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Conservation of Endangered Cordyceps sinensis Through Artificial Cultivation Strategies of C. militaris, an Alternate
Cordyceps, an entomopathogenic fungus belonging to the Ascomycota phylum, is a familiar remedial mushroom that is extensively used in the traditional medicinal system, especially in South Asian nations. The significance of this genus members in a range of therapeutic and biotechnological applications has long been acknowledged. The exceedingly valuable fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Cordyceps sinensis) is found in the alpine meadows of Bhutan, Nepal, Tibet, and India, where it is severely harvested. Driven by market demand and ecological concerns, the study highlights challenges in natural C. sinensis collection and emphasizes the shift towards sustainable artificial cultivation methods. This in-depth review navigates Cordyceps cultivation strategies, focusing on C. sinensis and the viable alternative, C. militaris. The escalating demand for Cordyceps fruiting bodies and bioactive compounds prompts a shift toward sustainable artificial cultivation. While solid-state fermentation on brown rice remains a traditional method, liquid culture, especially submerged and surface/static techniques, emerges as a key industrial approach, offering shorter cultivation periods and enhanced cordycepin production. The review accentuates the adaptability and scalability of liquid culture, providing valuable insights for large-scale Cordyceps production. The future prospects of Cordyceps cultivation require a holistic approach, combining scientific understanding, technological innovation, and sustainable practices to meet the demand for bioactive metabolites while ensuring the conservation of natural Cordyceps populations. Graphical Abstract: (Figure presented.). The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2024. -
Consecutive Radio Labelling of Graphs
Radio labelling or radio colouring is an assignment of positive integers to the vertices of a graph such that the difference between labels of any two vertices must be at least one more than the difference between the diameter of the graph and the distance between the vertices themselves. A graph G admits consecutive radio labelling when the radio number of the graph equals the order of the graph. In this paper, we study certain graphs admitting consecutive radio labelling and identify certain properties of such graphs. Moreover, we characterize the graphs with diameter two admitting consecutive radio labelling and examine certain properties of the labelling under some graph operations. 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. -
Connectivity between India and Sri Lanka: A model for South Asia
India-Sri Lanka bilateral ties pervade in almost all areas despite various ups and downs. In the age of globalization, connectivity is crucial in maintaining and enhancing relations. Realizing this, India and Sri Lanka have invested in connectivity in four broad areas: physical, cultural, information and communication technology (ICT), and economic. Physical connectivity presently exists through air and sea; given the proximity, land connectivity would benefit the common man on both sides. Cultural connections go back centuries and have received an institutional framework of late. ICT linkage is emerging but highly promising in terms of public-private involvement. With components of trade and investments, economic connectivity faces tough competition from extra-regional powers like China. On the way forward, challenges abound and require patience and maturity in policy making and its implementation in both countries. 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. -
Connecting the dots: Tracing the evolutionary pathway of polar ring galaxies in the cases of NGC 3718, NGC 2685, and NGC 4262
Polar ring galaxies (PRGs) are a unique class of galaxies characterised by a ring of gas and stars orbiting nearly orthogonal to the main body. This study delves into the evolutionary trajectory of PRGs using the exemplary trio of NGC 3718, NGC 2685, and NGC 4262. We investigate the distinct features of PRGs by analysing their ring and host components to reveal their unique characteristics through spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting. Using CIGALE, we performed SED fitting to independently analyse the ring and host spatially resolved regions, marking the first decomposed SED analysis for PRGs, which examines stellar populations using high-resolution observations from AstroSat UVIT at a resolved scale. The UV-optical surface profiles provide an initial idea that distinct patterns in the galaxies, with differences in FUV and NUV, suggest three distinct stages of ring evolution in the selected galaxies. The study of resolved-scale stellar regions reveals that the ring regions are generally younger than their host galaxies, with the age disparity progressively decreasing along the evolutionary sequence from NGC 3718 to NGC 4262. Star formation rates (SFR) also exhibit a consistent pattern, with higher SFR in the ring of NGC 3718 compared to the others, and a progressive decrease through NGC 2685 and NGC 4262. Finally, the representation of the galaxies in the HI gas fraction versus the NUV- plane supports the idea that they are in three different evolutionary stages of PRG evolution, with NGC 3718 in the initial stage, NGC 2685 in the intermediate stage, and NGC 4262 representing the final stage. This study concludes that PRGs undergo various evolutionary stages, as evidenced by the observed features in the ring and host components. NGC 3718, NGC 2685, and NGC 4262 represent different stages of this evolution, highlighting the dynamic nature of PRGs and emphasising the importance of studying their evolutionary processes to gain insights into galactic formation and evolution. The Author(s), 2025. -
