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Preparation and characterisation of amorphous mesoporous aluminophosphate and metal aluminophosphate as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for transesterification reaction
Preparation, characterisation of pure aluminophosphate and aluminophosphate modified with different transition metals (V, Fe, Co Ni & Cu) and their catalytic activity in mono/dibenzyl substituted malonates synthesis are explained. The materials were prepared by the coprecipitation method in the absence of any structure-directing species and characterized for their composition, crystalline nature, total surface acidity, specific surface area pore diameter and pore volume by different techniques. Catalytic activity of the materials was investigated in transesterification of diethylmalonate with benzyl alcohol in liquid phase. Pure aluminophosphate resulted only in benzyl ethylmalonate whereas the incorporation of transition metals favored the formation of both benzyl ethylmalonate and dibenzylmalonate. Catalytic activity parallels the surface acidity and mesoporosity of the catalysts. The effect of the molar ratio of reactants, amount of catalyst, and reaction time on the conversion of diethyl malonate and transester yield has been studied. The highest activity of iron aluminophosphate is attributed to its mesoporous nature with uniform pore size distribution, higher surface acidity and surface area. Further, the scope and generality of iron aluminophosphate as a catalyst in the transesterification was studied using various aliphatic, alicyclic and aromatic alcohols. The catalysts could be recycled by retaining most of its initial activity. 2011 Acadie des sciences. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved. -
Preparation and characterisation of amorphous mesoporous aluminophosphate and metal aluminophosphate as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for transesterification reaction.
Volume 14, Issue 12, December 2011, Pages 1109-1116 -
Preparation and Characterization of Tungsten Carbide/Epoxy Composites for J-Ray Shielding
Polymer composites have attracted considerable attention as potential light weight and cost-effective shielding materials which could be used for applications in nuclear reactors, nuclear waste transportation, as protective cloth/apron for personnel in hospitals, and shielding instruments on-board satellites from space radiations. In this context, we have developed diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA)-based epoxy resin composites loaded with tungsten carbide (WC) for J-ray shielding. Epoxy composites containing different loadings (0, 10, 30 and 50 wt%) of WC were synthesized by room temperature solution casting technique. Structural and morphological studies of the composites were performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Thermal and tensile properties of epoxy were enhanced in the presence of WC fillers. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed the major degradation temperature occurring between 430C and 580C for all epoxy/WC composites. The tensile strength and Youngs modulus of the composites enhanced with loading, owing to greater intermolecular reinforcing effect, uniform stress distribution and enhanced energy-absorbing capacity. J-Ray attenuation studies performed in the energy region of 0.356 1.332 MeV using NaI(Tl) detector spectrometer showed the 50 wt% tungsten carbide/epoxy composites to have highest radiation attenuation at all the energies. The overall enhancement in thermal, mechanical, and radiation shielding characteristics of the composites may be attributed to the uniformity in distribution of the fillers in epoxy matrix. These nontoxic tungsten carbide/epoxy composites may be suitable as materials for shielding in radiation environments. 2022 American Institute of Physics Inc.. All rights reserved. -
Preparation and Electrochemical Investigation of NiO Hollow Sphere from Bio Waste (Sugarcane Bagasse) Extract for Energy Storage Applications
This work describes how to easily make NiO hollow sphere composites using waste sugarcane bagasse for use in supercapacitor applications. NiO hollow spheres (NOHSs) nanomaterialis effectively synthesized through the nano carbon sphere (CS) template. A core-shell structure was created on the carbon spheres surface by NiO nanoparticles that were several nanometers in size. The structural and morphological of the synthesized materials were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning electron microscope (SEM). The energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) was used to confirm the presence of the elements in NOHS. The electrochemical behaviour of hierarchical CSs and NOHSs electrode was examined through cyclic voltammetry (CV), Galvanostatic charge/discharge (SC) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). In GCD analysis, NOHSs electrode showed a concentrated specific capacitance (Csp) of 913.79F/g at 5A/g current density. The porous conductive carbon with macro pores that speeds up the transit of electron and electrolyte ions causes noticeably better capacitive behavior. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2024. -
Preparation characterization and applications of mixed oxides ceria-samaria supported on rice husk ash as catalysts for organic synthesis
