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Dalit Studies
Dalit Studies emerged as a pivotal academic discipline in South Asia in the 1990s with a unique set of research agendas that offer new frameworks for understanding caste, gender and marginalised identities. The field stands out for integrating theoretical frameworks into the lived experiences of caste-oppressed communities. It was shaped by the confluence of material, ideological and intellectual shifts, including the critique of caste-Hindu dominance in academia. By prioritising the experiences of Dalits, it bridges the gap between theory and practice and engages with critical debates on representation, particularly insider vs. outsider perspectives in articulating Dalit experiences. It equips the learners not only with intellectual tools but also with the skills to attain self-reliance and dignity in their socio-political lives. As a critical tool, it calls for a rethinking of knowledge production, methodology and representation. Its growing global relevance is evident in universities across the United States, the United Kingdom, and South Africa, where programs and courses explore the intersections of caste, race, and gender within broader contexts of subjugation and resistance. This chapter traces the evolution of Dalit Studies, examining its theoretical foundations, key concepts and debates, and its growing visibility in academic institutions worldwide 2026 selection and editorial matter, Mahitosh Mandal and Sanjiv Kondekar; individual chapters, the contributors. -
Dalit Historiography
Dalit historiography positions itself as a direct challenge to the casteist narratives of Brahmanical historiography, which have long dominated historical accounts of India. It critiques mainstream historiographies for being casteist, for excluding Dalit voices, and for misrepresenting Dalit experiences within societal and institutional frameworks. Grounded in the experiences of oppression faced by Dalits, the Dalit historiographic approach seeks to expose the biases of Brahmanical knowledge systems and the exclusionary practices embedded within colonial and nationalist histories. Drawing from Ambedkars critique of positivist history and his call for a history that addresses caste-based inequalities, Dalit historiography emphasises the need for alternative narratives. It underscores the active role of Dalits as key participants in shaping history. Through life narratives, folklore, and oral traditions, it highlights the contributions and experiences of Dalit communities that have long been overlooked. By confronting caste discrimination and advocating for social justice, Dalit historiography aims to dismantle the hegemonic Brahmanical structures and offer a more inclusive and intersectional understanding of history. 2026 selection and editorial matter, Mahitosh Mandal and Sanjiv Kondekar; individual chapters, the contributors. -
Dalit Activism
In the post-Ambedkar era, Dalit activism has expanded beyond traditional modes and methods of protest by adopting diverse strategies. This includes social media campaigns like #DalitLivesMatter, which align with global movements such as #BlackLivesMatter. It signals a shift towards more globalised and intersectional forms of protest. There is a notable transition from an exclusive focus on domestic advocacy to transnational alliances for greater impact. Caste-based oppression has been framed as a violation of fundamental human rights, which demands accountability from both national and international agencies. Many scholars find the gap between international advocacy for Dalit rights and grassroots-level Dalit activism quite concerning. Some scholars believe that Dalit activism has lost much of its transformative potential and revolutionary vigour, and the movement has been reduced to a mere pressure group. These political pitfalls allow us to understand the challenges and complexities of Dalit activism and the factors that shaped its course. This chapter aims to trace the trajectory of Dalit activism and provide a detailed background to facilitate a critical engagement with the concept of activism. It explores its historical progression, strategic shifts, and ongoing struggles to offer a comprehensive view of how Dalit activism has evolved into its current form. 2026 selection and editorial matter, Mahitosh Mandal and Sanjiv Kondekar; individual chapters, the contributors. -
D-GRAM: Dynamic Game-Theoretic Risk Modeling for Adaptive Cyber Defense
Cybersecurity threats are increasing in scale and sophistication, requiring strategic decision-making for cost-effective defense. This work presents a non-cooperative game-theoretic framework to model the interaction between a rational attacker and a defender with limited resources. Each player selects from a finite set of strategies, and payoffs are computed dynamically based on the probability of attack success, defense cost, and potential impact. A loss-risk relationship is used to populate the payoff matrix, ensuring that outcomes reflect realistic operational conditions. A mixed-strategy Nash equilibrium is calculated to determine optimal attack and defense probabilities, thereby balancing resource use and risk mitigation. To improve practicality, an adaptive defense mechanism is introduced, allowing the defender to update strategy probabilities incrementally based on observed attacker behavior. Sensitivity analysis reveals how equilibrium strategies adjust in response to variations in attack cost, defense cost, and impact severity. The results highlight how adaptive learning enhances resilience while minimizing unnecessary defense efforts, making the approach suitable for resource-constrained network environments. 2025 IEEE. -