Connecting Inner Competencies with Workplace Behavior: Influence of Emotional and Spiritual Intelligence on OCB in IT and Non-IT
Emotional and spiritual intelligence are recognized as key resources that impact workplace behavior. This study explores their relationship with organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), the voluntary actions that improve organizational effectiveness. Using Self-Determination Theory and Social Exchange Theory, the research examines how these intelligences vary across demographic groups and their roles in OCB. Data were collected from 450 employees (272 males and 178 females) in IT and non-IT sectors using simple random sampling. Participants had experience levels from under 5 to over 11 years in their organizations. Standardized self-report measures were used, and the data were analyzed with t-tests, ANOVA, correlation, regression, and mediation analysis. The study found that females scored higher in spiritual intelligence and OCB, while emotional intelligence showed no gender differences. Married and more experienced employees exhibited higher emotional intelligence and OCB, whereas unmarried and less experienced individuals had increased spiritual intelligence. No significant differences were noted between IT and non-IT sectors. Emotional intelligence predicted OCB, but spiritual intelligence did not. Limitations included a cross-sectional design and reliance on self-reports. The findings suggest that organizations should prioritize emotional intelligence training and adapt engagement strategies based on employee demographics for a more effective workplace. NAJP. -
Connected k-forcing sets of graphs and splitting graphs
The notion of k-forcing number of a graph was introduced by Amos et al. For a given graph G and a given subset I of the vertices of the graph G, the vertices in I are known as initially colored black vertices and the vertices in V (G) ? I are known as not initially colored black vertices or white vertices. The set I is a k-forcing set of a graph G if all vertices in G eventually colored black after applying the following color changing rule: If a black colored vertex is adjacent to at most k-white vertices, then the white vertices change to be colored black. The cardinality of a smallest k-forcing set is known as the k-forcing number Zk (G) of the graph G. If the sub graph induced by the vertices in I are connected, then I is called the connected k-forcing set. The minimum cardinality of such a set is called the connected k-forcing number of G and is denoted by Zck (G). This manuscript is intended to study the connected k-forcing number of graphs and the splitting graphs. 2020 the author(s). -
Connect among employee engagement and three key of organisational commitment level - An empirical exploration AMID techs
The main objective of this paper is to gravely examine the link between employee engagement level and affective, continuance and normative commitment level in information technology (IT) organisations in Bangalore city. In primary data, responses are collected through well framed questionnaires and direct interaction with the employees to selected sample of 550 respondents of 10 Information Technology organisations in Bangalore city. The result revealed that employee engagement level explained 32% of the variation in total commitment. Since the P value is less than 0.01, it can be inferred that the linkage between employee engagement level and total commitment is statistically significant. The study identified a strong, positive correlation between employee's engagement level and affective commitment (d = 0.347, p =0.000) and employee's engagement level and normative commitment (d =.265, p =0.000), which were statistically significant. The study also revealed a positive correlation between employee engagement level and continuance commitment, which was not statistically significant (d =.072, p =0.096). The current study adds to the research pointing at employee's engagement level as a promising underlying mechanism to improve employee's organisational commitment level. IAEME Publication. -
Conjugate of Estradiol and applications thereof /
Patent Number: 201641013646, Applicant: Christ University. -
Conjugate of Estradiol and applications thereof /
Patent Number: 201641013646, Applicant: Christ University. -
Conjugate of estradiol and applications thereof /
Patent Number: US 10 , 054 , 602 B2, Applicant: Christ University.
The present invention relates to conjugate of 17-β estradiol with an analog of indocyanine green dye for the detection of cancers. The invention also provides a method of preparation of the conjugate and method of detection of cancer cells. -
Conjugate of estradiol and applications thereof /
Patent Number: US 10 , 054 , 602 B2, Applicant: Christ University.