Catalysis is a well-established scientific discipline, dealing with fundamental principles involved in the preparation, properties, applications and mechanisms of catalytic reactions of various catalysts. The preparation of silica from agricultural waste rice husk is an economical and environmentally benign process. Mixed oxides of ceria and samaria are a multifunctional catalytic system that has attracted wide-range of research in different fields. These mixed oxide catalysts are generally used for redox reactions and acid-base reactions in organic synthesis. The catalytic activity of these materials can be enhanced by using silica as a support system. To achieve the best structural and morphological features, different synthetic protocols were tried out while incorporating CeO2 and Sm2O3 on SiO2 to maximize the catalytic efficacy. In the present study, bimetallic oxides of ceria and samaria supported on silica catalysts were prepared by ultra sonicator, rota vapour method, wet impregnation and incipient wet impregnation methods. Further modification of ceria-samaria-silica catalysts using MoO3, La2O3 and mixed forms of MoO3 and La2O3 led to the formation of tri or tetra metallic mixed oxides on silica system. A detailed physico chemical characterization of the prepared catalysts using different spectroscopic and non-spectroscopic methods was carried out to understand the nature, stability and the functional groups present in the system. The heterogeneous catalytic route for organic synthesis is of major interest as it is sustainable and eco-friendlier. Utilizing biowaste like rice husk and its modified forms to synthesize useful and industrially significant organic compounds has been attempted with success in the present work. Thus, the prepared catalysts were subsequently evaluated for their catalytic activity towards oxidation, esterification, transesterification and Friedel Crafts' benzylation reactions. To achieve maximum yield and good selectivity, the different reaction parameters were optimized for all the reactions that were studied. Oxidation of cyclohexanone with benzyl alcohol to caprolactone and benzaldehyde has been studied after optimizing the reaction parameters. Recycle and leaching studies were conducted to understand the stability and reusability of the catalytic system for the above-mentioned reactions. These catalysts were also found effective in the synthesis of caprolactone, which is an intermediate in the synthesis of biodegrading polymers. Selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde too has been achieved using these catalysts. Surface area and acidity have played major roles in these reactions. Finally, dibenzyl toluene was synthesized by benzylation of toluene using benzyl chloride. In all the studies, plausible mechanisms involving the catalyst have also been suggested. Thus, a comprehensive study of rice husk silica-supported ceria and samaria systems and the multi metal oxide silica systems has been conducted and it has proved to be an efficient, recoverable, stable and eco-friendly catalyst combined with simple workup for industrially important organic syntheses. -
Preparation for parenthood programme: Experiences form Southern India /
Internatinoal Review of Psychiatry, Vol.26, Issue 4, pp.423-429, ISSN No: 0954-0261. -
Preparation for parenthood programme: Experiences from southern India
Parenting skills are critically important to ensure that children are brought up in a safe environment. Recent evidence shows that studies of parenting skills are still at a preliminary stage in low-and middle-income countries. These need to involve family practitioners and religious groups who often play a major role in preparing young people in India. There are organized programmes available in the country for Christian adults to prepare themselves for marriage and family life through various church initiatives and activities. In order to develop a programme which can be used to prepare young parents for responsibilities of parenthood, a needs assessment was carried out among 70 young adults who attended a marriage preparation course in Bangalore, India. All the participants belonged to the Christian faith. Participants consisted of 53% men and 47% women whose average age for deciding to get married was 26.8 years. All of them expressed a need for such a preparatory programme for parenthood. They considered they needed to know about normal child development, behavioural management of children, to develop adequate skills in handling children at different ages, and deal with their own past issues with their own parents when they were being parented. The results suggest that the development of a preparatory programme for young adults to support them in the role of parenthood must take their views and needs into account. 2014 Institute of Psychiatry. -
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Preparation, characterization, and electrochemical properties of PEO/PVDF blend films
This paper reports the electrochemical properties of PEO, PEO/PVDF10, and PEO/PVDF30 blend films, The XRD spectra reveal the structural properties of the blend and, FTIR spectra provide the chemical interaction between the blends, and observed FESEM images of PEO/PVDF blend film shows the porous with spherulite grain structure and AFM images gives the surface topology. The thermal stability, melting point, and decomposes of the polymer blend film were examined through TGA, DTA, and DSC. CV curve shows the proper oxidation and redox reaction involved in the blend film, these results provide the prepared polymer blend film is a good candidate for used to the separator in energy storage applications. 2022 Elsevier B.V. -