Cytokine see-saw across pregnancy, its related complexities and consequences
During pregnancy, a woman's immune system adapts to the changing hormonal concentrations, causing immunologic transition. These immunologic changes are required for a full-term pregnancy, preserving the fetus' innate and adaptive immunity. Preterm labor, miscarriage, gestational diabetes mellitus, and pre-eclampsia are all caused by abnormal cytokine expression during pregnancy and childbirth. A disruption in the cytokine balance can lead to autoimmune diseases or microbiologic infections, or to autoimmune illness remission during pregnancy with postpartum recurrence. The cytokine treatments are essential and damaging to the developing fetus. The current review summarizes the known research on cytokine changes during pregnancy and their possible consequences for pregnant women. Studies suggest that customizing medication for each woman and her progesterone levels should be based on the cytokine profile of each pregnant woman. Immune cells and chemicals play an important function in development of the placenta and embryo. During pregnancy, T cells divide and move, and a careful balance between proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines is necessary. The present review focuses on the mother's endurance in generating fetal cells and the immunologic mechanism involved. 2022 International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics. -
Cytogenetic Consequences Of Food Industry Workers Occupationally Exposed To Cooking Oil Fumes (Cofs)
Background: Cooking oil fumes (COFs) with smoking habits is a substantial risk that aggravates genetic modifications. The current study was to estimate the biological markers of genetic toxicity counting Micronucleus changes (MN), Chromosome Aberrations (CA) and DNA modifications among COFs exposures and control subjects inherent from South India. Materials and Methods: Present analysis comprised 212 COFs with tobacco users and equivalent number of control subjects. Results: High frequency of CA (Chromatid type: and chromosome type) were identified in group II experimental subjects also high amount of MN and DNA damage frequency were significantly (p < 0.05) in both subjects (experimental smokers and non-smokers). Present analysis was observed absence of consciousnessamong the COFs exposures about the destructive level of health effects of tobacco habits in working environment. Conclusion: COFs exposed workers with tobacco induce the significant alteration in chromosomal level. Furthermore, a high level of rate of genetic diseases (spontaneous abortion) were identified in the experimental subjects. This finding will be helpful for preventive measures of COFs exposed workers and supportive for further molecular analysis 2021,Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention. All Rights Reserved. -
Cyclic property of iterative eccentrication of trees
A tree graph is an acyclic graph. The eccentric graph of a graph G, denoted by Ge is a derived graph with the vertex set same as that of G and two vertices in Ge are adjacent if one of them is an eccentric vertex of the other. The process of finding eccentric graph of a graph is called eccentrication and that of constructing iterative eccentric graphs, denoted by Gek, is called iterative eccentrication. A graph G is said to be ?-cyclic(t,l) if G, Ge, Ge2,?, Gek, Gek+1,?, Gek+l are the only non-isomorphic graphs, and the graph Gek+l+1 is isomorphic to Gek. In this paper, we prove the existence of an ?-cycle for any tree graph on n vertices. We also obtain some important results on eccentric graphs of trees. Then, we present a conjecture on the cyclic property of eccentrication of a general graph G. Finally, an analogy between the concept of ?-cycle for a graph and the dichotomy of the Riemann sphere into Fatou sets and Julia sets is presented. We also state some open problems in the area. 2025 World Scientific Publishing Company. -
Cyclic property of iterative eccentrication of a graph
The eccentric graph of a graph G, denoted by Ge, is a derived graph with the vertex set same as that of G and two vertices in Ge are adjacent if one of them is an eccentric vertex of the other. The process of constructing iterative eccentric graphs, denoted by Gek is called eccentrication. A graph G is said to be ?-cyclic(t,l) if G,Ge,Ge2,...,Gek,Gek+1,...,Gek+l are the only non-isomorphic graphs, and the graph Gek+l+1 is isomorphic to Gek. In this paper, we prove the existence of an ?-cycle for any simple graph. The importance of this result lies in the fact that the enumeration of eccentrication of a graph reduces to a finite problem. Furthermore, the enumeration of a corresponding sequence of graph parameters such as chromatic number, domination number, independence number, minimum and maximum degree, etc., reduces to a finite problem. 2023 World Scientific Publishing Company. -
Cybersecurity vulnerabilities in federated learning