The present invention relates to conjugate of 17-β estradiol with an analog of indocyanine green dye for the detection of cancers. The invention also provides a method of preparation of the conjugate and method of detection of cancer cells. -
Congestion management approaches in deregulated power system an illustrative approach
In deregulated power system with competitive electricity market environment, the provision of strategic bidding option to the market participants and its consequences are open up new challenging tasks to the system operator. The market economic efficiency is mainly dependent on transmission system support. The inability of transmission system support to drive market cleared schedule is known as congestion and which is not desirable. The remedial actions to relieve congestion in the transmission system known as congestion relief approaches and are differ in various markets around the world. The objective of this paper is to illustrate some of the technical and non-technical approaches using simple case studies. 2016 SERSC. -
Congestion Avoidance in Vehicular Ad Hoc Network MAC Layer Using Harmony SearchModified Laying Chicken Algorithm (HS-MLCA)
To address congestion in the MAC layer and enhance overall performance, the HS-MLCA is proposed. This algorithm incorporates the principles of both Harmony Search and Laying Chicken Algorithm to optimize resource allocation and congestion control. At the MAC layer, HS-MLCA offers several advantages over traditional congestion control schemes. Firstly, it leverages the Harmony Search algorithm, which is known for its ability to exploit the best outcomes in search processes. By exploring the solution space and exploiting promising regions, HS-MLCA optimizes resource allocation in the MAC layer. The integration of the Laying Chicken Algorithm (LCA) further enhances performance by improving convergence speed and solution accuracy. This hybrid approach leverages the strengths of both Harmony Search (HS) and LCA, resulting in more efficient and effective resource management. The Laying Chicken Algorithm simulates the behavior of laying hens in terms of resource allocation and competition. This approach contributes to provide the solution in quality and convergence speed, as the algorithm adapts to the dynamic nature of the MAC layer and the varying traffic conditions in VANETs. By combining the strengths of Harmony Search and Laying Chicken Algorithm, HS-MLCA offers improved performance in terms of congestion control in the MAC layer. It optimizes resource allocation, minimizes collisions and packet loss, reduces delay, and enhances overall network efficiency. These improvements ultimately lead to better quality of service, increased network capacity, and enhanced user experience in VANETs. It is worth noting that the specific performance improvements and benefits of HS-MLCA may vary depending on the implementation details, network conditions, and the specific VANET scenario. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2024. -
Confronting an undefined crime
For the BJP-led NDA, maintaining traditional family values is crucial, and these values are deeply intertwined with belief systems where marriage is viewed as a sacred institution. -
Confrontations faced by women in higher education institutions and strategies to overcome the anomalies in the mid-career
Women do succeed in higher positions in the higher education system but only to a certain point, and many women are really motivated by the traditional academic values such as passion to the discipline, pursuit of knowledge, good working environment, and flexibility. Women in higher education .spend the majority of their life at the mid-career stage. Some of them feel wedged, undervalued, and find no motivation to go forward in their mid-career. Hence, the mid-career stage is very much important with women academicians, and they feel there is little support or mentoring. Hence, the mid-career period is increasingly difficult to navigate. Women encounter enormous obstacles in their academic career, including unequal task distribution and balancing caring responsibilities to name a few. The aim of this chapter is to discuss in detail the challenges and obstacles faced by women in their mid-career in higher education and a few strategies to overcome the encounters. 2022, IGI Global. All rights reserved. -
Conformal Invariance and Phase Transitions: Implications for Stable Black Hole Horizons?
Abstract: The behavior of black hole horizons under extreme conditionssuch as near collapse or phase transitionsremains less understood, particularly in the context of soft hair and Aretakis instabilities. We show that the breakdown of conformal symmetry during the balding phase induces a topological reorganization of the horizon, leading to divergent entropy corrections and emergent pressure terms. These corrections exhibit universal scaling laws, analogous to quantum phase transitions in condensed matter systems, with extremal limits functioning as quantum critical points. Interestingly, by employing quasi-equilibrium boundary conditions, one could stabilize horizon dynamics without explicitly introducing ad hoc higher-order corrections, further limiting the universal applicability of conformal invariance in black hole physics. Pleiades Publishing, Ltd. 2025. -
Conflict and Coexistence of Human Rights: An Exploratory Study with Reference to Intellectual Property Rights
Human rights and Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) have developed independently. Human rights are inalienable rights associated with human dignity while IPRs are the rights with the goal of promoting innovations and the interests of select communities to further economic and technological growth. The economic and personal interests of the individual have received prime attention under the international intellectual property law. Economic growth is given priority over human rights in the international criteria for IPRs in global trade. Whereas, it has a significant impact on the implementation of human rights for both individuals and communities, including the rights to adequate food, health, environment, and education. IPRs are gravely at odds with human rights, even though a connection between the two rights can be found in General Comment No. 17 on Article 15(1)(c) of the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) and Article 27 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). According to the UDHR, intellectual property is a human right in and of itself, but its enforcement often infringes other human rights. In light of the above perspective, the authors explore the interrelationship between IPRs and human rights and also analyze the evolving IPRs, in different fields of its application, causing adversarial impacts on several other human rights. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025. -
Conflict and Coexistence of Human Rights: An Exploratory Study with Reference to Intellectual Property Rights
Human rights and Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) have developed independently. Human rights are inalienable rights associated with human dignity while IPRs are the rights with the goal of promoting innovations and the interests of select communities to further economic and technological growth. The economic and personal interests of the individual have received prime attention under the international intellectual property law. Economic growth is given priority over human rights in the international criteria for IPRs in global trade. Whereas, it has a significant impact on the implementation of human rights for both individuals and communities, including the rights to adequate food, health, environment, and education. IPRs are gravely at odds with human rights, even though a connection between the two rights can be found in General Comment No. 17 on Article 15(1)(c) of the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) and Article 27 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). According to the UDHR, intellectual property is a human right in and of itself, but its enforcement often infringes other human rights. In light of the above perspective, the authors explore the interrelationship between IPRs and human rights and also analyze the evolving IPRs, in different fields of its application, causing adversarial impacts on several other human rights. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025. -
Configuration of Streamlines of a Rotating Fluid Flows with Variable Viscosity
Volume 2, issue 8, ISSN 23938374