Preparation, characterization, and evaluation of corrosion inhibition efficiency of sodium lauryl sulfate modified chitosan for mild steel in the acid pickling process
The polar head and a hydrophobic long alkyl chain end of surfactants show effective adsorption on the metal surfaces and metal/solution interfaces. The present study deals with the investigation of corrosion inhibition efficiency of chitosan modified with an anionic surfactant, namely sodium lauryl sulfate. The modified chitosan was characterized using spectral techniques such as ATR- FTIR and NMR, thermal analytical methods that include TGA and DSC. The surface charge and particle size distribution were analyzed using Zeta potential analyzer. The corrosion inhibition efficiency of the water-soluble modified chitosan was evaluated using gravimetric and electrochemical methods. A maximum corrosion inhibition efficiency of 96.44% for 6 h of immersion period at 303 K was obtained. The adsorption process obeyed Langmuir isotherm. The adsorption mechanism involved both physisorption and chemisorption. Tafel and impedance studies showed results in agreement with the gravimetric method. Tafel plot indicates the inhibitor controlled both cathodic hydrogen evolution and anodic metal dissolution reactions. AC impedance study supports the increase in surface coverage of the metal surface by the inhibitor, forming a protective film. Further evidence comes from the surface characterization of the inhibited metal surface by contact angle measurement, SEM, EDAX spectra, and atomic force microscopic studies. DFT and Monte Carlo simulation studies showed a proper alignment with the experiment results. 2020 Elsevier B.V. -
Preprocessed text compression method for Malayalam text files
The increasing importance of Unicode for text files implies an increase in storage space required for data and the time for the transmission of data, with a corresponding need for compression of data. Conventional compressors fair purely on UTF-8 texts, where each character can span multiple bytes. Malayalam which is one among the four major languages of the Dravidian family, is represented by using Unicode characters. The contribution of this paper is a reversible transformation mapping of the input to reduce the actual size of the input file before a general purpose compression method. After the preprocessing, LZW compression achieves more compression to Malayalam text files containing any characters including ASCII characters. This method can be extended to any native language files containing mostly the characters of only one script. BEIESP. -
Preprocessing Big Data using Partitioning Method for Efficient Analysis
Big data collection is the process of gathering unprocessed and unstructured data from disparate sources. As data deluge, the large volume of data collected and integrated consist missing values, outliers, and redundant records. This makes the big dataset insignificant for processing and mining knowledge. Also, it unnecessarily consumes large amount of valuable storage for storing redundant data and meaningless data. The result obtained after applying mining techniques in this insignificant data lead to wrong inferences. This makes it inevitable to preprocess data in order to store and process big dataset effectively and draw correct inferences. When data is preprocessed before analytics the storage consumption is less and computation and communication complexity is reduced. The analytics result is of high quality and the needed time for processing is considerably reduced. Preprocessing data is inevitable for applying any analytics algorithm to obtain valuable pattern. The quality of knowledge mined from large volume of big data depends on the quality of input data used for processing. The major steps in big data preprocessing include data integration from disparate sources, missing value imputation, outlier detection and treatment, and handling redundant data. The process of integration includes steps such as extraction, transformation, and loading. The data extraction step gathers useful data used for analytics and the transformation process organize the collected data in structured format suitable for analytics. The role of load process is to store transformed data into secured storage so that data can be obtained and processed effectively in future. This work provides preprocessing techniques for big data that deals with missing values and outliers and results in obtaining quality data partitions. 2023 IEEE. -
Presence of red giant population in the foreground stellar substructure of the Small Magellanic Cloud
The eastern region of the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) is found to have a foreground stellar substructure, which is identified as a distance bimodality (?12 kpc apart) in the previous studies using red clump (RC) stars. Interestingly, studies of red giant branch (RGB) stars in the eastern SMC indicate a bimodal radial velocity (RV) distribution. In this study, we investigate the connection between these two bimodal distributions to better understand the nature and origin of the foreground stellar substructure in the eastern SMC. We use the Gaia Early Data Release 3 astrometric data and archival RV data of RGB stars for this study. We find a bimodal RV distribution of RGB stars (separated by ?35-45 km s-1) in the eastern and south-western (SW) outer regions. The observed proper motion values of the lower and higher RV RGB components in the eastern regions are