Federated Learning (FL) has been conceived as a dispersed machine learning paradigm facilitating collaborative learning at edge devices without exposing raw data. The model is amenable to privacy preservation and data protection regulation, for example, General Data Protection Regulation compliance. Yet, more widespread deployment of FL reveals a new and extreme spectrum of cybersecurity risks. These consist of data poisoning attacks that can potentially severely contaminate model integrity, model inversion attacks that can potentially recover sensitive data from exchanged gradients, adversarial manipulations where malicious agents take advantage of model weaknesses, and incidental privacy leakage. The impact and real world implication of these attacks differs, for example, a successful poisoning attack in medicine can result in misdiagnosis, model inversion in the finance sector could leak client confidential data, and adversarial attacks in Internet of Things (IoT) would control autonomous devices with safety consequences. This chapter critically reviews these threats taking into consideration attack feasibility, harm extent, and detectability, inspired by recent case studies illustrating their applicability in real world FL deployments. We also analyze the effectiveness of current state of the art countermeasures like robust aggregation methods, differential privacy, and cryptographic methods like secure multiparty computation and homomorphic encryption. By synthesizing current research on attack paradigms and counterattack architectures, the chapter offers practical knowledge towards constructing secure, robust, and trustworthy FL systems, particularly in high-risk applications like medicine, finance, and critical infrastructure. 2026 selection and editorial matter, Swati Sah, Rejwan Bin Sulaieman, and Aditya Dayal Tyagi; individual chapters, the contributors. -
Cybersecurity Threats Detection in Intelligent Networks using Predictive Analytics Approaches
The modern scenario of network vulnerabilities necessitates the adoption of sophisticated detection and mitigation strategies. Predictive analytics is surfaced to be a powerful tool in the fight against cybercrime, offering unparalleled capabilities for automating tasks, analyzing vast amounts of data, and identifying complex patterns that might elude human analysts. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of how AI is transforming the field of cybersecurity. Machine intelligence can bring revolution to cybersecurity by providing advanced defense capabilities. Addressing ethical concerns, ensuring model explainability, and fostering collaboration between researchers and developers are crucial for maximizing the positive impact of AI in this critical domain. 2024 IEEE. -
Cybersecurity Implications for Digital Competence
This chapter explores the critical role of cybersecurity in enhancing digital competence within agile and hierarchical organisational structures. It provides a theoretical framework connecting digital skills, technology, and cybersecurity, emphasising their collective importance in modern business environments. The chapter examines how agile organisations prioritise adaptability in addressing cybersecurity threats, while hierarchical organisations rely on structured processes to ensure security and compliance. The chapter identifies each structures strengths and challenges in integrating cybersecurity through comparative analysis. It further discusses the future of digital competence, highlighting how cybersecurity drives digital transformation and impacts operational performance. Best practices and recommendations are provided for organisations to integrate cybersecurity effectively, ensuring long-term resilience and sustainability in an evolving cyber landscape. 2026 selection and editorial matter, Festus Adedoyin; individual chapters, the contributors. -
Cybersecurity Disclosure and Corporate Reputation: Rising Popularity of Cybersecurity in the Business World
This chapter emphasizes the importance of cybersecurity for a corporation as todays organizations are more vulnerable than ever and their enemies are in the form of viruses and malware. The work provides evidence that cybersecurity can have an impact on brand value, market value, and overall corporate reputation. It focuses on depicting the global scenario with reference to cybersecurity disclosures by corporations and how it is important in todays digitized era where data is the most valuable and vulnerable asset. With rapid digitalization, cybersecurity has become a major concern for all businesses, especially when there is financial and reputational damage to cybersecurity breaches and incidents. Even in the absence of clear cybersecurity laws and regulations, corporations are opting for voluntary disclosure. Existing literature explains this as an attempt to mitigate any potential risk or occurred risk through increased transparency which will build the trust of all stakeholders. 2023 by IGI Global. All rights reserved. -
Cybernetic Intelligence in Intellectual Property Law: AI-Driven Innovation, Detection, and Ethical Challenges
This paper explores the transformative role of cybernetic intelligence in intellectual property (IP) law, including its integration in critical areas, such as registration, intellectual property infringement detection, innovation protection, and dispute resolution. IP processes are being reshaped by the introduction of cybernetic systems that improve process efficiency and accuracy in registration and by advanced algorithms that revolutionise the detection of violations. In particular, the paper explores the ethical challenges raised about AI driven innovation like ownership of work created by AI, biases of automated systems and risking monopoly. Further, it analyses the potential of cybernetic tools for dispute resolution that blends data knowledge with Peoples judgement to the point of fairness. The paper emphasises ethical, legal implications, proposing robust AI regulatory frameworks, transparency and accountability when deploying AI. -
Cyberloafing and the Future of Business Productivity in Developing Economies: Insights From India
