetic engineering and medicinal chemistry for the synthesis of natural products vital for the discovery of novel antibiotics having potential application. 2018 -
Omnichannel supply chain in india: A study using sap-lap approach
Organizations are increasingly adding new service delivery channels to make their products and services readily available in such an environment. Omnichannel retailing will help organizations to provide better consumer service while making it easy for them to do business when appropriately implemented. By implementing omnichannel retailing, organizations will benefit from high operational efficiency, better financial performance, smoother communication, and a satisfied, loyal customer base. Therefore, this study tries to explore the current situation of the retail industry in India, the major actors or players of the business ecosystem, and processes adopted in organizations to provide products and services to their customers. The study will be qualitative in nature and is approached through an SAP (situation-actor-processes)-LAP (learnings-actions-performance) framework to synthesize learning from the current scenario to propose actions and set the performance measures. 2024, IGI Global. All rights reserved. -
On ? -Vertex Choosability of Graphs
A connected, simple graph G with vertex set V(G) = { 1 , 2 , , n} is said to be vertex (n,k)-choosable, if there exists a collection of subsets { Sk(v) ? V(G) : v? V} of cardinality k, such that Sk(u) ? Sk(v) = ? for all uv? E(G) , where k is a positive integer less than n. The maximum value of such k is called the vertex choice number of G. In this paper, we introduce the notion of ?- choosability of graphs in terms of their vertex (n,k)-choice number and initiate a study on the structural characteristics of ?-choosable graphs. 2020, The National Academy of Sciences, India. -
On ?(k)-coloring of graph products
An edge which is incident on two vertices that are assigned the same color is called a bad edge. A near proper coloring is a coloring that minimises the number of bad edges in a graph G, by permitting few color classes to have adjacency between the elements in it. A near proper coloring, that uses k colors where 1 ? k ? ?(G) ? 1, which allows at most one color class to be a non independent set to minimise the number of bad edges resulting from the same is called a ?(k)-coloring. In this paper, we determine the minimum number of bad edges, bk(G), resulting from a ?(k)- coloring of some graph products viz. direct product of two graphs G H and corona product of two graphs G?H, for all different possible values of k by investigating an optimal ?(k)-coloring that results in minimum number of bad edges. (2023), (Institute of Combinatorics and its Applications). All Rights Reserved. -
On ?(k)-coloring of powers of helm and closed helm graphs
If the availability of colors to color a graph G is less than that of the chromatic number ?(G) of the graph, then coloring the graph with available colors, say k colors, where 1 ? k ? ?(G)-1, will cause the end vertices of at least one edge to be colored with same color. Such an edge whose end vertices receive a same color is called as a bad edge. A coloring that restricts few color classes to have adjacency between the elements in it so as to minimize the number of bad edges obtained from it in a graph G is called as a near proper coloring and a near proper coloring that uses k colors where 1 ? k ? ?(G)-1 to color a graph G by permitting only one color class to have adjacency among the elements in it and thereby minimize the number of bad edges resulting from the permitted color class is called as a ?(k)-coloring of the graph G. In this paper, we determine the number of bad edges of powers of helm graphs H1,nr and powers of closed helm graphs CH1,nr. 2022 World Scientific Publishing Company. -
On ?(k)-colouring of Some Wheel Related Graphs
The question on how to colour a graph G when the number of available colours to colour G is less than that of the chromatic number ?(G), such that the resulting colouring gives a minimum number of edges whose end vertices have the same colour, has been a study of great interest. Such an edge whose end vertices receives the same colour is called a bad edge. In this paper, we use the concept of ?(k)-colouring, where 1 ? k ? ?(G) ? 1, which is a near proper colouring that permits a single colour class to have adjacency between the vertices in it and restricts every other colour class to be an independent set, to find the minimum number of bad edges obtained from the same for some wheel related graphs. The minimum number of bad edges obtained from ?(k)-colouring of any graph G is denoted by bk(G). 2024 the Author(s), licensee Combinatorial Press.