similar to those of the foreground and main-body RC stars, respectively. This suggests that the two RGB populations in the eastern region are separated by a similar distance to those of the RC stars, and the RGB stars in the lower RV component are part of the foreground substructure. Based on the differences in the distance and RV of the two components, we estimate an approximate time of formation of this substructure as 307 65 Myr ago. This is comparable with the values predicted by simulations for the recent epoch of tidal interaction between the Magellanic Clouds. Comparison of the observed properties of RGB stars, in the outer SW region, with N-body simulations shows that the higher RV component in the SW region is at a farther distance than the main body, indicating the presence of a stellar counter-bridge in the SW region of the SMC. 2021 The Author(s) Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Royal Astronomical Society. -
Presence or absence of Dunning-Kruger effect: Differences in narcissism, general self-efficacy and decision-making styles in young adults
The Dunning-Kruger effect is a cognitive bias in which individuals who are unskilled in certain domains overestimate their ability and are unaware of it. Past studies have focused on establishing the effect but have not looked into associated factors. This study aimed to see if the Dunning-Kruger effect has any influence on an individuals narcissism, general self-efficacy and decision making styles especially in young adults in the Indian population. The Dunning- Kruger effect was established using scores from the Cognitive Reflection Task and the Rationality scale from Rational Experiential Inventory, keeping the Unskilled and Unaware phrase under consideration, while establishing cut-offs. The participants were also divided into three groups - the group that was able to estimate their performance, the group that over-estimated their performance and the group that underestimated their performance. The dependent variables were measured using the NPI-16, General Self-Efficacy Scale and Flinders Decision-Making Styles Questionnaire. The Kruskal-Wallis H results showed that there is a significant difference between the group with Dunning-Kruger effect, without Dunning-Kruger effect and the group that underestimated their performance with reference to Narcissism, General Self-Efficacy, Vigilance and Hypervigilance decision-making styles. The Mann-Whitney U results further indicated a significant difference in Narcissism and Vigilance, between the groups that overestimated their performance and the group that accurately estimated their performance. However, there was no correlation between the CRT discrepancy scores of the individuals with Dunning-Kruger effect and the dependent variables. 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC part of Springer Nature. -
Pressure ulcer risk assessment device /
Patent Number: 202141043299, Applicant: Vijayalakshmi A.
A pressure ulcer is a localized injury to the skin or underlying tissue as a result of unrelieved pressure which can be intrinsic or extrinsic in nature. Prevention of pressure ulcer is a prime requisite for any immobile patients as it can worsen the health situations and can even lead to mortality. In the context of Indian scenario, this issue is quite ignored either due to the lack of awareness of its implications or because of the absence of adequate preventive measures. Pressure ulcer often called as bed sores is a common issue prevalent in the immobile bed ridden, especially the old age people and the vulnerable patients with chronic medical conditions. -
Pressure ulcer risk assessment device /
Patent Number: 202141043299, Applicant: Vijayalakshmi A.
A pressure ulcer is a localized injury to the skin or underlying tissue as a result of unrelieved pressure which can be intrinsic or extrinsic in nature. Prevention of pressure ulcer is a prime requisite for any immobile patients as it can worsen the health situations and can even lead to mortality. In the context of Indian scenario, this issue is quite ignored either due to the lack of awareness of its implications or because of the absence of adequate preventive measures. Pressure ulcer often called as bed sores is a common issue prevalent in the immobile bed ridden, especially the old age people and the vulnerable patients with chronic medical conditions. -
Preterm Birth and Prematurity Prevention
About 3.2% of live births comprise twins, and 20% account for preterm labor, with delivery of twins before 37 and 32weeks of gestation approximately 60% and 10.7%. About five times elevated risk of initial neonatal and infant mortality is noted in the case of twin pregnancy in preterm parturition cases. Both spontaneous and indicated preterm labor are observed more in monochorionic twins than in dichorionic twins. Prediction and diagnosis of preterm labor is effectively done using transvaginal ultrasound to compute the length of the cervix before 24weeks without any risk. Vaginal administration of progesterone in women with less than 25 mm cervical length is beneficial to prevent preterm and neonatal obstacles in twin pregnancies. Physical evaluation showed that women undergoing cerclage surgery, when cervical dilation is greater than 1cm, have lowered risk of perinatal death and preterm labor at varied gestational stages. In a few studies, twin delivery is not directly associated with preterm and related complications. However, pregnancies weighing less than 1000g are associated with major disability around year 1 compared to singleton preterm. All these considerations are crucial in order to optimize the antenatal management of this group of pregnancies destined to show an increasing trend. The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2026. -