Online activities are increasing every day, and cyberloafing is a relatively new phenomenon. Scholars are increasingly focusing on the adverse effects of digitization on human lives in personal and professional contexts. Cyberloafing is one such effect and digitization-related workplace behavior that has garnered attention in both academic and mainstream media. This chapter aims to understand the specific loafing activities and its effects on employee productivity in India, one of the most populated and largest developing economies. To achieve this goal, the research involved conducting field research among employees in both private and public sectors in Haryana, India, with a primary focus on those employed in the medium-sized education and healthcare business sectors. The data were collected from 300 respondents through questionnaires and analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) to determine the impact. The studys results suggest that engaging in cyberloafing activities like maintaining social networks, playing online games, online dating, shopping online, and using the internet for non-work purposes while at the workplace has a modest yet notable adverse impact on employee productivity. To put it differently, when employees indulge in social, leisure, and virtual activities, it has a detrimental effect on their productivity. These research findings offer valuable insights to organizations regarding the types of cyberloafing activities employees are involved in and how they influence employee productivity, encompassing factors like attendance, work quality, performance capability, and personal aspects. 2026 Divya, Timilehin Olasoji Olubiyi and Mahabir Narwal -
Cyberdeviance among students a multidimensional scaling approach
Cyberdeviance off late has been gaining a lot of attention because of the increased use. Educational institutions have also made the internet available to its student to improve their exposure to various educational information. Hence, it becomes essential to identify a model that helps understand college factors to cyberdivert. The study focused on assessing whether college students are involved in cyberdeviation and the demographic effect on internet behaviour and cyberdeviance. The multidimensional approach was used to understand cyberdeviance. Data were collected from 264 students using convenience sampling in Bengaluru city, India. The study found that the respondents prefer to use the internet mainly for games and prefer least for theft, harassment, adult content, and hacking. They misused the internet due to the fear of unemployment and were involved in internet fraud to deploy knowledge. Copyright 2025 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd. -
Cybercrimes in the Associated World
Phrases that scarcely existed a decade ago are now a part of our day-to-day lifestyle, as criminals use malicious new technologies to commit cyber attacks against businesses, individuals, and governments. These crimes cause serious harm and impose real threats to victims worldwide either physically or virtually. There are no borders in cyberspace. Attacks can come from any place and at any time. Cybercrime can take many forms, but they all have a digital platform/environment in common. It can be done with both good and bad intentions. But, nowadays, the most common types of cybercrime activities such as phishing scams, identity theft, Internet frauds, online intellectual property or patent infringements, online harassment, and cyber stalking are sadly very widespread in todays associated world. Cyber bullying and online harassment activities spread casually in social media posts and comments or through direct messages and also via emails. The main motive of these messages is to threaten either an individual or a group. Such kinds of cybercrime activities are extremely damaging to the victims mental health. Government agencies working to investigate cybercrimes have reported multiple records of victims developing mental illnesses and even ending up committing suicide. On the other hand we have phishing scams, one of the widespread crime activities. Organizations have detected an increase in the ratio of phishing emails to professional emails from unknown or anonymous service providers appending fake attachments and invoices. These files and attachments may contain malicious payloads to scam people and to create a backdoor in that system, so the attacker can gain access to the system anytime and from anywhere without the victims knowledge. This has been considered as one of the major advantages for the attacker. Cybercrimes have not restricted to only these forms of criminal activities. A wide variety of new attacks have been created and have spread all over the world through commonly used platforms such as social media sites, blogs, and news portals. We are living in a digital world where all our activities are being monitored by someone, somewhere - even keystrokes are being monitored using keyloggers. Nothing seems to be secret and protected unless you are tech savvy. National agencies are keeping a close watch on all individual online activities to prevent illegal activities from happening. No longer the delete option is possible in this digital world; rather, only migration of data from one location to another or from a local server to a cloud server is possible. In our day-to-day lives, several new viruses and attack mechanisms are triggered by attackers by following very new tactics with the help of more complex algorithms. So, its time to advance our knowledge on protecting our valuable assets by spending time in learning and following proper online practices. 2024 selection and editorial matter, S. Vijayalakshmi, P. Durgadevi, Lija Jacob, Balamurugan Balusamy, and Parma Nand; individual chapters, the contributors. -
Cybercrimes in Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita: A Critical Study on Indian Legal Scenario
Cybersecurity is a significant concern in the present digital world. The increase in cybercrimes attracts attention of the whole globe. India is one of the top countries on the list of cybercrimes and cyberattacks. More than 1 billion people use smartphones in India and the focus on digital economy has also attracted many cyberattacks. This necessitates the need for a specific legal framework. Indias Penal Code was almost 160 years old, and its provisions were not adequate to address the growing nature of cybercrime. Though the provisions of Information Technology Act, 2000 can be applied, India needed a criminal code addressing the latest trends of crimes. Many considered that the enactment of Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) will provide this required framework. In making a critical analysis the chapter tries to evaluate the provisions of BNS to examine whether it provided due protection to Indias cyberspace. 2026 by IGI Global Scientific Publishing. All rights reserved. -
Cyber-victimizationinfluence of parental rules and impact on mental health among Indian adolescents
Introduction: In the contemporary digital age, cyberspace offers numerous benefits but also presents significant risks, including cyber-victimization. Adolescents, as frequent internet users, are particularly vulnerable to such experiences. This study examines the relationship between parental regulations on internet usage and the incidence of cyber-victimization among Indian adolescents, while also assessing the impact of cyber-victimization on mental health outcomes such as stress, anxiety, and depression. Methods: A sample of 224 adolescents (Mean age?=?16.5?years SD?=?2.34) was surveyed using standardized measures of cyber-victimization and mental health. Results: Multiple linear regression analyses revealed that written-verbal cyber-victimization was a significant predictor of stress (??=?0.18, p?<?0.05), while impersonation, written-verbal cyber-victimization, and online exclusion significantly predicted anxiety (p?<?0.05). However, none of the cyber-victimization subtypes significantly predicted depression, and the overall model accounted for only 4% of its variance. Discussion: These findings suggest that while cyber-victimization is linked to stress and anxiety, its influence on depression may be more complex. Furthermore, the Pearson correlation analysis indicated a negligible association between cyber-victimization and parental rules on internet usage (r?=?0.039), suggesting that parental regulations alone may not effectively mitigate cyber-victimization risks. Given these findings, interventions focusing on resilience-building, digital literacy, and peer support may be more effective in protecting adolescents from the adverse effects of cyber-victimization. Future research should explore alternative protective factors and preventive strategies to promote adolescent well-being in digital spaces. Copyright 2025 Tamarana, Mathur, Madhusudan and Annapurna Kiranmai. -
Cyber-Threat Landscape in Healthcare Industry and Legal Framework Governing Personal Health Information in India
2021 and 2022 have been the years of frequent cyberattacks. India remains in the top 25 countries severely affected by the continuous cyber-attacks and tops the list. The healthcare department is amongst the most affected area. In 2020, the healthcare department suffered a severe impact with around 348K cyber-attacks alone on Indian healthcare infrastructure. The recent occurrence of cyber-attack on AIIMS hospital in December 2022 followed by several other incidences of data breaches have made the concerned authorities pro-active on exercising vigilance and reforming the legal and technical system to protect the health infrastructure. This paper has been developed on extensive literature and focuses on describing the nature of electronic health records, the risks they are exposed to along with as to why they are so susceptible to these cyber-risks. Furthermore, the paper also deals with different kinds of threats affecting the privacy and security of electronic health records specifically. The paper analyzes Indian legal framework, briefly compares it with international legal framework (specifically US & EU) and highlights the shortcomings in Indian legislative framework followed by laying down certain recommendations primarily highlighting the possible changes required in Indian legal framework and practices that can be adopted at organizational level to overcome and mitigate such risks. N. Raizada, P. Srivastava, 2024. -
Cyber-Secure Framework for the Insecure Designs in Healthcare Industry
Sensitive data protection has been a top priority in the healthcare industry. This has led to the investigation of safe data storage and transaction. Despite various attempts to address this issue, data breaches continue to plague the healthcare industry. This study aims to investigate prevalent storage practices and security methodologies in the healthcare, recognizing the need for a robust framework. The work further extends with design of new security framework for healthcare industry. This framework identifies critical data and implement measures to prevent unauthorized access and data tempering. The industrial hype towards the implementation of adaptive machine learning craves the need for hybrid machine learning approaches to be adapted in the cyber secure framework. In order to improve security and confidentiality in the healthcare sector. Blockchain is used in the proposed cyber secure framework promising integrity of data with the features of immutability. This proposal aims to provide a comprehensive solution to the ongoing problem of protecting medical data. Grenze Scientific Society, 2024.