Preterm birth prediction using cuckoo search-based fuzzy min-max neural network
In the latest history, a Decision making and prediction system has been investigated vigorously for several decades and has got a lift. Together with preterm birth study, the decision support system has been explored in different areas. Using fuzzy, neural network and cuckoo search algorithm, the medical decision support system is improved for the forecast of preterm birth in this document. A two-module pattern categorization and rule extraction system has been highlighted by this study, where in the former module emphasises an altered fuzzy min-max (FMM) neural-network-based pattern classifier, whereas the subsequent module emphasises oppositional cuckoo search based rule extractor. With the theory of opposition, this paper examines altered cuckoo search algorithm. Using Pre Term Birth (PTB) datasets, the empirical analysis is executed and applied using MATLAB. Performance assessment matrix occupied is the precision and our suggested method is compared with the active methods. It is examined that our suggested method has attained improved precision value (85.6 %) when compared to FMM (77.36 %) which illustrates the efficiency of the suggested method from the results. 2013 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved. -
Prevalence and predictors of diabetes among adults in rural Dharwad, India: A cross-sectional study
Objective: Diabetes is a long life chronic non-communicable disease and emerging fast as one of the most serious health problems in developed and developing countries, also influences the risk of developing macrovascular complication including heart disease and stroke which are the leading causes of global death. This study aims to find the potential risk factors associated to diabetes among different community (Government, Private employees, and Businessmen) of adults 20 years and above. Methods: A cross-sectional study followed and conducted door-to-door survey using World Health Organization STEP Surveillance (WHO STEPS) questionnaire to collect the information of sociodemographic, anthropometric and behavioral characteristics. Multiple logistic regression is used to determine the risk factors of diabetes among study population. Data was pre-processed and used Chi-square test and t-test to find the comparison between the attributes. Results: Overall prevalence of diabetes is found to be 49.1% in which prevalence more in females with 51.7% than in males with 46.8%, the education, health examination, and waist circumference were found to be the potential risk factors. The total study subjects include 1083 in which male is 611 and female is 472. Conclusion: The current study reflects the importance of Diabetes disease among the study population in rural Dharwad and this study can be utilized to control and prevent diabetes. Its an early call for the females of the study population to take care and practice healthy food in day today life and the outcome of the study says that the education should be given prime importance in everyones life. 2018 The Authors. -
Prevalence and Predictors of Restless Leg Syndrome in Adolescents and Young Adults of Bengaluru City, India: A Cross-Sectional Study
INTRODUCTION: Restless leg syndrome (RLS) is a sensorimotor disease characterized by an urge to move the legs, often caused by uncomfortable and unpleasant sensations in the legs. It affects the quality of sleep which in turn affects scholastic performance in children and predisposes them to cardiovascular diseases in the long run. Hence, the primary aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and predictors of RLS, poor sleep quality, and excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS). METHODS: This was a cross-sectional observational study conducted between September 2017 and March 2020 in Bengaluru, India, including all consenting PreUniversity College, Degree College, and Higher Secondary school students. After parental consent and assent (if applicable) was obtained, a semi-structured standardized pilot-tested questionnaire consisting of the RLS diagnostic criteria, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Epworth sleepiness scale, and questions on sleep hygiene was administered. The prevalence was expressed as proportions and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Regression analysis was done to determine the predictors. RESULTS: The overall prevalence (95% CI; frequency) of students with RLS, poor sleep quality, and EDS in our study population was 8.36% (7.54, 9.24; n = 1,544/4,211), 36.67% (35.21, 38.14; n = 1,544/4,211), and 39.87% (38.39, 41.37; n = 1,679/4,211), respectively. PSQI and Epworth score were the significant predictors of RLS. Age, Epworth score, knowledge score, and the number of unacceptable sleep habits were the significant predictors of sleep quality. Female gender, PSQI, RLS, knowledge score, and the number of unacceptable sleep habits were the significant predictors of EDS. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of RLS, those with poor sleep quality and EDS among adolescents and young adults was higher when compared to the historical data of general population in the same city. 2022 S. Karger AG, Basel.